Bestuur E-ISSN 2722-4708 | P-ISSN 2302-3783 Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources Sector Sholahuddin Al-Fatih a,b,1 . Muchamad Ali Safaat . Aan Eko Widiarto a,3,* . Dhia Al Uyun . Muhammad Nur a Faculty of Law. University of Brawijaya. Malang. Indonesia. b Faculty of Law. University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Malang. Indonesia. b Lancaster University Law School. Lancaster University. Lancaster. United Kingdom. 1 salfatih@umm. 2 safaat@ub. 3 widiarto@ub. id* 4 diah. al@ub. 5 a. nur@lancaster. *Corresponding Author ARTICLE INFO Article history Received: May 15, 2023 Revised: December 5, 2023 Accepted: December 6, 2023 Keywords Command Source. Delegated Legislation. Hyper Regulation. Natural Resources. Source of Authority. ABSTRACT The formation of statutory regulations is based on the authority to form. The formation of delegated regulations can originate from orders or In the P3 Law, it is stated that delegated regulation is not only limited to . r Authere is a space for delegated regulations other than A. Government Regulations. Presidential Regulations, and Regional Regulations, so it becomes hyper-regulation. This happens in laws and regulations in the field of natural resource management. This article aims to explain the condition of existing delegated regulation in the field of natural resources and its impact on the use of natural resources. The results of this research show that the position and types of delegated regulation in the field of natural resources are not only in the form of Presidential Regulations. Government Regulations. Ministerial Regulations, and Regional Regulations but also delegated legislation regulated in Article 8 of the P3 Law, which is not small in number The implications of delegated legislation can provide technically detailed institutions/institutions. However, delegation not explicitly limited by the delegation criteria causes hyper-regulation by the executive agency through its functional authority. Apart from that, it opens space for unsynchronization between the substance of higher regulations and delegated regulations, thereby causing ineffective use of natural This study recommends that changes be made to the Law on the Establishment of Laws and Regulations, especially concerning its This is an open access article under the CCAeBY 4. 0 license. Introduction For developing countries like Indonesia, development is always based on utilizing natural resources. The better the management of natural resources owned by a country, the closer it will be to achieving the welfare of its citizens. The Indonesian Constitution regulates control rights in the natural resource ownership regime and its allocation. The regulation of the control of natural resources is contained in the formulation of Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which states that "Earth, water and the natural resources contained therein are controlled by the State and used for the greatest https://dx. org/10. 20961/bestuur. bestuur_journaleditorial@mail. BESTUUR Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. ISSN 2722-4708 prosperity of the people. " The state, to supervise and control the exercise of control by the state over important branches of natural resource production and/or which govern the lives of many people for the greatest prosperity of the people, is carried out in several ways: . implementing policies . , . actions of management . , . , . to maximize the prosperity of the people. In state administrative law, government authority is closely related to the legal source that gives it authority. This is also known as the principle of legality, which determines the government's legitimacy in administering government. Legislative regulations are significant because the primary purpose of establishing legislative regulations in a rule-oflaw state is to create a conducive atmosphere in social life. 2 Based on Article 1 number 2 of Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislative Regulations (Law P. Legislative Regulations are written regulations that contain generally binding legal norms and are formed or stipulated by state institutions or officials authorized person through the procedures stipulated in the Legislative Regulations. Due to the principle of legality, this requires the government to obey and obey the provisions of the law, which in some instances gives orders to the government to make more detailed and operational laws and regulations. The government must comply with the delegation of authority ordered by law in establishing and implementing regulations . elegated legislatio. Implementing regulations can be formed with two conditionsAi source of authority, namely . ordered by higher statutory regulations or . formed based on This can be referred to in Article 8 paragraph . of the P3 Law. The legislation implementing the law is referred to as "delegated legislation," which is legislation below the law or "subordinate legislation. " Utilization of natural resources is the state's obligation to realize prosperity. 4 In its implementation, a legal basis is needed in the form of legislation at the central and regional levels. The abundance of natural resources in Indonesia, with various types, classifications, and characteristics, forces the government to manage natural resources carefully. Each type of natural resource, such as high and low carbon, has different permits, work areas, taxes, incentives, environmental management, and law enforcement regulations. Unsurprisingly, the energy transition process has triggered the emergence of new technical regulations that aim to detail the above regulations technically so that they become concrete rules. These regulations are outlined in delegated regulations. For example, many implementing regulations have been issued in geothermal utilization alone. The authority for its formation is at least based on the Energy Law and Geothermal Law. The Job Creation Law, the Law regarding Ratification of the Paris Agreement for the energy transition, the Taxation Law, the Forestry Law, the State Finance Law, and the State Apparatus Law. This shows that the command of higher statutory regulations and the Lego Karjoko. I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, and Willy Naresta Hanum. AoLegal Policy of Old Wells Petroleum Mining Management Based on Social Justice in Realising Energy SovereigntyAo. Sriwijaya Law Review, 6. , 286Ae303 https://doi. org/10. 28946/slrev. Vol6. Iss2. Ristania Intan Permatasari. Sapto Hermawan, and Abdul Kadir Jaelani. AoDisabilities Concessions in Indonesia: Fundamental Problems and SolutionsAo. Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 30. , 298Ae312 https://doi. org/10. 22219/ljih. L M R Zeldi and others. AoApplication of Theory and Regulation of Hierarchy Legal Regulations in the Problem of Forest Area StatusAo. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 343. 012124 https://doi. org/10. 1088/1755-1315/343/1/012124 Khudzaifah Dimyati and others. AoIndonesia as a Legal Welfare State: A Prophetic-Transcendental BasisAo. Heliyon, 7. , e07865 https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. Sholahuddin Al-Fatih et. al (Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources SectorA) BESTUUR Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. ISSN 2722-4708 authority of positions to carry out government functions has resulted in quite a lot of delegated regulation. Even though the data above only regulates one sector of natural resource. Indonesia has various types, such as mining materials, new and renewable energy . olar, hydro, wind, bioenergy, marine, geothermal, including hydrogen and nuclea. , and biodiversity . iological diversity including animals, plants and ecology on the earth's The supremacy of law and statutory regulations, there are two things that cannot be separated, including the many statutory regulations that exist in Indonesia. As a rule-of-law country. Indonesia has guidelines for forming statutory regulations and their hierarchy. Based on the author's research, there are several types of legislative regulations that exist in Indonesia today, namely, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly. Laws, or Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws. Government Regulations. Presidential Regulations. Regulations Provincial Regions, and Regency/ City Regional Regulations. Apart from the hierarchical form of statutory regulations, in Indonesia, there are also several regulations made by Ministries or State Institutions, such as Ministerial Regulations . ncluding Joint Ministerial Decrees. Ministerial Circulars, and Ministerial Decree. Supreme Court Regulations . ncluding Supreme Court Circular. Constitutional Court Regulations. The House of Representatives Regulations. Corruption Eradication Commission Regulations. Bank Indonesia Regulations, and Village Regulations. Indonesia's many types and forms of statutory regulations cause overlapping authority and hyper-regulation. Also, various forms and types of statutory regulations sometimes have the same binding force, behavior, and effect but are made by different institutions. Failure to separate and divide powers in the executive, legislative, and judicial sectors and increase the number of laws and regulations with the same function. This is further exacerbated by the difficulty of synchronizing and harmonizing laws and regulations. Indonesia has an institution called the National Legal Development Agency, which is tasked with synchronizing and harmonizing laws and regulations. 7 Each institution competes and feels authorized to make regulations without any attempt to divide or separate legislative Thus, legislative power is almost inherent and owned by every government institution in Indonesia, from the President to the Village Head. For example, in responding to the realization of the energy transition, the Government seems sporadic in forming regulations, starting from Government Regulations. Presidential Regulations. Ministerial Regulations or Agency Head Regulations. Ministerial Decrees or Agency Head Decrees, and even Circular Letters. The formation of statutory regulations also does not follow statutory regulations. For example, there is a Regional Head Regulation which contains criminal sanctions. If you follow the rules in the Law on the Establishment of Legislative Regulations (P3 La. , only Heru Wahyudi and Widia Anggi Palupi. AoNatural Resources Curse in IndonesiaAo. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13. , 349Ae56 https://doi. org/10. 32479/ijeep. Martin Krygier. AoRule of Law . nd Rechtsstaa. Ao, 2014, pp. 45Ae59 https://doi. org/10. 1007/978-3-31905585-5_4 Tedi Sudrajat. AoHarmonization of Regulation Based on Pancasila Values Through the Constitutional Court of IndonesiaAo. Constitutional Review, 4. , 301 https://doi. org/10. 31078/consrev426 Lita Tyesta Addy Listya Wardhani. Muhammad Dzikirullah H Noho, and Aga Natalis. AoThe Adoption of Various Legal Systems in Indonesia: An Effort to Initiate the Prismatic Mixed Legal SystemsAo. Cogent Social Sciences, 8. https://doi. org/10. 1080/23311886. Sholahuddin Al-Fatih et. al (Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources SectorA) BESTUUR Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. ISSN 2722-4708 regional laws and regulations may prevent criminal sanctions. 9 If Presidential Regulations and Government Regulations are mandated to be formed by law, then there is a question regarding the source of authority for Ministerial Regulations and the like. Both Ministerial Regulations and the like are delegations of regulations from higher regulations or, more precisely. Ministerial Regulations and the like are formed at the discretion of state officials This also confuses regulations made by state institutions at the ministerial level. Was its formation delegated from a higher regulation or carried out independently? However, ignoring the current concept, this will always be returned to the source of delegated regulation's authority in the form of orders and authority. However, it is also necessary to pay attention to the position of statutory regulations under the law, which must be included in the category of delegated regulations. What about all the regulations mentioned in Article 8 of the P3 Law that do not have a hierarchy like the statutory regulations in Article 7 of the P3 Law. Looking at previous research, for example, that was conducted by Aditya Rohmadhony et al. , which examined the issue of family development regulations, delegated regulations are often not made immediately. The author criticizes the lack of consequences in the form of sanctions if the delegation provisions are not implemented. So that negligence or negligence on the part of the government does not have any legal This research is interconnected but contradictory because the problem in the author's research is over delegated regulation. The study was also conducted by Ridwan . , but this research only specifically questioned the existence and urgency of ministerial regulations in the administration of the presidential system government. The approach used is a constitutional approach. 11 Something similar to Ridwan was previously researched by Afdalis . , namely discussing the delegation of regulations from laws to ministerial regulations directly, as seen from the framework of the presidential system. Even though the two studies have an essential study section, they have different research focuses and case studies. Still discussing delegated regulation, emphasizes the existence of a hierarchy of presidential regulations only. Meanwhile, scientific research on reputable international databases is still rare. The author only found an old study by Zweifel P et al. , which discussed the economics of delegated regulation with a focus on the EEC and insurance cases. However, you can find several journals that discuss hyper-regulation and overregulation, where the legal system in a country opens up space for forming too many legislative regulations. This affects the synchronization and implementation of existing For example, research by Aaron M. Lane . examines excessive law in public services in the education sector, which causes a decline in the quality of public services. This is stated in Elena Caruso's . article, which mentions hyper-regulation in the regulation of abortion, resulting in an excessive regulatory regime that is not in line with Catur Wido Haruni. AoConstitutionality of Monitoring and Evaluation of Regional Regulation Drafts and Regional Regulations by Regional Representative CouncilAo. Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 30. 103Ae15 https://doi. org/10. 22219/ljih. Sholahuddin Al Fatih and Asrul Ibrahim Nur. AoDoes the Constitutional Court on Local Election Responsive Decisions?Ao. Journal of Human Rights. Culture and Legal System, 3. , 569Ae96 https://doi. org/10. 53955/jhcls. Ridwan Ridwan. AoEksistensi Dan Urgensi Peraturan Menteri Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Sistem PresidensialAo. Jurnal Konstitusi, 18. , 828 https://doi. org/10. 31078/jk1845 Zweifel. Eisen, and W. Myller. AoThe Economics of Delegated Regulation: The EEC and the Case of Insurance. Ao. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 13. , 169 https://doi. org/10. 1016/01676687. Sholahuddin Al-Fatih et. al (Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources SectorA) BESTUUR Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. ISSN 2722-4708 evidence and best clinical practice in the field, as well as relevant international human rights 13 The difference with this research is that the author elaborates on the concept of delegated regulation, which is widely open to sharing types of regulations with conditions that may occur in the form of hyper-regulation in the field of natural resources. As mentioned above, government administration requires a rational legal basis. The formation of regulations and their position will impact technical implementation in society. Based on the background above, this article will discuss the condition of existing delegated regulation in the field of natural resources and its impact on the use of natural resources. This research is urgently carried out about implementing the energy transition in Indonesia, which the EBT Law will soon regulate. This will, of course, impact laws in other sectors. may be projected that many delegated regulations will emerge to respond to new regulations, significantly impacting energy utilization in Indonesia. Research Method The method used in this research is a normative juridical legal research method. This research uses a statutory approach. The laws and regulations used include the P3 Law as the juridical basis for delegated regulation and laws and regulations in the field of natural resources, especially those relating to geothermal utilization and oil and gas management. addition, this researcher uses a conceptual approach by basing the analysis on the concepts of delegated regulation, hyper-regulation, authority and sources of authority in state administrative law, the hierarchy of statutory regulations, and the theory of regulatory 15 The legal material analysis technique used in this research is a prescriptive analysis based on existing data, concepts/theories, and norms. Thus, legal prescriptions regarding the understanding of delegated regulation in the field of natural resources are This aims to produce new arguments or concepts based on the results of research on the reconstruction of delegation regulations. Based on the results of the analysis, we reached conclusions regarding the aim of our study, namely the condition of existing delegated regulation in the field of natural resources and its impact on the use of natural Results and Discussion Existing Condition of Delegated Legislation in the Natural Resources Sector In the concept of a modern legal stateAiwelvaarsstaatAiwelfarestate, government tasks must be carried out in government administration. The government has an obligation to guarantee and realize general welfare . , one of which is through the management or utilization of natural resources for the greatest prosperity of the people. carry out government duties, they cannot be separated by dividing legislative, executive, and judicial power so that checks and balances occur. In this study, delegated regulation Elena Caruso. AoThe HyperAaregulation of Abortion Care in ItalyAo. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 163. , 1036Ae42 https://doi. org/10. 1002/ijgo. Kalim U Shah. Pravesh Raghoo, and Philipp Blechinger. AoIs There a Case for a Coal Moratorium in Indonesia? Power Sector Optimization Modeling of Low-Carbon StrategiesAo. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 5 . , 100074 https://doi. org/https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. Zaidah Nur Rosidah. Lego Karjoko, and Mohd Rizal Palil. AoThe GovernmentAos Role in Interfaith Marriage Rights Protection: A Case Study of Adjustment and Social IntegrationAo. Journal of Human Rights. Culture and Legal System, 3. , 265Ae87 https://doi. org/10. 53955/jhcls. Mohammad Jamin and Abdul Kadir Jaelani. AoLegal Protection of Indigenous Community in Protected Forest Areas Based Forest CityAo. Bestuur, . , 198Ae212 https://doi. org/https://dx. org/10. 20961/bestuur. Sholahuddin Al-Fatih et. al (Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources SectorA) BESTUUR Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. ISSN 2722-4708 will be closely related to the powers of the legislative and executive institutions. The legislative institution has a legislative function, which is held by the The People's Consultative Assembly. The House of Representatives, and Regional Representative Council. Meanwhile, in terms of carrying out government functions through its authority, the executive agency also has the function of forming statutory regulations, known as delegated regulation. The formation of delegated regulation is aimed at implementing government at a technical-operational level, which is different from the nature of statutory regulations issued by the legislative body. The types and hierarchy of statutory regulations established by both legislative and executive institutions are regulated in the P3 Law. The strata of a legal product or statutory regulation are a consequence of a legal concept with a level of norms. The higher the policy or position of statutory regulations, the stronger the binding. On the other hand, the lower the level, the more detailed the technical regulations it usually contains. Therefore, to be applied more technically, the Law needs to be elaborated with more complex rules. The concept of "Delegated Legislation," also known as delegation rules, was born through this elaboration. It is essential to understand the meaning of these two phrases to see and understand everything related to delegation In AuRulesAy and AuDelegation,Ay the word AuRulesAy can refer to binding laws or a set of Rules are broad guidelines designed for things that are still abstract. Meanwhile, "Delegation" is defined in Black's legal dictionary as 'the act of entrusting authority to or empowering another person to act as an agent or representative. ' This concept is built on the doctrine of delegation, which can be explained as the concept of separation of powers, which limits the ability of legislative institutions to transfer their legislative powers to other government branches, especially executive institutions. This theory or principle states that legislators under existing authority provide basic guidelines and rules for the authorized bodies they are entrusted with. The institutions below are tasked with compiling and regulating laws at the regional level. Furthermore, "Delegation" refers to transferring a State Administrative agency or position whose jurisdiction already exists to another State Administrative agency, institution, or position after that agency or position has obtained government attributive authority. Based on these two definitions, it can be concluded that the product of legislative regulations is, of course, made by legislative institutions. Still, apart from that, it is also recognized that there are legal regulations made other than by legislative institutions. Legal regulations made by other than legislative institutions are also recognized as part of the legislative regulatory product. Delegated regulations are regulated in Article 7 of the P3 Law, including Government Regulations. Presidential Regulations, and Regional Regulations (Provincial and Regency/ Cit. Apart from that, delegated regulation can also emerge through other institutions and several forms - but it is not included in the hierarchy of statutory regulations, which is regulated in Article 8 of the P3 Law. Fatma Ulfatun and Dinil Abrar. AoThe Shaping of Future Sustainable Energy Policy in Management Areas of Indonesia Ao s Energy TransitionAo. Journal of Human Rights. Culture and Legal System, 3. , 361Ae82 https://doi. org/https://doi. org/10. 53955/jhcls. Yordan Gunawan and Mohammad Hazyar. AoThe Climate Change Litigation Based Human Rights Approach in Corporations : Prospects and ChallengesAo. Journal of Human Rights. Culture and Legal System, 2 . , 288Ae307 https://doi. org/https://doi. org/10. 53955/jhcls. Herry Purnomo and others. AoPublic and Private Sector Zero-Deforestation Commitments and Their Impacts: A Case Study from South Sumatra Province. IndonesiaAo. Land Use Policy, 134 . , 106818 https://doi. org/https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. Sholahuddin Al-Fatih et. al (Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources SectorA) BESTUUR Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. ISSN 2722-4708 These include regulations stipulated by the People's Consultative Assembly, the People's Representative Council, the Regional Representative Council, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Audit Agency, the Judicial Commission. Bank Indonesia. Ministers, agencies, institutions, or commissions of the same level established by law. or the Government by order of law. Provincial Regional People's Representative Council. Governor. Regency/City Regional People's Representative Council. Regent/Mayor. Village Head or equivalent. The delegated regulation in question will be recognized for its existence and have binding legal force by fulfilling two conditions: being ordered by higher legislation or being formed based on authority. Regarding delegated regulations ordered by higher statutory regulations, the basis for determining regulations that are not from the legislative body comes from regulations made by the legislative body itself. This cannot be done without legislative permission. Meanwhile, regarding delegated regulations, the source of the authority to form them is the authority of the position. Then, the delegated regulations are made by executive officials using the authority given to them by the main laws and regulations to implement and manage the needs of the main laws and regulations. These laws are also known as secondary, subordinate, or additional laws, which are laws made with legislative authority by a body other than the legislature. However, implementing the delegated regulation concept often becomes a stumbling block in the implementation of legal products. Legislative bodies often create laws that establish broad concepts and standards, grant authority to the executive branch, and determine how major components of the law should be implemented. Delegation rule means that a law originates from any source other than a sovereign authority. As a result, its existence or legality depends on a higher or more powerful authority. All countries adhering to the separation of powers face a similar conundrum. More and more laws in these countries are issued by the executive branch rather than the legitimate legislative body, namely the elected parliament. In today's states, lawmakers have delegated much of their ability to legislate to administrators due to emergencies or pressing demands. These changes have given administrators a very advantageous position. Thus, directing these powers has become one of the critical responsibilities of constitutional law and state While recognizing variations on the classic notion of separation of powers, all jurisdictions must also ensure that the delegation norm has sufficient democratic The formation of delegation regulations is also widely carried out in the field of natural resource utilization. According to the Environmental Protection and Management Law, natural resources are environmental elements consisting of biological and non-biological resources that, as a whole, form a unified ecosystem. In his writing, he states that natural resources are materials or substances in a place that can be used to support life for economic exploitation or materials from nature that have potential economic value to provide food for life. Natural resources are limited and have strategic value, and their use is controlled and regulated by the state. Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution explains that Willy Naresta and others. AoThe Geothermal Development Policy on Environmental in Indonesia and the USAAo. Journal of Human Rights. Culture and Legal System, 3. , 160Ae84 https://doi. org/https://doi. org/10. 53955/jhcls. Wellem Anselmus Teniwut and others. AoDo Coastal Communities in Small Islands Value Marine Resources through Marine Protected Areas?: Evidence from Kei Islands Indonesia with Choice ModellingAo. Marine Policy, 157 . , 105838 https://doi. org/https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. Doina Stratu-Strelet and others. AoDeveloping a Theory of Full Democratic Consolidation: Exploring the Links between Democracy and Digital Transformation in Developing Eastern European CountriesAo. Journal of Business Research, 157 . , 113543 https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. Sholahuddin Al-Fatih et. al (Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources SectorA) BESTUUR Vol. No. December, 2023, pp. ISSN 2722-4708 control of natural resources is in the hands of the state, or in other words. Indonesia adheres to state regimes. Excessive resource exploitation can lead to a condition that Hardin calls tragedy of the commons. Because joint properties (Common Poll Resourc. are Subtractable . ivalrous in consumptio. and Exclusion Difficult or Exclusion Easy Costly. Therefore, the characteristics of several natural resources that are strategic, economical, and affect many people's lives are given such regulation. The government exercises its authority by regulating the use of natural resources from the constitution to very technical Circulars. Delegated regulation was formed as a more technical implementing regulation to regulate natural resources, which can often be found in the directory of statutory In this study, the author provides limitations on the natural resources discussed because of the large number of natural resources and their implementing regulations. see the projected urgency of regulating natural resources, this study focuses on looking at delegated regulation in the geothermal sector. Geothermal energy is a clean and renewable strategic energy that has quite a lot of potential in Indonesia and is being promoted as one of the energies that supply the energy mix for the energy transition. 24 Based on data processed by the author, the following is data on the number and types of several delegated regulations on geothermal energy: Table 1. Delegated Regulation in the Natural Resources Sector - Geothermal Geothermal Government regulations Revoked/amended Government Regulation No. 75 of 2014 concerning the Second Amendment to Government Regulation No. 59 of 2007 concerning Geothermal Business Activities Government Regulation No. 59 of 2007 concerning Geothermal Business Activities Government Regulation No. 70 of 2010 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation No. 59 of 2007 concerning Geothermal Business Activities Government Regulation No. 9 of 2012 concerning Types and Tariffs for Non-Tax State Revenues Applicable to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Government Regulation No. 81 of 2019 concerning Types and Rates of Non-Tax State Revenues Applicable to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Source of Authority Presidential Authority Presidential Regulation Presidential Authority Presidential Authority Presidential Authority Presidential Authority Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2006 concerning National Energy Policy Presidential Regulation No. 68 of 2015 concerning the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Presidential Regulation No. 75 of 2014 concerning Acceleration of Priority Infrastructure Provision Presidential Regulation No. 50 of 2005 concerning the National Productivity Institute Presidential Regulation No. 13 of 2010 Amendments to Presidential Regulation No. 67 of 2005 concerning Government Cooperation with Business Entities in Providing Infrastructure Source of Authority Presidential Authority Presidential Authority Presidential Authority Legal Order Presidential Authority Taiwo A. Olaiya. AoThe Devil in the Number: Rethinking Garrett HardinAos The Tragedy of the Commons and Global Overpopulation CrisisAo. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 07 . , 251Ae62