Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management 13.
: 537Ae548.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
537Ae548
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.
id/index.
php/jpsl Evaluation of the Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) parameter concentration limits in industrial estates on Java Island Pryanka Alusvigayanaa.
Arief Sabdo Yuwono b.
Mohamad Yanic.
Supandi Syarwand a Natural Resources and Environmental Management Study Program.
Graduate School.
IPB University.
IPB Baranangsiang Campus.
Bogor, 16144.
Indonesia [ 62 81288422.
b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
Faculty of Agricultural Technology.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia c Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology.
Faculty of Agricultural Technology.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia d PT Unilab Perdana.
South Jakarta, 12230.
Indonesia Article Info:
Received: 14 - 12 - 2022 Accepted: 07 - 06 - 2023 Keywords:
Air pollutant standard index, air quality, ambient air, pollution Corresponding Author:
Pryanka Alusvigayana Natural Resources and Environmental Management Study Program.
Graduate School.
IPB University.
Phone: 6281288422312 Email:
97pryanka@apps.
Abstract.
Due to the harmful effects of air pollution on health, outdoor air pollution standards are getting stricter.
Because of environmental changes, the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.
14/2020 must reevaluate the concentration limits for ISPU parameters.
This study aimed to examine the concentration ranges and ISPU values for SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 in industrial estates on Java Island, and set concentration limits for five relevant ISPU parameters based on the results of monitoring, sampling, and toxicity studies.
A drop in the average concentration of the five ISPU parameters in 2022 compared to monitoring from 2015 to 2019 shows that the air quality in industrial estates on Java Island is improving.
The ISPU values between 10 and 56 are in the good-to-moderate range, which means that the air quality is still good enough for the health of humans, animals, and plants.
The relevant concentration limit recommendations for ISPU in good-tomoderate categories for SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 were 42Ae77 g/Nm3, 29Ae120 g/Nm3, 3519Ae5037 g/Nm3, 33Ae97 g/Nm3, and 29Ae82 g/Nm3.
The results of this study can be used to improve IndonesiaAos ambient air quality index system (ISPU).
How to cite (CSE Style 8th Editio.
Alusvigayana P.
Yuwono AS.
Yani M.
Syarwan S.
Evaluation of the Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) parameter concentration limits in industrial estates on Java Island.
JPSL 13.
: 537Ae548.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
537Ae548.
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is a global environmental problem that is attracting significant attention worldwide.
Li et al.
stated that air pollution is a critical global health problem.
World Health Organization (WHO) data show that ambient air pollution contributes to 7.
6% of all deaths and is responsible for 4.
2 million deaths worldwide (WHO 2.
Rapid urbanization has increased the number of motorized vehicles, and industrial growth has seriously affected human life and the environment (Shrivastava et al.
In 2021.
IndonesiaAos population reached 272 million, representing a growth rate of 1.
22 % (BPS 2.
Gorai et al.
state that air pollution affects the health of a large proportion of the urban population.
Emissions from industrial chimneys and motorized vehicles generally influence the decline in air quality in urban areas.
Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, there was an increase in medium and large industries by 1,225 Alusvigayana P.
Yuwono AS.
Yani M.
Syarwan S manufacturing companies in Indonesia from 2018 to 2019 (BPS 2.
The growth rate of motorized vehicles also contributes significantly to air pollution (Darmawan 2.
The number of motorized vehicles in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021 has increased by 7%, which is equivalent to more than 10 million motorized vehicles (BPS 2.
The concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants, such as NO2.
PM10, and CO, are higher in urban areas (Physick et al.
The concentrations of NO2.
SO2.
PM10, and CO on roadsides in urban areas in Indonesia in 2019 were 4Ae86 g/Nm3, 8Ae108 g/Nm3, 18Ae128 g/Nm3, and 113Ae6,313 g/Nm3, respectively (KLHK 2.
Several studies have shown adverse effects of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 on health.
PM10 can enter the respiratory tract and cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (Momtazan et al.
Bodor et al.
There is an effect on individuals with asthma with exposure to NO2 concentrations of 99.
64Ae564 g/Nm3 (Andriani et al.
Short-term exposure to ambient CO of 8 mg/m3 significantly increases cardiovascular risk, especially heart disease in Beijing.
China (Li et al.
SO2 is a critical air pollutant owing to the high use of fossil fuels in industry, and the average concentration of SO2 from monitoring for nine years in Japan is 157 g/Nm3 (You et al.
The relative risk of mortality from respiratory disease caused by an increase in O3 concentrations of 20 g/Nm3 over the past 18 years in the United States is 0.
23Ae6.
6% (WHO 2006.
Wang et al.
Monitoring and evaluating ambient air quality is an essential step in controlling air pollution.
Therefore, an index for determining the air quality is necessary (Roy et al.
The ISPU, also known as the Air Pollutant Standard Index, was previously governed by Decree Number 107/1997 of the Head of the Environmental Impact Management Agency regarding the technical guidelines for calculating and reporting ISPU information.
The ISPU accounts for five .
parameters: particulate matter (PM .
, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO.
, nitrogen dioxide (NO.
, and ozone (O.
The latest regulations regarding ISPU are stipulated in the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 14/2020 (PerMen LHK No.
14/2.
, with the addition of two .
other parameters: particulates (PM 2.
and hydrocarbons (HC), as well as changes in the concentration limit of five other parameters.
The final ISPU value was determined based on the dominant parameter, which had the highest ISPU equivalent value among the seven .
existing parameters (PerMen LHK 2.
The five categories of ISPU values indicate the quality of ambient air: good .
Ae.
, moderate .
Ae.
, unhealthy .
Ae.
, very unhealthy .
Ae.
, and hazardous (> .
The adverse effects of ambient air pollution on human health have led to increasingly stringent outdoor air pollution standards.
In Indonesia, the Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) adopts the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as a benchmark for ambient air quality.
Environmental changes necessitate further research regarding the concentration limits for the ISPU parameters in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 14/2020.
Moreover, to date, a limited number of comprehensive reviews or evaluations have been conducted in Indonesia on the designated ISPU This study provides an overview of the ambient air quality related to five ISPU parameters on Java.
This study aimed to evaluate the concentration ranges and ISPU values of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 in ambient air in industrial estates on Java Island and determine the concentration limits for five relevant ISPU parameters based on a compilation of monitoring results, direct measurements in the field, and toxicity studies of ISPU parameters.
METHODS
Research Location and Time Field research with sampling of five ISPU parameters (SO 2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM.
was carried out on September 2022 at six .
sampling points.
The sampling location is around industrial areas in Bekasi Regency.
West Java Province, and includes three sampling points in the Delta Silicon Industrial Estate and three points in the MM2100 Industrial Estate.
The characteristics of the sampling location were divided into three categories: industrial forecourts, settlements, and highways in the two aforementioned areas.
The sampling Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
): 537Ae548 location was chosen purposively considering that Bekasi Regency is one of the most industrial areas on Java Island.
The selection of sampling locations was also based on data from monitoring the concentration of five ISPU parameters from 2015 to 2019 in the Banten.
West Java, and East Java provinces at 57,377 sampling Figure 1 presents the locations of the research sampling points in Bekasi Regency.
West Java Province.
Figure 1 Location of research sampling points in Bekasi Regency.
West Java Province Data Collection Secondary data collection in this study was carried out by recapitulating the results of monitoring the concentrations of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 in Banten.
West Java, and East Java Provinces from 2015 to 2019 sourced from PT Unilab Perdana as a research partner.
Toxicity data for the five ISPU parameters that affect human health were obtained from a previous study.
Primary data were collected in September 2022 by sampling SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 in ambient air at six sampling points in Bekasi Regency.
West Java.
Five ISPU parameters were sampled for one .
hour of measurement at each sampling point using equipment such as an impinger, flowmeter, spectrophotometer, high-volume air sampler (HVAS), and CO analyzer.
Temperature, wind speed, relative humidity (RH), and air pressure were also measured during the sampling of the five ISPU parameters using a thermometer, anemometer, hygrometer, and barometer.
Data Analysis The data analysis in this study consisted of three stages, beginning with the recapitulation of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 parameters based on monitoring results from 2015 to 2019 and sampling results in 2022.
The province of origin groups the data for each research location, and Microsoft Excel 365 was used to calculate the maximum, minimum, and average concentrations for each parameter.
Table 1 lists the applicable Indonesian National Standards (SNI) for sampling and analysis methods for the concentrations of SO 2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10.
The concentration results of the five ISPU parameters were calculated under standard Alusvigayana P.
Yuwono AS.
Yani M.
Syarwan S conditions for ambient air .
AC, 760 mmH.
, as stipulated by regulations in Indonesia, and expressed in units of g/Nm3.
The next stage involved calculating the ISPU value based on the highest ISPU equivalent value among the calculated parameters.
The ISPU value is determined using the following formula, which refers to PerMen LHK .
Table 2 displays the values of Ia.
Ib.
Xa.
Xb, and air quality categories for each ISPU
Ia Oe Ib
(X Oe Xb ) Ib
I =
Xa Oe Xb x Remark:
I = ISPU value for pollutant x
Ia = ISPU value associated with Xa
Ib = ISPU value associated with Xb
Xa = ambient concentration greater than or equal to Xx
Xb = ambient concentration less than or equal to Xx
Xx = ambient concentration of pollutant x
Table 1 Indoneian National Standards (SNI) for concentration analysis of 5 ISPU parameters Parameter Unit
SNI
Method Tool Sulfur Dioxide (SO.
g/Nm 7119-7:2017 Pararosaniline Spectrophotometer Nitrogen Dioxide (NO.
g/Nm 7119-2:2017 Griess Saltzman Spectrophotometer Ozone (O.
g/Nm3 7119-8:2017 Neutral Buffer Spectrophotometer potassium Iodide Carbon Monoxide (CO) Non-Dispersive CO analyzer Infrared Particulate (PM.
g/Nm3 15:2016 Gravimetry High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) Table 2 The Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) in Indonesia, based on the PerMen LHK No.
14/2020
Concentration limits on ISPU value .
/Nm.
Measurement 0Ae50
51Ae100
101Ae200
201Ae300
> 300
Parameter Very Good Moderate Unhealthy Hazardous Particulate (PM.
Particulate (PM2.
Sulfur dioxide 1,200 (SO.
Carbon monoxide 4,000 8,000 15,000 30,000 45,000 24 hours (CO) Ozone (O.
1,000 Nitrogen dioxide 1,130 2,260 3,000 (NO.
Hydrocarbons (HC) In the last stage, a toxicity study was conducted to examine the development of health science regarding the concentrations of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 that affect humans.
A literature review was conducted to determine the effects of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 exposure on health.
Literature summarizes the concentration of each parameter that affects human health.
Finally, the Ministry of Environment and ForestryAos Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
): 537Ae548 Regulation Number 14/2020 was used to decide categories and health advice based on toxicity studies that have been done.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 Concentrations in Ambient Air in Industrial Areas of Java Island Monitoring of ambient air for SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 parameters from 2015 to 2019 was carried out in three provinces on Java Island, namely.
Banten.
West Java, and East Java Provinces, at 57,377 sampling Generally, monitoring locations are located around industrial areas.
The average concentration of each parameter from all the monitoring data for the five years is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Average annual concentration of five ISPU parameters in Banten.
West Java, and East Java over the 2015Ae2019 monitoring period The annual average concentrations of SO 2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 in the three provinces from 2015 to 2019 were 37Ae74 g/Nm3, 29Ae136 g/Nm3, 4,072Ae4,706 g/Nm3, 32Ae44 g/Nm3, and 31Ae75 g/Nm3.
Based on Table 2, the maximum concentration limits still in the good category (ISPU value of 0Ae .
on the Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) in Indonesia for SO 2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 are 52 g/Nm3, 80 g/Nm3, 4,000 g/Nm3, 120 g/Nm3, and 50 g/Nm3, respectively (PerMen LHK 2.
The maximum average concentration values for SO2.
NO2.
CO, and PM10 were above the maximum concentration limit in the good category at the ISPU.
Only the O3 parameter, whose concentration is below the maximum concentration limit, is in the good category stipulated in applicable regulations.
The results of monitoring ambient air in several countries (Table .
yield concentration ranges for SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 parameters of 1Ae157 g/Nm3, 4Ae150 g/Nm3, 538Ae5,152 g/Nm3, 44Ae555 g/Nm3, and 24Ae404 g/Nm3, respectively.
Compared with the monitoring results in three provinces in Indonesia, the maximum concentration values for the five ISPU parameters tend to be higher in other countries.
Data verification from the monitoring results for five ISPU parameters was carried out by taking SO 2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 samples in September 2022.
The selected sampling locations were in the vicinity of industrial areas in the Bekasi Regency.
West Java.
Five ISPU parameters were sampled at six sampling points.
The 2022 sampling results are shown in Figure 3.
The concentrations of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 based on the results of sampling in West Java Province ranged from 29 to 41 g/Nm3, 24Ae37 g/Nm3, 764Ae2,406 g/Nm3, 30Ae42 g/Nm3, and 2Ae34 g/Nm3.
The average concentrations of the sampling results for each parameter were 34 g/Nm 3, 30 g/Nm3, 1,604 g/Nm3, 37 g/Nm3, and 10 g/Nm3, respectively.
Compared with the maximum concentration limit in the good category at ISPU in Table 2, the maximum concentration value for each ISPU parameter Alusvigayana P.
Yuwono AS.
Yani M.
Syarwan S based on the sampling results was below the applicable standards.
This shows that all the concentration values from the 2022 sampling results for the five ISPU parameters were still good.
Table 3 Monitoring results for SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 concentrations in several countries Japan Air pollutant concentration .
/Nm.
SO2
NO2
PM10
23Ae157 59Ae150 538Ae687 44Ae53 24Ae34 Vietnam 32Ae150 49Ae122 2,656Ae5,152 121Ae555 93Ae404 Daily average China 14Ae35 50Ae106 1,070Ae2,690 97Ae290 95Ae339 Daily average Italy 17Ae26 107Ae 3,618Ae4,900 101Ae105 76Ae100 Hourly daily Iran 21Ae116 29Ae80 44Ae107 4Ae34 55Ae110 Country Canada South Korea 1Ae10 48Ae143 Measurement Hourly daily Annual 52Ae82 Annual Monthly Annual Sampling Shinjuku.
Tokyo.
Japan stations in Hanoi.
Vietnam Urban area Chengdu.
China stations in Catania.
Italy 6 sampling in Tabriz.
Iran Kermansha h.
Iran Alberta.
Canada sites in South Korea Reference You et al.
Nhung et al.
Qiu et al.
Rosario and Francesco Ghozikali et Khaniabadi et al.
Bari et al.
Kim and Song .
Figure 3 Concentration of five ISPU parameters from the 2022 sampling results in West Java Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
): 537Ae548 There was a decrease in the concentration values of the five ISPU parameters from the 2022 sampling results in West Java compared to the concentration values from monitoring results from 2015 to 2019 in Banten.
West Java, and East Java.
The COVID-19 pandemic can potentially decrease pollutant levels by restricting peopleAos mobility, reducing the use of motorized transportation, and curtailing various industrial activities (Rushayati et al.
Moreover, according to Rendana and KomariahAos .
study, the decrease in the Air Pollution Index (API) values for SO2.
NO2.
CO, and PM10 in Jakarta was caused by large-scale social The decrease in the concentration of the five ISPU parameters from the 2022 sampling results indicates increased ambient air quality in industrial areas on Java Island, especially in Bekasi Regency.
West Java.
Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) Value in Industrial Areas on Java Island The Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) is a number that does not have units that describe the condition of ambient air quality in specific locations based on its impact on human health, aesthetic values, and other living things (PerMen LHK 2.
The ISPU values for SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 were determined by calculating the annual average concentrations in ambient air monitoring in Banten.
West Java, and East Java Provinces from 2015 to 2019, as presented in Figure 4.
The annual mean concentrations of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 were 64 g/Nm3, 61 g/Nm3, 4,458 g/Nm3, 35 g/Nm3, and 44 g/Nm3, respectively.
The corresponding ISPU values for these parameters were 55, 38, 56, 15, and 44, respectively.
The ISPU values for the SO2 and CO parameters were 55 and 56, respectively, included in the moderate category, indicating that the air quality level is acceptable for human, animal, and plant health.
At the same time, the ISPU values for NO2.
O3, and PM10 were less than 50, which is included in the good category so that the air quality level does not harm humans, animals, and plants.
The number on the top of the graph bar in Figure 4 shows the highest ISPU value that can be reached from the dominant ISPU parameter for each year in the three provinces.
From 2015 to 2019, the dominant parameter in the Banten Province was CO, with an ISPU value range of 53Ae The highest ISPU value in the West Java Province was 62 in 2019, with NO 2 as the dominant parameter.
NO2 was also the dominant parameter in East Java Province, with the highest ISPU value of 73 in 2018 and included in the moderate category.
Figure 4 ISPU value from 2015-2019 monitoring results in Banten.
West Java, and East Java Before the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.
14/2020 stipulation.
ISPU in Indonesia was regulated in KepMen LH No.
45/1997 and Kep.
Ka Bapedal No.
107/1997.
In previous regulations.
NO2 has never been the dominant parameter in determining ISPU values, because NO 2 concentration limits for ISPU values of 50 and 100 do not exist (Andriani et al.
Furthermore, the NO2 concentration limit for the ISPU value of 200 was too high at 1,130 g/Nm3, which is significantly different from the field measurements of NO2 concentration.
Alusvigayana P.
Yuwono AS.
Yani M.
Syarwan S Figure 5 ISPU value from the 2022 sampling results in West Java The average concentrations of SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 at the six sampling points in West Java were 34 g/Nm3, 30 g/Nm3, 1,604 g/Nm3, 37 g/Nm3, and 10 g/Nm3, respectively.
The ISPU values based on the average concentrations of the sampling results for SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 were 33, 19, 20, 15, and 10, respectively.
The graph in Figure 5 shows that all ISPU values from the sampling results were less than 50 and were included in the good category.
This indicates that the ambient air quality level at the six sampling points around the industrial area of West Java does not harm human, animal, or plant health.
The critical pollutant or dominant parameter at sampling point 1 was PM10 with an ISPU value of 34.
Meanwhile, for sampling points 2 to 6.
SO2 acted as the dominant parameter, with ISPU values at sampling points 28, 38, 31, 29, and 39.
Toxicity Study and Relevant Concentration Limit for ISPU Parameter Air pollution is a major risk factor for global public health in the 21st century.
Several studies have linked severe diseases to air pollution in various age groups (Bodor et al.
According to the WHO Health Organization .
, air pollution is responsible for the deaths of seven million people worldwide every year.
There was a strong correlation between air pollution and increased morbidity and mortality.
Toxicity studies are needed to understand the development of health science, especially regarding the concentrations of SO 2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 that affect human health.
Some of the disease risks that can arise from exposure to the five ISPU parameters are related to lung and heart function in humans.
The impacts of exposure to SO2.
NO2.
CO.
O3, and PM10 on human health are presented in Table 4 for further use as materials to determine the concentration limits for the relevant ISPU parameters.
The relevant concentration limit is the quality standard value for a particular air pollutant concentration that is deemed permissible in ambient air.
The concentration limit for air pollutants varies across countries depending on the standards used.
In Indonesia, the concentration limit for air pollutants stipulated in Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.
14/2020 is sourced from the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the United States.
The determination of this concentration limit is not based on direct research conducted in Indonesia, potentially resulting in an inadequate representation of ambient air conditions in the country.
As an initial evaluation of the Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) in PerMen LHK No.
14/2020, the relevant concentration limits were determined based on the average of the minimum and maximum concentration values for each ISPU parameter from the monitoring results, sampling results, and toxicity studies.
Table 5 lists the recommended concentration limits for the five relevant ISPU parameters.
Air quality levels that do not negatively affect human, animal, and plant health are found with ISPU values of 0Ae 50 in the good category (PerMen LHK 2.
The relevant concentrations for the ISPU values of 0Ae50 were Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
): 537Ae548 42 g/Nm3 for SO2, 29 g/Nm3 for NO2, 3,519 g/Nm3 for CO, 33 g/Nm3 for O3, and 29 g/Nm3 for PM10.
An ISPU value of 51Ae100 in the moderate category is expressed as an acceptable level of air quality for human, animal, and plant health.
Everyone can still perform activities outside, and only sensitive groups must reduce their physical activity (PerMen LHK 2.
The relevant concentration limits for the ISPU values of 51Ae100 were 77 g/Nm3 for SO2, 120 g/Nm3 for NO2, 5,037 g/Nm3 for CO, 97 g/Nm3 for O3, and 82 g/Nm3 for PM10.
Pollutant SO2
NO2
PM10
Table 4 Health effects of exposure to the five ISPU parameters Concentration Duration Exposure impact Reference .
/Nm.
Increasing prevalence of asthma in Gorai et al.
New York.
USA 97Ae116 Chronic obstructive pulmonary Khan and Siddiqui disease (COPD) in Tabriz.
Iran .
Ghozikali et 21Ae34 6Ae24 No significant effects on pulmonary Gaffin et.
function and asthma symptoms in Paulin et al.
64Ae188 Outdoor exposure affects asthmatics Andriani et al.
Brown .
5,722 Increasing cardiorespiratory Chen et al.
complaints in Denver.
Colorado
8,000
Cardiovascular risk and coronary Li et al.
heart disease in Beijing.
China Affect asthmatics Ghozikali et al.
7Ae206 Increased mortality from Tao et al.
cardiovascular and respiratory Orellano et al.
Increased risk of lung cancer in Italy Consonni et al.
5Ae135.
Affects asthmatics at an industrial site in Port Harcourt.
Nigeria Akinfolarin et al.
One of the reasons underlying this research is that studies on determining the concentration limits or standards for air pollutants to evaluate regulations are rarely conducted in Indonesia.
Related publications to this research can be found in Andriani et al.
, who discussed the evaluation of nitrogen dioxide (NO .
concentration as one of the ISPU parameters and its calculations in IndonesiaAos air pollution index system.
The results of her study stated that the NO2 concentration recommended for ISPU values of 0Ae50 is 96 g/Nm3, and for ISPU values of 51Ae100 is 196 g/Nm3 (Andriani 2.
The relevant NO2 concentrations in Table 5 were slightly lower than those in AndrianiAos .
study, possibly because of the different data sources used.
The concentration values for each ISPU parameter listed in Table 5 are recommended as relevant concentration limits because they are based on the average values compiled from three relevant data sources on ambient air conditions on Java Island over the last few years.
The relevant concentration limit recommendations in Table 5 are lower than those in PerMen LHK No.
14/2020 (Table .
This could be because the average concentrations for each ISPU parameter in the monitoring results, sampling results, and toxicity studies are also relatively lower than the concentration limits set out in the regulations.
The relevant concentration limits suggested in this study can be used as input and reference material by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) to improve environmental regulations in Indonesia, especially in determining the status of ambient air quality based on the ISPU parameters in PerMen LHK No.
14/2020.
Alusvigayana P.
Yuwono AS.
Yani M.
Syarwan S Table 5 Relevant concentration limit recommendations for ISPU parameter ISPU Concentration .
/Nm.
0Ae50 (Goo.
Minimum:
- Monitoring .
- Sampling .
- Toxicity Study (Table .
Maximum:
- Monitoring .
- Sampling .
- Toxicity Study (Table .
51Ae100 (Moderat.
ISPU parameter SO2
NO2
PM10
4,072
5,722
Relevant concentration limits .
/Nm.
SO2
NO2
PM10
3,519
4,706
2,406
8,000
5,037
CONCLUSION
Ambient air quality improvement in industrial areas on Java Island (Banten.
West Java, and East Java province.
is indicated by a decrease in the average concentration of the five ISPU parameters in 2022 compared to monitoring from 2015 to 2019.
The ISPU values range from 10 to 56 and are included in the good-to-moderate category, indicating that the ambient air quality in industrial areas on Java Island is still acceptable for human, animal, and plant health.
The relevant concentration limit recommendations for the ISPU values in the good .
Ae.
and moderate .
Ae.
categories were 42 g/Nm3 and 77 g/Nm3 for SO2.
29 g/Nm3 and 120 g/Nm3 for NO2.
3,519 g/Nm3 and 5,037 g/Nm3 for CO.
33 g/Nm3 and 97 g/Nm3 for O3.
and 29 g/Nm3 and 82 g/Nm3 for PM10.
The results of this study can be used as a guide to determine an ambient air quality index system to change the concentration limits for ISPU in Indonesia contained in PerMen LHK No.
14/2020.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank PT Unilab Perdana Jakarta for providing air monitoring data and facilitating ambient air sampling in this research.
REFERENCES