Vol. 9(2): 291-301, May 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl29291-301

Jurnal Sylva Lestari

P-ISSN: 2339-0913
E-ISSN: 2549-5747

Journal homepage: https://jurnal.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT

Full Length Research Article

The Involvement of Local Community in Mangrove Forest Conservation in
West Kalimantan
Emi Roslinda1,*, Lilis Listyawati2, Ayyub1, Farih Al Fikri1
1

Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University. Jalan Daya Nasional, Pontianak 78124, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
Politeknik Negeri Pontianak. Jalan Ahmad Yani, Pontianak, 78124, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author. E-mail address: eroslinda71@gmail.com
2

ARTICLE HISTORY:
Received: 26 November 2020
Peer review completed: 12 March 2021
Received in revised form:17 March 2021
Accepted:19 March 2021

KEYWORDS:
Forest conservation

Local community
Mangrove

© 2021 The Authors. Published by
Department of Forestry, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Lampung in
collaboration with Indonesia Network for
Agroforestry Education (INAFE).
This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC license:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/.

ABSTRACT
Mangrove forest conservation on the coast of West Kalimantan has been
successfully carried out and saved the environment from coastal abrasion
(ecological benefit) and provided economic benefits for the community.
This study aims to describe the role of the community in mangrove
conservation activities in the coastal areas of West Kalimantan. Survey
methods were used in this research. The data was collected through
interviews based on questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Data
processing was conducted by calculating the percentage and then analyzed
by tabulation. Mangrove conservation activities are based on community
experiences in saving the environment, boosting economic activities, and
obtaining benefits from conservation results. The involvement of the local
community uses the bottom-up approach, starting from planning activities,
implementation, utilization, and evaluation. In general, the local
community’s level of involvement is still at the information and
consultation stage. The involvement of the local community as an
individual varies greatly, from those who are only involved as part of
formality to the level of being actively involved, having decision-making
authority, and being able to negotiate and deal directly with capital sources.
It occurs due to the varying capacity of each individual.

1. Introduction
Mangrove ecosystems are natural resources that have benefits and influence on various
aspects of life. The magnitude of the role of the mangrove ecosystem for life can be indicated by
the many types of animals and plants whose lives depend on the mangrove ecosystem. Likewise,
the benefits and values of the mangrove ecosystem play a major role in human life, both direct
benefits and indirect benefits (Nandu et al. 2019; Roslinda et al. 2020).
The mangrove ecosystem is a unique ecosystem on the coast, as a land protector, protecting
from abrasion and seawater intrusion (Vitasari 2015). However, mangrove ecosystems are very
vulnerable because they are susceptible to environmental changes (Eddy et al. 2016), originating
from human and natural activities. For example, Kalimantan in 1989 had mangrove forests
reaching more than one million ha, but in 2009 it decreased to the remaining 638,283 ha (Ilman et
al. 2011). West Kalimantan has mangrove forests covering an area of 149,344.189 ha (Hartini et
al. 2010). The mangrove forest ecosystem is spread across 7 regencies/cities, including Kubu Raya

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Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9(2): 291-301

Regency, Mempawah Regency, Singkawang City, Bengkayang Regency, Sambas Regency, and
Ketapang Regency. The types of flora that adorn the mangrove ecosystem of West Kalimantan
include api-api (Avicennia sp.), perepat or pidada (Sonneratia sp.), mangroves (Rhizophora sp.),
temu or kendaka (Bruguiera sp.), nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum), nipah (Nipah sp.), pandan
(Pandanus amaryllifolius), and nibung (Oncosperma tigillarium).
Seeing the current conditions regarding various activities in the mangrove area, the role of
the community needs to be continuously studied and developed, especially concerning the
conservation of mangrove forest resources. The success of conservation with a community
involvement approach has been done a lot, either through religious, cultural, or other approaches
depending on the most dominant area in the area that will be used as a conservation area.
Involvement starts from planning, implementation, and evaluation. The Law of the Republic of
Indonesia No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management (Article 70 paragraph 3)
states the role of the community is: (1) increasing awareness of environmental protection and
management; (2) increasing independence, community empowerment, and partnerships; (3)
developing the capacity and leadership of the community; (4) fostering community immediate
responsiveness to carry out social surveillance; and (5) developing and maintaining local culture
and wisdom in the framework of preserving environmental functions. Community involvement is
strengthened, and community initiatives are encouraged in the management of mangrove
ecosystems as part of coastal areas as stipulated in Article 4 (a, c, d) of Indonesian Law No. 27 of
2007 on Coastal Zone Management implemented with the aim of: (1) protecting, conserving,
rehabilitating, utilize, and enrich Coastal Resources and Small Islands and its ecological systems
sustainably; (2) strengthening the involvement of the community and government institutions and
encouraging community initiatives in the management of Coastal and Small Islands Resources to
achieve justice, balance, and sustainability; and (3) increasing the social, economic and cultural
values of the community through community involvement in the utilization of coastal resources
and small islands. This shows that legally the role of the community in environmental management
and protection is guaranteed the legality of its activities.
The role of the community in natural resource management activities can be seen at various
levels of activities carried out. The role is often known as involvement, such as community
involvement in the process of identifying problems and potential in the community, selecting and
making decisions about alternative solutions to dealing with issues, implementing efforts to
overcome difficulties, and community involvement in the process of evaluating changes that occur
(Isbandi 2007). The community involvement in an environmental management activity can be
measured in various ways, such as using the involvement index from Stuart (1952), while
community involvement can be measured using the involvement instrument from Arnstein (1969).
Various studies on community-based mangrove conservation have been carried out, such as
in Probolinggo (Pribadiningtyas et al. 2013), Bekasi (Yuliani and Herminasari, 2017), Pesawaran
(Alfandi et al. 2019), and Tiwoho, North Sulawesi (Nurrani et al. 2015). However, information
regarding mangrove conservation on the coast of West Kalimantan based on the role of local
communities is not yet known, so this research is needed. Seeing the current conditions regarding
various activities in the mangrove area, mangroves planting by the community has given
encouraging results. Several mangrove areas have been planted to the land area, such as in Desa
Pasir and Mendalok Village of Mempawah Regency, and in Setapuk Besar Village of Singkawang
City, proved that the community could rehabilitate the damaged mangrove land. How the
community participates in managing mangroves is a problem in this study. This study aims to
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describe community involvement in mangrove conservation activities in the coastal areas of West
Kalimantan.
2. Materials and Methods
Research locations in the mangrove areas in the West Kalimantan coast were in the
mangrove area in Pasir Village, Mempawah Hilir District, Mempawah Regency, in the mangrove
area in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit District, Mempawah Regency, and in the Setapuk
mangrove area in Setapuk Besar Village, Singkawang Utara District, Singkawang City, West
Kalimantan. Three research locations were selected purposively, considering the mangrove area,
which increased in size and managing by the local community. The research subjects were the
people in the three research locations. The research sample was carried out by quota sampling at
each site as many as 30 people, considering that it could represent the total population available
for comparative research (Gall et al. 2007) and correlation research (Gay et al. 2009).
The data were collected in several ways, such as interviews using a questionnaire, in-depth
interviews, and observation to see the role of the community. In-depth interviews were conducted
with key informants present at the location. Involvement data measurement was undertaken by
categorizing it based on the activities carried out by the respondent. The degree of community
involvement was measured by the involvement instrument from Arnstein (1969). The data analysis
was calculated qualitatively.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Respondents
The socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents in this study were sex, gender, age,
education level, occupation, and involvement in the conservation group (Table 1).
Table 1. Characteristics of the respondents

Yes

Total
(person)
51
39
90
21
53
16
90
47
25
18
90
15
22
27
24
2
90
41

Percentage
(%)
56.67
43.33
100.00
23.33
58.89
17.78
100.00
52.22
27.78
20.00
100.00
16.67
24.44
30.00
26.67
2.22
100.00
45.56

No

49

54.44

90

100.00

No.

Characteristics

Category

1

Sex Gender

Male
Female

2

Total
Age

3

Total
Education Level

4

Total
Occupation

5

Total
Involvement in conservation groups

15-33
34-52
53-71
Elementary School (SD)
Junior High School (SMP)
Senior High School (SMA) +
Farmer
Fisherman
Private sector
Housewife
Others

Total

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Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9(2): 291-301

The respondents have consisted of 56.67% male and 43.33% female. Conservation activities
are not entirely carried out by males only, but the female also participates in mangrove
conservation activities. The age group is grouped into 3: 15–33 years, 34–52 years, and 53–71
years. In this study, the percentage of the age group of 34–52 years was more dominant with a rate
of 58.89%, while the remaining 23.33% was in the 15–33 years age group and 17.78% in the 53–
71 years age group. The age range of 30-50 years is a productive age with a high enough motivation
to participate in mangrove conservation. This productive age is still eager to find new information
to preserve natural resources around their livelihood. This condition occurs because those in the
productive age range are still able to carry out activities optimally, have the enthusiasm, and are
creative to look for various businesses that can increase income to fulfill the needs of their families
(Sidu 2006). Meanwhile, respondents aged 50 years and over are still participating in conservation
activities due to their experiences. This is because this age group has already passed the occurrence
of coastal abrasion around their residence, which causes their residence to be threatened with being
washed away by the seawater.
The level of education is one measure of a person’s ability to identify, formulate and solve
the problems at hand. The majority of respondents (52.22%) have graduated from elementary
school education, 27.78% have graduated from junior high school, and the remaining 20.00% have
graduated from senior high school and above. The level of community education has a relationship
with involvement in conservation activities. Sa’adah (2015) found that the level of community
education has a relationship with the development of built-in land in the land and water
conservation area in Sukerojo Village, Gunungpati District in Central Java, which is 31.92%,
meaning that the higher the level of education indicated the land control of built-in the area of soil
and water conservation getting much better. Even though elementary school graduates dominated
the respondents in the research location, the results indicated that the community could carry out
mangrove conservation activities well and had succeeded in increasing the land area in their
respective work areas. This means that the government reluctantly provides adequate access space
for the community and emphasizes more technical and professional reasons as barriers to
community involvement can be refuted (Lund 2015; Maryudi and Krott 2012; Maryudi 2014).
Respondents’ jobs were varied, consisting of 16.67% farmers, 24.44% fishers, 30% working
in the private sector, the 26.67% and 2% are housewives and others, respectively. The variation of
the respondent work is because the respondents were taken from all people who live in the three
mangrove conservation locations, not specifically for members of the mangrove conservation
group. Only 45.56% of respondents who can be attributed were involved in the group, and the
remaining 54.44% were not involved in the mangrove conservation group. Even so, people who
are not involved in the group (not members of the mangrove conservation group in the research
location) still participate in several mangrove conservation activities in their village. Although the
number involved in the group is small, it shows that the three research locations have been formed
as an institution in conservation activities. Institutions are an elemental force and determining the
success of community involvement.
3.2. History of Mangrove Conservation Area Management
The mangrove area in Pasir Village is currently known as Mempawah Mangrove Park
(MMP). Pasir Village is included in the district of Mempawah Hilir and has an area of 6,000 km2.
This village has a coastline of ± 3 km. Pasir Village is an area that is experiencing severe abrasion,

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so local community groups carry out mangrove forest restoration activities under the Mempawah
Mangrove Conservation (MMC) group. Planting activities were started in 2012 by a group of
people who cares about mangrove conservation. To date, they have succeeded in planting ± 45 ha
of terraced areas, with the number of mangroves planted during 2014 – 2018 reaching 142,500
seeds. Currently, the management of the MMP ecotourism area is ± 4 ha, with the types of
mangroves planted and cared for are: Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia
marina, Xylocarpus granatum, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Sonneratia ovata,
Sonneratia alba, Kandelia candel, Nypa fruticans, Excoecaria agallocha. Community groups
initiated planting activities, and some activities were facilitated by partners such as the World
Wildlife Fund (WWF) West Kalimantan Program. Seeing the success of conservation carried out
by the community in Pasir Village, WWF disbursed assistance for constructing a Mangrove House
in 2015. At the same time, the Representative Office of Bank Indonesia West Kalimantan was also
present to assist in developing tourism areas and mangrove education. In Pasir Village, MMC has
formed a new forum named MMP in 2016. This forum moved linearly with the MMP Desa Pasir
Awareness Group (Kelompok Sadar Wisata/Pokdarwis), which has been officially inaugurated
through the Decree of the Head of the Mempawah Regency Education, Youth, Sports, and Tourism
Office No. 071 of 2018.
The mangrove area in Mendalok Village has experienced severe degradation due to natural
factors, like abrasion and wind. In 1997, a fisherman named Mr. Yusiran carried out mangrove
planting independently to save his settlement, starting from collecting seeds, planting, and
maintenance. The seeds collected were in the form of mangrove seeds from around the Mendalok
Village location. Mangrove species planted including api-api (Avicennia marina), bogem
(Sonneratia ovata), mangroves (Rhizophora stylosa), Xylocarpus spp., and several types of
mangrove associations such as jeruju (Acanthus illicifolius), and nipah (Nypa fruticans). The
planting of mangrove seedlings by Mr. Yusiran has begun to attract the attention of various parties
to carry out reforestation in this area. In 2011 – 2012, the Regional Government, through its
specialized agency, organized the Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation activities named Community
Seed Garden (Kebun Bibit Rakyat/KBR), so several local fishermen and Mr. Yusiran have joined
the “Agro Mangrove Lestari” farmer group as executors of the KBR construction. The type of
mangrove seedlings held was Rhizophora stylosa Griff. In 2017, the management of Mendalok
mangroves was handled by the Mendalok Village government through the Jaya Mandiri VillageOwned Enterprise (Badan Usaha Milik Desa/BUMDes), especially to manage the ecotourism of
the Tanjung Pagar Mangrove Tourism Park located in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit District,
Mempawah Regency. The Head of Mendalok Village confirmed the management of the BUMDes
through the Decree of the Head of Mendalok Village Number 8 of 2017, dated 30 November 2017.
Some of the programs will be implemented by BUMDes Jaya Mandiri in the effort to manage
mangrove ecotourism in Polaria Tanjung Pagar in January – June 2018. The programs consist of
administrative completeness counseling, the addition of mangrove pavilions, photo spot creation,
financial management counseling, construction and expansion of tourist areas, and planting of
mangroves. Until now, the size of the Mendalok mangrove area successfully rehabilitated was ±
10 ha, and currently, BUMDes is focusing on managing ecotourism Taman Polaria Tanjung Pagar,
covering an area of ± 1 ha. Activities or programs carried out in the implementation of ecotourism
management are borne by the Village Budget.

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The damage to the coast in the Kelurahan Setapuk Besar inspired the formation of the selfhelp association for Mangrove Care, Surya Perdana Mandiri, on August 2, 2009, initiated by Mr.
Jumadi and consists of 9 members. The association was formed to carry out planting activities in
the coastal area around their residence. This condition is somewhat different from the management
carried out in Pahawang Island, where the formation of associations was initiated and assisted by
external parties such as non-governmental organizations (Davinsy et al. 2015; Mustika et al. 2017;
Febryano et al. 2014). Currently, the self-help association for Mangrove Care Surya Perdana
Mandiri is a legal entity with the Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic
of Indonesia Number AHU 0003000.AH.01.07. 2017 concerning the Ratification of the
Establishment of the Surya Perdana Mandiri Mangrove Care Association. Planting mangrove
seedlings using fixed planting has produced encouraging results for mangrove conservation in
Setapuk Besar. Thousands of trees have been planted and made the coast green with mangrove
trees, now it has grown to an area of ± 30 ha and succeeded in adding ± 127 m of coastal land to
the sea. Currently, the mangrove area of Setapuk Besar has various tree species such as Avicennia
lanata, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata,
Acanthus ilicifolius, Acanthus ebracteatus, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops ovandra, Sonneratia
case, Sonnerops, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Nypa fruticans, Terbangvium portulacastrum,
Terminalia catapa, Thespesia populnea, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Clerodendrum inerme, Sesbania
sesban, Portulaca oleracea, Morinda citrifolia, Wedelia biflora indica. The results illustrated the
possible differences in vegetation diversity in community-managed forests (Idris et al. 2020). On
the way, the community groups carried out mangrove conservation activities accompanied by
various parties such as LPS-AIR, WWF, the City Government of Singkawang, and the Marine
Service. The success of planting mangroves has made the Setapuk Besar mangrove area one of the
tourist destinations in Singkawang City and opened up economic opportunities for the managing
community.
3.3. Community Involvement
The study results are based on respondents’ answers in mangrove conservation in three
research locations: the role in conservation activities, background in participating in conservation
activities, and involvement in the stage of mangrove management activities presented in Table 2.
About 90 respondents representing the community in the research locus, 73.33% have participated
in mangrove conservation activities. The background of community involvement is mostly done
voluntarily (63.33%). This situation occurs because most people aware of the importance of
carrying out conservation activities. After all, their direct experience of coastal abrasion threatens
their residence and affects the results of community coconut plantations, meaning that there is a
correlation between the benefits of conservation activities and the benefits of area protection and
community economic activities. The results of conservation activities have also increased
opportunities for economic activity by turning mangrove planting areas into tourist areas that many
people currently visited. The results are in line with the previous study (Nilson et al. 2016), which
studied conservation success in developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The study
revealed that there are three main mechanisms applied, such as (1) integration of conservation and
livelihood goals (sources of income); (2) provision of benefits as a result of conservation activities
and giving control to the community over resources, and (3) additional mechanism in the form of
conservation education. Based on observation, conservation education was also found in the three

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research locations: the MMP area, Mendalok Mangrove area, and Setapuk Besar Mangrove area.
The location has become the field schools for high school students and internship and research
locations for students engaged in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and the environment in general.
Table 2. Community involvement in mangrove conservation activities
No.

Involvement

Category

1

Participate

2

Background enters

3

Planning

4

Implementation

5

Utilization

6

Monitoring and
Evaluation

7

Involvement level
(Arnstein1969)

Have a role
Not
Total
Incentive
Volunteer
None of both
Total
Yes
No
Total
Yes
No
Total
Yes
No
Total
Yes
No
Total
Being involved was only a formality
Being involved perfunctory because they are
considered helpless
Being involved, obtain information but are not
given the opportunity to discuss
Being involved, get information, and be able to
discuss but the results of the discussion are
considered
Being engage, actively discuss, but the results of
the discussion are only a few that are considered
Being actively involved and share responsibilities
equally
Being actively involved and have decisionmaking authority
Being actively involved, have decision-making
authority, can negotiate and deal directly with
sources of funds
Total

Total
(person)
66
24
90
9
57
24
90
32
58
90
67
23
90
57
33
90
21
69
90
15
2

Percentage
(%)
73.33
26.67
100.00
10.00
63.33
26.67
100.00
35.56
64.44
100.00
74.44
25.56
100.00
63.33
36.67
100.00
23.33
76.67
100.00
16.67
0.22

7

7.78

9

10.00

16

17.78

15

16.67

1

0.11

1

0.11

66

73.33

Community involvement in mangrove conservation activities starts from planning,
implementing, utilizing, and evaluating activities. It shows that the conservation activities carried
out are bottom-up, not from government orders or programs. Based on the history of management
in the three research locations, it appears that the initiative for planting activities came from local
communities living around areas experiencing coastal abrasion. After the planting activity is
successful, it will attract the attention of external parties, both government and private, to support
mangrove conservation activities that the community has carried out. Thaman et al. (2016) proved
that 43% of community involvement in conservation activities in Portugal was ineffective because
it was top-down, in contrast to the conditions in Fiji, which was carried out conservation activities
with a bottom-up nature where community involvement reached 88%. It is like what happened in

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conservation activities in 3 research locations; when the idea of conservation did not come from
community initiatives, the conservation activities did not go as expected. However, when the
community realizes the importance of saving their environment, conservation activities can run
smoothly and produce success. Henceforth, this success must also receive support and
encouragement from outside parties, such as the government and the private sector, by providing
activities needed by the community to sustain the existing conservation program. Activities to
strengthen community capacity through education, counseling, and other activities can foster
community strength and independence from an economic, social, and cultural perspective.
The level of community involvement is grouped into eight levels, referring to the
involvement of Arnstein (1969) as presented in Table 2. About 73.33% of respondents who took
part in mangrove conservation activities were involved in activities, starting from the category
involved to the extent of getting information (24.67%); category actively involved and able to
participate in the discussion (27.78%), and the category actively involved received responsibility
had the authority to make decisions (16.89%). Based on these results, the involvement level in the
research location is still at the level of information and consultation.
The level of involvement is still at the information stage because 24.67% of the community
is only involved in announcing mangrove conservation activities without following further
activities to participate in discussions to implement activities. Meanwhile, 27.78% of the
community has reached the consultation stage, which has participated in discussions for further
activities in mangrove conservation, but it is limited to the following discussion process. In
contrast, the results of the discussion have not been used for program continuation. Only 16.89%
have participated in all stages of activities. However, they have succeeded in carrying out
mangrove conservation. This condition is almost the same as the results of Sadono (2013), stating
that community involvement in Mount Merbabu National Park management is still at the
information and consultation level.
The distribution of this involvement is because the capacities of each respondent are quite
diverse. Some are just ordinary people, some are members of conservation groups, and some are
group leaders who have direct access to determining all decisions in conservation activities. The
involvement of a person to contribute in a group varies from individual to community. It depends
on ability, physique, education, skills, motivation, and interests. The communities around the
conservation area generally have a low level of education and income, such as in the research
locations, generally only completing elementary school. Communities willing to do conservation
are driven by their motivation and potential to maintain and improve the quality of the environment
in which they live. According to ICEL (2009), this is caused by (1) the proximity of the community
to conservation areas, (2) the existence of factors of interest, both historical, socio-religious,
ecological, and economical of the local community, and (3) the existence of concern and
commitment.
4. Conclusions
Mangrove conservation activities are carried out based on the experience of the community
to save the environment in which they are living, support economic activities and get benefits from
conservation results. Community involvement is bottom-up, starting from planning activities,
implementation, utilization to the monitoring and evaluation. This bottom-up involvement has
succeeded in carrying out mangrove conservation activities and providing benefits to the

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community, not only conservation actors. Therefore, to carry out conservation activities in
degraded areas, the local community should be involved in activities to monitor and evaluate the
activities. In general, the level of community involvement is at the information and consultation
stage. The level of individual community involvement varies considerably, from those involved
only informality to the level actively involved, has decision-making authority, can negotiate and
deal directly with sources. It happens because of the diverse capacities of each individual.
However, the overall level of community involvement is actively involved and gives tangible
results in mangrove conservation. Support from the government and parties concerned with
environmental conservation is still needed to increase community involvement, both in individual
and group capacity building and capital support, in providing necessary facilities and infrastructure
by including conservation activities in development programs.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Tanjungpura University for funding this research through DIPA
UNTAN 2020. The authors also tank to the people of Pasir Village, Mendalok Village, and
Setapuk Besar Village, and all parties who helped carry out this research.
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