Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 11 No. 2, October 2024, 243-258

ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195

GROWTH AND WOOD TRAITS EVALUATION OF 15-YEAR-OLD
TENGKAWANG (Shorea spp.) TREE STANDS IN GUNUNG WALAT
UNIVERSITY FOREST, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Fifi Gus Dwiyanti1*, Henti Rosdayanti2, Kusumadewi Sri Yulita3, Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat3,
Yahya Ayyasy4, Karima Fauziah Muharam4, Mohamad Miftah Rahman5, Ulfa Adzkia6, and
Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar1
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University,
Jl. Ulin, IPB Dramaga Campus, Dramaga Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
2
Research Centre for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN),
Jl. Raya Jakarta – Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
3
Research Centre for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation
Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta – Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
4
Alumni of Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University,
Jl. Ulin, IPB Dramaga Campus, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
5
Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University,
Jl. Ulin, IPB Dramaga Campus, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
6
Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, West Sulawesi University (UNSULBAR),
Jl. Hasanuddin, Lutang, Banggae Timur, Majene, West Sulawesi, 91412, Indonesia
1

Received: 12 December 2022, Revised: 7 November 2023, Accepted: 14 October 2024
GROWTH AND WOOD TRAITS EVALUATION OF 15-YEAR-OLD TENGKAWANG (SHOREA
SPP.) TREE STANDS IN GUNUNG WALAT UNIVERSITY FOREST, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA.
Gunung Walat University Forest (GWUF) in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia, plays a crucial role in providing
various ecosystem services. Five important Shorea trees, i.e., Shorea stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx, S. pinanga, S.
palembanica, and S. leprosula have been planted in GWUF as an effort for its conservation and object of
research. An evaluation of the adaptability and suitability of these species to the GWUF ecosystem, as
well as their wood characteristics, needs to be carried out regularly. Therefore, the study aimed to examine
the growth performances and physical wood properties of five Shorea species, i.e., Shorea stenoptera, S.
mecisopteryx, S. pinanga, S. palembanica, and S. leprosula at the age of 15-year-old planted in GWUF. The results
indicated that S. leprosula exhibited the best growth performance in terms of average diameter (19.64 cm),
volume (0.27 m3), slenderness (126.58), and wood density (0.94 g/cm3), and S. stenoptera showed the best
performance in average height (23.35 m). While the poor performance was shown by S. palembanica in terms
of average diameter (6.73 cm), height (11.15 m), volume (0.02 m3), wood density (0.87 g/cm3), and specific
gravity (0.45), and S. stenoptera in terms of average slenderness (202.73). In addition, significant differences
in tree height, diameter, volume, wood density, specific gravity, and moisture content were found in S.
palembanica compared with other species. The relationship between the growth and physical wood properties
parameters varied between species. The study revealed that planting the five Shorea species in GWUF is
suitable for increasing vegetation cover and conserving the species.
Keywords: Dipterocarps, ex-situ conservation, education forest, non-timber forest products (NTFPs),
Shorea spp.
EVALUASI PERTUMBUHAN DAN KARAKTER KAYU TEGKAWANG (SHOREA SPP.) UMUR
15 TAHUN DI HUTAN PENDIDIKAN GUNUNG WALAT, JAWA BARAT, INDONESIA. Hutan
Pendidikan Gunung Walat (HPGW) di Kabupaten Sukabumi, Indonesia berperan penting dalam menyediakan berbagai
jasa ekosistem. Lima pohon Shorea penting, yaitu Shorea stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx, S. pinanga, S. palembanica, dan
S. leprosula ditanam di HPGW sebagai upaya konservasi dan objek penelitian. Evaluasi kemampuan beradaptasi dan
kesesuaian dari spesies ini pada ekosistem HPGW serta karakteristik kayunya perlu dilakukan secara berkala. Oleh karena
*

Corresponding author: fifi_dwiyanti@apps.ipb.ac.id

©2024 IJFR. Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license. doi:10.59465/ijfr.2024.11.2.243-258

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itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji performa pertumbuhan dan sifat fisik kayu dari lima jenis pohon Shorea
yaitu Shorea stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx, S. pinanga, S. palembanica, dan S. leprosula berumur 15 tahun yang ditanam
di HPGW. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan terbaik ditunjukkan oleh S. leprosula dengan rata-rata
diameter (19.64 cm), volume (0.27 m3), kelangsingan (126.58), dan kerapatan kayu (0.94 g/cm3), dan S. stenoptera pada
tinggi rata-rata (23.35 m). Sedangkan performa yang buruk ditunjukkan oleh S. palembanica dengan rata-rata diameter
(6.73 cm), tinggi (11.15 m), volume (0.02 m3), kerapatan kayu (0.87 g/cm3), dan berat jenis (0.45), dan S. stenoptera pada
kelangsingan rata-rata (202.73). Selain itu, perbedaan yang signifikan pada tinggi pohon, diameter, volume, kerapatan kayu,
berat jenis, dan kadar air ditemukan di S. palembanica dibandingkan dengan spesies lainnya. Hubungan antara parameter
pertumbuhan dan sifat fisik kayu bervariasi antar spesies. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa penanaman lima jenis
pohon Shorea di HPGW sesuai untuk meningkatkan tutupan vegetasi dan melestarikan jenisnya..
Kata kunci: Dipterokarpa, konservasi ex-situ, hutan pendidikan, Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu (HHBK), Shorea spp

I. INTRODUCTION
An educational forest is a forest allocated
for education and research activities conducted
by students, academics, and researchers to
study all aspects related to forestry and the
interrelationships among the components of
its ecosystem (Wahyudi et al., 2014). Gunung
Walat University Forest (GWUF) is one of
the educational forests in West Java Province,
Indonesia. It was established in 1951 and is
currently managed by the Faculty of Forestry
and Environment, IPB University. The GWUF
is assigned as a forest model that applies the
concept of Sustainable Small Scale Forest
Management (SSSFM) by relying on non-timber
forest products and environmental services
(Yahya et al., 2015). This forest has been used as
a research location covering almost all physical,
biological, social, economic, and environmental
aspects by students and researchers from IPB
University and other universities (Yahya et al.,
2015). As a dense-complex man-made forest
ecosystem, GWUF provides various ecosystem
services, including provisioning services (e.g.
resin from pine and agathis trees, food and
feed, energy sources such as firewood and
wood pellet, medicinal plants, poisonous plants,
and wildlife), regulating services (hydrological,
erosion, and flood control functions, air and
climate regulating functions, pest and disease
prevention, and windbreaker functions),
cultural services (ritual site), and supporting

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services (habitat for various organisms and
farming) (Yahya et al., 2015).
Nowadays, GWUF also enhances its
supporting services by conserving vulnerable
and important Indonesian tree species
such as red meranti (Shorea spp.) from the
Dipterocarpaceae family, which produce not
only timber but also non-timber forest products
from their fruit known as tengkawang or illipe
nut or Borneo tallow nut. The fruit can be used
as raw material for vegetable fat, which has a
higher value compared to other vegetable oils
(e.g., coconut oil) (Winarni et al., 2004; Leksono
& Hakim, 2018; Ramadhani et al., 2021).
Tengkawang fat quality hinges on several critical
physicochemical parameters such as fatty acid,
acid number (AN), peroxide number (PN),
iodine number (IN), saponification number,
and melting point (Abd-Aziz et al., 2023).
Tengkawang fat is a blend of triglycerides,
consisting of glycerol esters and several
unsaturated fatty acids, ranging from 50% to
70% (Ketaren, 2008). The composition of fatty
acids in tengkawang fat is mainly made up of
stearic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The
percentages for these acids range from 40-46%,
30-32%, and 16-24%, respectively (Darmawan
et al., 2020; Abd-Aziz et al., 2023). This makes
tengkawang fat a valuable component of cocoa
butter equivalent (CBE) blends and allows it
to be used directly without further processing
(Abd-Aziz et al., 2023). This is also supported

Growth and Wood Traits Evaluation of 15-Year-Old Tengkawang (Shorea spp.) ..........................(Fifi Gus Dwiyanti1 et al.)

by the high melting point of this fat, which
is between 34-39ᵒC (Winarni et al., 2004;
Leksono & Hakim, 2018; Ramadhani et al.,
2021; Abd-Aziz et al., 2023). The properties
of tengkawang fat are similar to cocoa butter
(Leksono & Hakim, 2018), so the fat can be
a substitute for cacao butter in the chocolate
industry, margarine, vegetable fat raw material,
and cosmetic products such as soap and lipstick
(Blicher-Mathiesen, 1994; Lipp & Anklam,
1998; Winarni et al., 2004; Leksono & Hakim,
2018), which are exported to Japan and Europe
(Purwaningsih, 2004; Winarni et al., 2017).
Tengkawang oil can also be used as a rice
seasoning by local people, as a preservative for
wet noodles, and in the pharmaceutical industry
(Winarni et al., 2004; Setiadi, 2019).
Tengkawang-producing species have a
wide natural distribution in Asia, including
Indonesia, Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah, Thailand,
the Philippines, and India (Kettle, 2010; Saner
et al., 2012; Widiyatno et al., 2014; Winarni et
al., 2017) with natural distribution in Indonesia
covering Kalimantan and a small part of
Sumatera islands (Purwaningsih, 2004; Winarni
et al., 2017; Kettle, 2010). Indonesia has about
13 species of tengkawang-producing trees, of
which 10 species are found in Kalimantan and
3 other species in Sumatera (Supartini & Fajri,
2014; Leksono & Hakim, 2018). The existence
of tengkawang-producing trees in natural
forests is decreasing due to increasing illegal
logging and timber exploitation activities that do
not consider the sustainability aspect (Leksono
& Hakim, 2018; Winarni et al., 2017). Besides
that, the overexploitation of tengkawang fruits
from natural forests and an irregular fruit
season hinder natural regeneration (Leksono
& Hakim, 2018). In West Kalimantan, for
example, a massive harvest season for large
fruit tengkawang species occurs once every 3-4
years during the fruit seasons (Bunyamin et
al., 2020; Heri et al., 2020). Therefore, several
species are currently classified as critically
endangered species, such as Shorea palembanica
(Ashton, 1998).

Ex-situ conservation measures through the
establishment of an ex-situ conservation plot
and tree breeding programs, such as selecting
superior trees for seed sources of tengkawang
seedlings, are essential to be carried out. GWUF
has planted four tengkawang-producing
species namely Shorea stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx,
S. pinanga, and S. palembanica, and another
high-value red meranti that does not produce
tengkawang fruit, Shorea leprosula (meranti
tembaga). Planting these species in the GWUF
would not only enrich tree stands in the GWUF
and conserve the species but also provide a seed
source for cultivation that eventually provides
provisioning services through tengkawang
production. Previous studies on the relationship
between growth and wood quality, especially on
the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) and
wood density, have been carried out by assessing
the tree growth performance and wood quality
of the five species when the stands were 7 and 9
years old. However, only 7 individual trees were
assessed for each species in each measurement
year (Karlinasari et al., 2018). Meanwhile,
evaluation of the adaptability and suitability, as
well as the wood traits of all stands of the five
species in the GWUF area, has not yet been
assessed. Thus, this study aimed to examine the
growth performance and wood properties of
five Shorea species i.e., S. stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx,
S. pinanga, S. palembanica, and S. leprosula, 15
years after planting in the GWUF. The results
of this study were expected to provide basic
information in formulating strategies for
species enrichment in GWUF specifically and
the ex-situ conservation and breeding program
of these species in Indonesia extensively.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
A. Study Site
The research was conducted at the Shorea
spp. demonstration plot in Gunung Walat
University Forest (GWUF), Cibadak and
Cicantayan Subdistricts, Sukabumi Regency,
West Java Province, Indonesia (Figure 1), which
is geographically located between 6ᵒ54'23"

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Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 11 No. 2, October 2024, 243-258

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Source: Harahap et al. (2018)

Figure 1. Map of the study site. (a) Map of Shorea spp. demonstration plot with red color for S.

palembanica stands, blue for S. mecistopteryx, yellow for S. stenoptera, green for S. leprosula, and grey
for S. pinanga; (b) Map of GWUF; and (c) Map of West Java in Java Island
S - 6ᵒ55'35" S and 106ᵒ48'27" E - 106ᵒ50'29"
E (Damayanti et al., 2020). The GWUF was
originally an abandoned land covering an area
of 359 ha, most of which was open land, some
were covered with shrubs, and several hectares
were covered with Agathis lorantifolia stands
(Yahya et al., 2015). However, since the Faculty
of Forestry and Environment IPB managed
GWUF in 1969, this area was then planted
gradually with various tree species by the
IPB students, alumni, and local communities.
Currently, the forest is 95% covered with 15
tree species, including Agathis dammara, Pinus
merkusii, Schima wallichii, Maesopsis eminii, Swietenia
macrophylla, Altingia excelsa, Dalbergia latifolia,
Gliricidia sp., Paraserianthes falcataria, Shorea
leprosula, Shorea stenoptera, Shorea mecisopteryx,

246

Shorea pinanga, Shorea palembanica, and Acacia
mangium, and also 11 woody shrub species such
as Calliandra calothyrsus, Etlingera solaris, Clidemia
hirta, Melastoma candidum, Sellaginella doederleinii,
Cynodon dactylon, Curculigo latifolia, Claoxylon
indicum, Leea sambucina, Equisetum debile, and
Coffea arabica (Yahya et al., 2015; Damayanti et
al., 2020).
B. Species Selection and Plot Establishment
In this study, we examined five Shorea species;
four of them are tengkawang-producing
trees, namely S. stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx, S.
pinanga, and S. palembanica; and one is a nontengkawang-producing-tree, namely S. leprosula.
These species are included in the red meranti
group, which has high economic and ecological

Growth and Wood Traits Evaluation of 15-Year-Old Tengkawang (Shorea spp.) ..........................(Fifi Gus Dwiyanti1 et al.)

value (Newman et al., 1999). These species were
selected based on different growth performance
(Karlinasari et al., 2018), namely (i) fast-growing
species (Shorea leprosula), (ii) moderate-growing
species (Shorea stenoptera and S. mecistopteryx), and
(iii) slow-growing species (Shorea pinanga and S.
palembanica). This selection was important so
as to obtain growth performance and wood
properties data of these five species as a basis
for determining whether these species can
adapt and are suitable for the site in GWUF.
There were 26 individuals of Shorea leprosula,
30 individuals of S. stenoptera, 58 individuals of
S. mecistopteryx, 10 individuals of S. pinanga, and
10 individuals of S. palembanica planted among
existing mixed tree stands with a planting
distance of 5 m × 5 m in the species trial block
(06°55’0” S - 106°49’30” E) in 2006 (Figure 1a).
The existing stands consist of adult trees that
have a diameter at breast height (dbh) of more
than 40 cm (Karlinasari et al., 2018). In total,
134 trees of Shorea species were evaluated in
this study.
C. Data Collection
The adaptability and suitability of 15-yearold Shorea leprosula, S. stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx,
S. pinanga, and S. palembanica planted in GWUF
were evaluated by examining the tree growth
parameters. Wood traits were evaluated by
assessing the physical wood properties of
standing trees. Tree growth parameters for
each species examined in this study included
(i) total tree height (m) measured using Haga
Hypsometer, (ii) stem diameter (cm) at breast
height (dbh 1.3 m) using measuring tape, (iii)
tree volume (m3) by calculating it using Equation
1 (Forest Area Consolidation Center Agency
Denpasar VIII, 2021), and (iv) slenderness by
calculating the ratio of the total height and stem
diameter at breast height (Wang et al., 1998).
Tree Volume (m3) = Tree basal area × tree height ×
		
form factor ...............................(1)

Where:
Tree basal area (m2): (3.14/4) × (dbh)2
Form factor: 0.7

The physical wood properties of five Shorea
species in this study were evaluated by analyzing
the wood moisture content, wood density, wood
specific gravity, and pilodyn penetration. In order
to measure wood moisture content, density,
and specific gravity, the wood core samples
from each stem were collected using a hollow
punch (Prohex Germany) with a diameter of
10 mm and a length of 2-3 cm. The wet volume
of the wood core (cm3) was determined by
water displacement using a graduated cylinder
(Archimedes method; Cornelissen et al., 2003),
while the oven-dry weight was determined by
the weight of the wood core after drying in
an oven at 105℃ for 24 hours (Kalanatarifard
& Yang, 2012) in Mycorrhiza Laboratory at
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry
and Environment, IPB University, Bogor. This
oven-dry weight was then used to calculate
moisture content (%) by using Equation 2
(Hartley & Marchant, 1995). Whereas, the wet
volume was used to calculate the wood density
(g/cm3) by using Equation 3 (Zabel et al., 2020)
and wood specific gravity by using Equation 4
(Simpson, 1993).
Wood Moisture Content (%) = ((Green weight –
oven-dry weight)/oven-dry weight) × 100 % ..........(2)
Wood Density (g/cm3) = Green weight/wet
volume of the wood core ........................................(3)
Wood Specific Gravity = ((Wd/Vg)/ ) .....................(4)

Where,
Wd: oven-dry weight of the wood core
Vg: wet volume of the wood core
: water density (1 g/cm3)

In addition, the pilodyn penetration
parameter was also used in this study to
evaluate the wood density of the standing tree.
Pilodyn penetrometer 6J was used to measure
the penetration depth of a spring-loaded blunt
pin (2.5 cm diameter) fired into the tree stem
at breast height (1.3 m) without removing the
bark with an exact force to a maximum depth
of 40 mm (Gregory et al., 2007; Fundova et al.,
2018).

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D. Statistical Data Analysis
The data of growth parameters and physical
wood properties parameters, including tree
height, stem diameter at breast height, tree
volume, slenderness, wood moisture content,
wood density, wood specific gravity, and pilodyn
penetration, were interpreted by using a boxplot analysis to determine the data distribution
of each parameter. The analysis of variance
(ANOVA) at the 5% level of significance was
performed to observe the variation between
each species and each growth parameter as
well as physical wood properties parameters.
Further analysis using the Duncan multiple
range test at the 5% level was also performed
if there was a significant difference in observed
variables (Sumida et al., 2013). Those analyses
were performed using SPSS software (IBM
Corp., 2020). In addition, the relationship
among parameters was analyzed using Pearson
Correlation Analysis, which was performed
using SPSS software (IBM Corp., 2020), and
the Principal Component Analysis (PCA),
which was performed using Minitab software
version 16 (Minitab, 2021).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Tree Growth Performance of 15-YearOld Five Shorea Species in GWUF
Tree growth, such as the increase in
dimensions of height and diameter, is a
transformation process in tree life that affects
stand yields (Hardjana & Suastati, 2014). The
parameters related to tree growth are basic
information for forest resource management
and forest ecology studies (Nugroho, 2014). In
the present study, the data of four parameters
of tree growth, such as tree height, stem
diameter, tree volume, and slenderness, were
analyzed using a box-plot analysis and further
variance analysis.
The box-plot analysis on stem diameter (at
breast height) showed that the Shorea leprosula
stand has the highest box position than the
other Shorea stands with a diameter range of ±533 cm (Figure 2a), and the S. palembanica stand

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has the lowest box position with a diameter
range of ±5-6 cm (Figure 2a). These results
revealed that S. leprosula, as a fast-growing
species, showed the highest stem-diameter
growth compared to moderate-growing species
and slow-growing species. While, S. palembanica,
as a slow-growing species, showed the lowest
stem diameter compared to other species. In
addition, the average diameter of S. leprosula
(19.64 cm) and S. palembanica (6.73 cm) was
significantly different from the other species
based on the Duncan test results at a 5% level
(Table 1).
The high average diameter of S. leprosula was
also reported in Karlinasari et al. (2018) study
in GWUF, where 9-year-old S. leprosula stands
had the highest and significant average diameter
(9.714 cm) compared to Shorea stenoptera (8.857
cm), Shorea mecisopteryx (8.286 cm), Shorea
pinanga (6.028 cm), and Shorea palembanica
(6.185 cm), as well as in Istomo et al. (1999)
study in Haurbentes Research Forest in West
Java Province, Indonesia, where 13-year-old S.
leprosula stands had the highest average diameter
(30.65 cm) compared to S. stenoptera (23.63 cm)
and S. pinanga (14.69 cm). However, the average
diameter of 13 years old S. leprosula stands in
Haurbentes Research Forest is better than
the 15-year-old stand in GWUF. This pattern
is possible considering that the Shorea species
grown in Haurbentes Research Forest were
planted in bare land that was not shaded by
other large tree crowns that had been planted
prior to Shorea planting. Unlike, the five Shorea
species grown in GWUF were planted between
old tree stands with a diameter of more than
40 cm so that the distribution of light intensity
in these stands could vary (Karlinasari et al.,
2018), which then also caused variations in the
stem diameter of each species (Figure 2a), even
though Shorea spp. is a species that requires
shade in the seedling phase and more sunlight to
grow to the next phase (Krisnawati & Wahjono,
2010; Wistara et al., 2016). Seedlings of Shorea
spp. grow well on the forest gap with light
intensity between 42.71% to 45.73% or 52.1%
to 55% (the Spherical Crown Densiometer

Growth and Wood Traits Evaluation of 15-Year-Old Tengkawang (Shorea spp.) ..........................(Fifi Gus Dwiyanti1 et al.)

scale) (Stuckle et al., 2001; Wahyudi et al.,
2016). Therefore, silvicultural treatment such
as removing the closest competitor trees,
called thinning, is needed for future stand
maintenance activities to provide better growth
space, including increasing the spacing and
reducing competition for light, nutrients, and
minerals to stimulate the growth of Shorea stem
diameter (Krisnawati & Wahjono, 2010; Wistara
et al., 2016; Indrioko et al., 2020; Pamoengkas
et al., 2020).
The distribution of tree height data of
five Shorea species based on box-plot analysis
showed that Shorea leprosula stand has the highest
box position compared to the other species,
with a tree height range of ±11-32 m (Figure
2a), and S. palembanica stand has the lowest box
position compared to the other species with
a tree height range of ±9-13 m (Figure 2a).
However, the average tree height showed that S.
stenoptera was higher (23.35 m) and significantly
different from other species, followed by S.
leprosula (22.38 m) (Table 1), while S. palembanica
was lower (11.15 m) and significantly different
from other species (Table 1). This pattern was
slightly different from the results of Karlinasari
et al., (2018) study in GWUF, where 9-yearold S. leprosula showed a higher and significant
average tree height (13.271 m) compared to S.
stenoptera (8.857 m), S. mecisopteryx (8.286 m),
S. pinanga (5.971 m) and S. palembanica (5.457
m). In addition, the current pattern was also
slightly different from Istomo et al., (1999)
study in Haurbentes Research Forest in West
Java Province, Indonesia, where 13-year-old
S. leprosula stands has the greater average tree
height (19.88 m) compared with S. stenoptera
(16.15 m) and S. pinanga stands (12.39 m).
In the present study, the tree height pattern
contradicts the stem diameter pattern, especially
in the case of S. stenoptera,. This suggests that
the impact of tree height and stem diameter
varies between stands and within the same stand
over time (Nugroho, 2014; Curtis, 1967; Paulo
et al., 2011). Differences in site quality (Larsen
& Hann, 1987; Wang & Hann, 1988; Nugroho,
2014), stand density (Sharma & Parton, 2007;

Temesgen et al., 2008; Nugroho, 2014), and
stand age (VanderSchaaf, 2008; Nugroho,
2014) may lead to variations in stand-to-stand.
However, all Shorea stands in this study were of
the same age so the stand density was the most
influential factor on stand variation. Whereas
variation over time within the same stand can
be attributed to the arrangement of trees in a
stand (Temesgen & Gadow, 2004; Nugroho,
2014) and the spatial distribution pattern
(Aguirre et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2004).
The results of box-plot analysis on tree
volume were similar to the stem diameter
results, which showed that Shorea leprosula stand
has the highest box position compared to other
species, indicating the stand had a more growth
stage at tree volume ±0.01-1.1 m3 (Figure 2b),
and S. palembanica stands have the lowest tree
volume (±0.09-0.26 m3) compared to other
species (Figure 2b). Besides that, the average
tree volume of S. leprosula was also the highest
(0.27 m3) and significantly different from other
species (Table 1), while the average tree volume
of S. palembanica (0.02 m3) was the lowest among
other species although it was not significantly
different from S. stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx, and
S. pinanga (Table 1). The current tree volume
evaluation results in the three 15-year-old
Shorea species are slightly similar to the results
of the tree volume evaluation when these five
Shorea species were 9-year-old, where S. leprosula
showed a higher average tree volume (0.066
m3) and S. pinanga showed a lower average tree
volume (0.013 m3) compared to other species
(Karlinasari et al., 2018).
In order to support the results of tree
height, diameter at breast height, and volume,
another parameter, such as the slenderness of
this tree Shorea species, was also determined.
The distribution data on slenderness (Figure
2c, Table 1) showed that S. stenoptera has the
highest mean value of slenderness (202.73) and
was significantly different from other species,
while S. leprosula has the lowest mean value
(126.58) and is significantly different from other
species (Figure 2c, Table 1). The highest value
of S. stenoptera indicated that the stand of this

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ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 2. Box-plot diagram of Shorea spp. tree growth (open circle: outliers). (a) Stem diameter and

tree height, and (b) Tree volume, and (c) Slenderness in each Shorea species

Table 1. Mean values of 15-year-old Shorea spp. growth parameters
Growth Rate

Species

n

Fast

Shorea leprosula

26

Moderate

Shorea stenoptera

30

Moderate

Shorea mecistopteryx

58

Slow

Shorea pinanga

10

Slow

Shorea palembanica

10

Diameter
(cm)
19.64c
(±8.179)
11.86b
(± 2.461)
12.47b
(± 3.316)
14.45b
(± 4.655)
6.73a
(± 3.040)

Height (m)
22.38cd
(± 5.441)
23.35d
(±7.742)
18.17b
(±4.419)
18.70bc
(±4.809)
11.15a
(±4.096)

Tree Volume
(m3)
0.27b
(±0.276)
0.09a
(±0.048)
0.10a
(± 0.066)
0.09a
(±0.077)
0.02a
(±0.031)

Slenderness
126.58a
(±37.200)
202.73c
(±69.865)
151.15ab
(±38.808)
136.90a
(±39.909)
186.00bc
(±91.658)

Notes: Mean ± standard deviation (SD) with different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P<0.05
(Duncan’s test); n = number of samples.

species is dominated by the slender tree shape,
which is generally susceptible to wind damage
(Wang et al., 1998). While the lowest value of
S. leprosula indicated that the stand has an ideal
proportion of height and stem diameter and
might have a longer crown (Wang et al., 1998).
However, the tree slenderness coefficient can

250

also change with age and site (Rottman, 1986);
for example, tree slenderness increases in young
trees, culminates, and then gradually decreases
in softwood species (Konopka et al., 1987), and
it also increases on better quality sites (Oliveira,
1987).

Growth and Wood Traits Evaluation of 15-Year-Old Tengkawang (Shorea spp.) ..........................(Fifi Gus Dwiyanti1 et al.)

B. Physical Wood Properties of 15-Year-Old
Shorea Species in GWUF
Moisture content, wood density, specific
gravity, and pilodyn penetration are physical
properties that need to be considered in wood
utilization (Wistara et al., 2016). In this study,
the results of the moisture content of five
Shorea species showed that S. palembanica stand
has the highest box position (Figure 3a) and
the highest average moisture content (92.87%)
compared to other species (Table 2). The
average of S. palembanica’s moisture content
also showed statistically significant differences
among species, suggesting that the stand had
the highest moisture content. While S. pinanga
stand has the lowest box position (Figure
3a) and average moisture content (66.10%)
compared to other species (Table 2) indicated
the stand had the lowest moisture content.
In the case of wood density evaluation of
five Shorea spp. in GWUF showed that Shorea
leprosula stand has the highest box position
(Figure 3b) and the highest average wood density
(0.92 g/cm3) compared to other species (Table
2). The S. stenoptera stand has a moderate box

position (Figure 3b) and moderate average wood
density (0.90 g/cm3) compared to other species
(Table 2), that the stand had a moderate wood
density. Besides that, the S. palembanica stand
has the lowest box position (Figure 3b), and
average wood density (0.87 g/cm3) compared
to other species (Table 2) which indicated the
stand had the lowest wood density. However,
the wood density in the studied Shorea spp. was
not significantly different based on the Duncan
test at a 5% level of significance.
The specific gravity evaluation in this study
showed that the Shorea pinanga stand has a
moderate box position (Figure 3c) but has the
highest and significant average specific gravity
(0.59) compared to other species (Table 2),
indicating the stand had the highest specific
gravity. While, S. palembanica stand has the lowest
box position (Figure 3c) and average specific
gravity (0.45) compared to other species (Table
2) indicated the stand had the lowest specific
gravity. Besides moisture content, wood density,
and specific gravity, the pilodyn penetration
parameter was also determined, and the results
showed that S. stenoptera, as a moderate-growing

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
Figure 3. Box-plot diagram of Shorea spp. physical wood properties (open circle: outliers).
(a) Moisture content, (b) Wood density, (c) Specific gravity, and
(d) Pilodyn penetration in each Shorea species

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Table 2. Mean values of 15-year-old Shorea spp. physical wood properties
Growth Rate

Species

n

Fast

Shorea leprosula

26

Moderate

Shorea stenoptera

30

Moderate

Shorea mecistopteryx

58

Slow

Shorea pinanga

10

Slow

Shorea palembanica

10

Moisture
Content (%)

Wood Density
(g/cm3)

81.79a
(±44.532)
69.89a
(± 29.004)
65.74a
(±35.410)
66.10a
(± 19.419)
92.87b
(± 19.689)

0.94a
(± 0.024)
0.90a
(± 0.011)
0.88a
(± 0.022)
0.92a
(±0.031)
0.87a
(± 0.122)

Specific
Gravity
0.54ab
(±0.150)
0.54ab
(± 0.120)
0.54ab
(±0.127)
0.59b
(± 0.194)
0.45a
(± 0.107)

Pilodyn
Penetration
(mm)
27.82a
(±14.826)
28.32a
(± 3.444)
22.38a
(±11.825)
20.96a
(± 9.056)
23.18a
(± 3.770)

Notes: Mean ± standard deviation (SD) with different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P<0.05
(Duncan’s test); n = number of samples

species, has the highest mean value (28.32 mm)
but was not significantly different from the
other species, while S. pinanga as a slow-growing
species has the lowest mean value (20.96 mm)
and was not significantly different from the
other species (Figure 3d, Table 2).
Physical wood properties of 15 years old
Shorea leprosula, S. stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx, S.
pinanga, and S. palembanica planted in GWUF
indicated by moisture content, wood density,
and specific gravity, and pilodyn penetration
revealed that the pattern of moisture content
in the present study was the same as the
evaluation results when the stands were 9 years
old, where S. palembanica had high moisture
content (82.57 %) compared to other species
(Karlinasari et al., 2018). This study was also in
accordance with other studies, which reported
that wood properties such as wood density and
moisture content depend on the plant growth
rate. In general, slow-growing trees have higher
wood density compared to fast-growing trees
(Barajas-Morales, 1987; Evans, 1992; Suzuki,
1999; Muller-Landau, 2004). The decrease in
wood density due to the increase in growth
rate that occurs in subtropical wood is caused
by the acceleration of earlywood formation
compared to latewood (Jaakkola et al., 2006),
thereby increasing the proportion of earlywood
to latewood (Peltola et al., 2007). In addition,
252

pilodyn penetration results in this study are
also in accordance with other studies, which
reported that the lower wood density, such as
Shorea leprosula, the higher pilodyn penetration
as the hardness in xylem or wood was related
to wood density (Anna et al., 2020; Chen et al.,
2015).
C. Correlation Analysis between Growth and
Physical Wood Properties Parameters of
Five Shorea Species in GWUF
In this study, the Pearson correlation
analysis was performed to determine the
relationship between growth parameters and
physical wood properties parameters. The
result (Table 3) showed that the height has a
positive and significant correlation (confidence
level of 0.01%) with stem diameter (correlation
coefficient r = 0.551), volume (r = 0.534),
and slenderness (r = 0.235). The diameter has
a positive and very strong correlation with
volume (r = 0.859) and a weak correlation with
specific gravity (0.310). The tree volume has
a positive and strong correlation with specific
gravity (0.235). The slenderness has a positive
and weak correlation with moisture content (r
= 0.227) and wood density (0.234).
On the other hand, specific gravity negatively
and strongly correlates with moisture content
(r = -0.424). This pattern was possible because

Growth and Wood Traits Evaluation of 15-Year-Old Tengkawang (Shorea spp.) ..........................(Fifi Gus Dwiyanti1 et al.)

Table 3. Statistical analysis of Pearson correlation between growth parameters and physical wood properties
parameters of five Shorea species
Pearson Correlation
Height (m)
Diameter (cm)
Volume (m3)

Height
(m)

Diameter
(cm)

Volume
(m3)

Slenderness

Moisture
Content
(%)

Wood
Density
(g/cm3)

Specific
Gravity

Pilodyn
Penetration
(mm)

1

0.551**

0.534**

0.253**

0.069

-0.498**

0.103

0.070

1

0.859**

-0.523**

-0.153

-0.470**

0.310**

-0.110

-0.151

-0.315**

0.235**

-0.164

0.227**

0.243**

-0.139

0.173*

1

0.088

-0.424**

0.878**

1

-0.110

-0.009

1

-0.337**

1

Slenderness

1

Moisture Content (%)
Wood Density (g/cm )
3

Specific Gravity
Pilodyn Penetration (mm)

1

Notes: ** = correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), and * = correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Figure 4. PCA analysis results of five Shorea species' growth parameters (height, diameter, volume, and
slenderness) and physical wood properties parameters (moisture content, wood density, specific gravity,
and pilodyn penetration

when the lumen volume is low, the moisture
content becomes restricted, and the specific
gravity is high (Simpson, 1993). Wood density
has also a negative and moderate correlation
with height (r = -0.498), diameter (r = -0.470),
and volume (r = -0.315). A negative correlation
between growth in height and diameter with
wood density also occurs in some tropical wood
species (Muller-Landau, 2004). This is because
wood with low density tends to be less tolerant
of shade (King et al., 2006). In addition, at the
early growth stage, cellulose and hemicellulose
are more dominant than lignin, which has a
dominant role in vertical tree growth (Dhaka et

al., 2020). In the next stages, when tree growth
has reached the maximum, lignin will play a
role in horizontal growth. Therefore, the higher
the wood density, the smaller the height and
diameter of the tree.
Besides that, pilodyn penetration has also a
negative and significant correlation with specific
gravity (r = -0.337) but has a positive and strong
correlation with moisture content (r = 0.878).
This was also reported in the research of Anna
et al. (2020), where a decrease in penetration
depth indicates an increase in the density and
specific gravity. This is influenced by the age of
the tree and the type of wood formed, which

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Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 11 No. 2, October 2024, 243-258

the youngest tree is still dominated by juvenile
wood, and when the tree is old, it will have a
xylem or wood mass that is harder and has
good growth (Hidayati et al., 2013).
The relationship between growth parameters
and physical wood properties parameters in
this study was also analyzed using Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) (Figure 4). The
results showed that slenderness, wood density,
and moisture content were the parameters that
affected the S. palembanica growth performance.
Besides that, height, diameter, tree volume, and
pylodin penetration were the parameters that
affected the S. leprosula and S. stenoptera growth
performance. While specific gravity was the
parameter that affected the S. mecisopteryx and
S. pinanga growth performance.
The Pearson correlation analysis between
growth performance and physical wood
properties of five Shorea species in the
present study showed that there was a positive
and significant correlation among growth
parameters such as height, stem diameter,
volume, and slenderness, and there was also
a positive and significant correlation among
physical wood properties such as moisture
content, wood density, specific gravity, and
pilodyn penetration. Besides that, the physical
wood properties such as wood density have also
shown significant but negative correlation with
growth parameters such as height, diameter,
and volume. These patterns were in accordance
with another study, such as Neolamarckia
cadamba (Anna et al., 2020), which reported
the correlation between pilodyn penetration
and height, diameter, wood density, specific
gravity, and moisture content. A strong and
positive correlation between height, diameter,
and volume on depth penetration of pilodyn
was also found in several other wood species
such as Eucalyptus urophylla in China (Wei &
Borralho, 1997), Acacia mangium (Hidayati et al.,
2019), and some species of hardwoods (Wu et
al., 2011; Hidayati et al., 2013). In addition, the
Principal Component Analysis in the present
study showed that the growth performance

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ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195

of each Shorea species planted in GWUF was
influenced by different parameters. Therefore,
this parameter should be considered when
planting these five Shorea species.
IV. CONCLUSION
The study revealed that Shorea leprosula
showed the best growth performance and
physical wood properties in terms of average
diameter (19.64 cm), volume (0.27 m3),
slenderness (126.58), and wood density (0.94
g/cm3); and S. stenoptera in terms of average
height (23.35 m). While S. palembanica showed
poor growth performance and physical wood
properties in terms of average diameter (6.73
cm), height (11.15 m), volume (0.02 m3), wood
density (0.87 g/cm3), and specific gravity (0.45);
and S. stenoptera in terms of slenderness (202.73).
In addition, significant differences in the tree
height, diameter, volume, wood density, specific
gravity, and moisture content were found in S.
palembanica compared with other species.
This study also revealed the relationship
between growth parameters and physical
wood properties parameters in each species,
which showed that slenderness, wood density,
and moisture content could affect the growth
performance of S. palembanica. Height, diameter,
tree volume, and pilodyn penetration could
affect the growth performance of S. leprosula
and S. stenoptera. In addition to that, specific
gravity could affect S. mecisopteryx and S. pinanga
growth performance. This finding indicated
that planting the four species of tengkawang
trees (Shorea stenoptera, S. mecisopteryx, S. pinanga,
and S. palembanica) and meranti tembaga (Shorea
leprosula) in GWUF is suitable to increase
land coverage as well as conserve the species,
although the growth performance and physical
properties differ between species, especially S.
palembanica, which grew slowly. Besides that, the
relationship between growth parameters and
wood properties revealed in this present study
must also be considered in the species selection
strategy in future planting planning and the
utilization of each species.

Growth and Wood Traits Evaluation of 15-Year-Old Tengkawang (Shorea spp.) ..........................(Fifi Gus Dwiyanti1 et al.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank the Director of Gunung
Walat University Forest (GWUF) for permission
to conduct the research in Shorea spp. stands
and Mr. Henry Adiprabowo (Administration
Manager, Information System and Data
Integration of GWUF) for his assistance
during sampling in GWUF. High appreciation
goes to Ms. Mariza Hidayati (Alumni of the
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry
and Environment, IPB University) and Ms.
Triyati Handayani (Syah Kuala University) for
their contribution in assisting data collection in
the field. This study was supported by a Young
Lecturers Research Program Grant (Hibah
Program Penelitian Dosen Muda) 2021 for Basic
Research Scheme in IPB University Number:
68/IT3/PN/2021 with contact number: 5512/
IT3.L1/PT.01.03/M/T/2021 granted to the
corresponding author and also supported
by Rumah Program-National Research and
Innovation Agency through Letter of Decree
of Head of Research Organization of Life
Sciences and Environmental number 10/
III.5/HK/2023 which was received by Henti
Hendalastuti Rachmat.
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