English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
No.
March 2019
Printed ISSN 2654-5284
Shaping the Concept of AoMageAo Through Image Schemas in Dragon Age AoOriginsAo
DEAN RAIYASMI1
Faculty of Cultural Sciences Universitas Padjadjaran ELVI CITRARESMANA Faculty of Cultural Sciences Universitas Padjadjaran CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
DEAN RAIYASMI, dean16002@mail.
ABSTRACT
Language shapes the human mind and its concept toward things.
Using image schemas, in nowadays technology, even AI .
rtificial intelligenc.
can concept things in response to their creator negativity or positivity.
This is reflected in one of the most selling games around the world in 2012 called Dragon Age AoOriginsAo.
The AI in form of NPC (Non-Playable Characte.
inside the game reflects on the creator of the game on negativity or positivity toward the lexical concept of the mage.
Through image schemas, shaping the lexical concept of mage deemed possible and proved the negativity or positivity creator of the game toward mage.
This research analyzes the cognitive-semantic process of image schema and shaping the concept of AomageAo by describing kinds of image schemas exist in the Dragon Age AoOriginsAo Game.
This research is also aimed at analyzing kinds of image schemas and describing the image schemas which shape the concept of AomageAo itself.
The methodology used in this research is qualitative where participative observation is employed in five stages and documentation.
The results show that there are four image schemas existing in the game and those image schemas shape the lexical concept of AomageAo.
Keywords: cognitive-semantic, image-schema, metaphor, game
INTRODUCTION
cannot convey.
Language is essential in our daily lives and the use of language itself is bound to our lives.
Some people use language in order to convey their messages, feelings, and intentions in any kind of situation possible (Fromkin, et al.
, 2.
The use of metaphor, for example, is used to make jokes, convey peopleAos feelings, and intentions toward ZanottoAos .
view on metaphor is that it used in our daily lives whether we are aware or unaware of it.
By using a metaphor, we are able to communicate or even share our thoughts and concepts which literal meaning Metaphor, in cognitive linguistic point of view, is not simply a language, but reflects AodeepAo correspondences in a way that conceptual system is organized (Evans and Green, 2.
Cognitive linguists such as Kovecses .
thought of metaphor as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain which is divided into source and target domain.
The metaphor is used and applied in any kind environment and situation which the flexibility of the metaphor depends on the reason of metaphor used, for example, might be humor.
English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
No.
March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 showing affection, showing modesty, and so on, even in a computer game the metaphor exists and it is used within.
Computer game itself consists of language.
whether it is spoken or written, yet most of the language is an abbreviated and innovative form of language (Nilsson, 2.
This virtual world existed in order to create new experiences of the game involved in every aspect which is somehow similar to real-world experiences such as buying, selling, romance, politics, journey and so on.
In contrast with the real world, this alternative world can only be accessed by virtual character as the player .
he term for a person who plays the gam.
creates and becomes one in order to interact with the aspects within the game.
As all Role-Playing Game allows players to assume a fictional character that they control and customize while playing a game (Nilsson, as eyes to see, legs to walk, brain to think, and mor.
and they may metaphorically be projected from realm of physical to abstract .
we usually speak and share our thoughts through the use of metaphor or even labeling our work status such as the head of cultural arts department, my right-hand, and mor.
Human explore objects, experience the objects as containers, and feel the natural law such as gravity that ensures the object to fall, the feel of the object and the shape of the object itself and thus this experience occurs repeatedly with or without human consent (Citraresmana, 2016.
Kovecses, 2010.
Evans and Green, 2006.
Santibanez, 2002.
Hampe, et al.
, 2.
The term of AoimageAo in image schema is referred to imagistic experience relates to and derives from our experience of the external world means that it is not only restricted by sensory experience of visual perception but also encompasses holistic sensory-perceptual experience, and the term AoschemaAo in image schema refer to abstract concepts consisting of patterns emerging from repeated instances of embodied experience (Citraresmana, 2016.
Evans and Green, 2.
Evans .
made a classification of image schemas and divided into nine main classifications as below:
Image schema, as structures in human cognition which emerge from our bodily and social interaction with the environment at a conceptual level, is defined within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics (Kovecses, 2010.
Santibanez, 2.
The Image schema does not employ conceptual elements of knowledge such as traveler and destination which is the detailed concept, but rather it is conceptual elements of image schema such as the initial departure and the arrival destination which has similar elements (Kovecses, 2.
up-down, front-back, left-right.
SPACE near-far, centre-periphery, contact, straight, verticality CONTAINMENT The image schemas is one of the basic schemas derived from the concept of our daily life as we manifest yourself as an animate object placed in, on, below, sided, front or back inanimate object and feel every element in object itself .
hape, texture of the object, colors, etc.
) and it serves to unify the different sensory and motor experiences while they manifest themselves in a straightforward fashion .
we know that as a human we have body parts which have their own function such container, in-out, surface, fullempty, content LOCOMOTION momentum, source-path-goal axic balance, point BALANCE balance, twin-pan balance, compulsion, blockage, counter-force, diversion.
FORCE removal of restraint, enablement, atraction.
UNITY/ merging, collection, splitting ITERATION English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019
MULTIPLICITY
Printed ISSN 2654-5284 The one to be sure example is computer game RPG (Role Playing Gam.
Strategy titled Dragon Age Origins developed by BioWare.
Dragon Age AoOriginsAo is a single-player game means only playable for one person without any other playable character presented in the game, in other words, this game only focused on the interaction between player character and non-player character (NPC).
part-whole, count-mass.
IDENTITY matching, superimposition EXISTENCE removal, bounded space, cycle, object, process Taken from Evans, 2007 .
Because of our constant interaction with the object, for example, containers of all shapes and sizes, we naturally learn the AulogicAy of containment and so do the rest applied in most schemas (Hampe, et al.
, 2.
Hampe .
points out three important aspects of image schemas can be emphasized.
making our bodily experiences have a meaning for us to understand, this can be understood that meaning itself is recurring structures and patterns involved with our sensory-motor experience and usually operates beneath level of conscious awareness, .
it must contain a logic of image-schematic structure, for example.
CONTAINER schema consists of spatial and bodily logic .
lements of interior, boundary, and exterio.
that makes it possible for us to make sense of and act accordingly within our ordinary experience, .
Image schema must be understood holistically, for example.
SOURCE-PATH-GOAL must be understood whole and cannot be chopped into SOURCE or PATH only but the whole shape or contours of image schema.
Dewey .
n Hampe, 2.
argued that the underlying continuity connects our physical interactions in the world with our imagining and thinking In one sentence can occur two or more image schema which is correlated with each other and possess the variation of degree schematicity (Citraresmana, 2.
order to understand image schema, treating it holistically without leaving out its abstract cognitive structure or structures of a bodily .
ensory-moto.
process points out that image schema can be applied as an abstract
domain which is categorized into the target
METHOD
The game itself is giving players a lot of information in form of utterances and written consist of morphemes, phrases, clauses, and sentences which may consist conceptual metaphor and the image-schemas.
The image-schema, as a part of a cognitive process, used in the game is related to cognitive linguistics which is discussed in this This research uses qualitative method of participative observation means the writer must participate in the social situation in order to attain reliable and valid data (Afifuddin and Saebani, 2012.
Mulyana, 2006.
Sugiyono, 2.
, however, due to the social situation occurred and existed within the game is virtually accessible, the researcher must manifest himself as a virtual character in order to attain the data from the game itself and participate in the virtual social situation the game offered.
There are some stages must be done in order to attain the data such as character creation stage, documenting stage, analyzing stage, and evaluating stage as follows:
The AoCharacter CreationAo Stage The character creation stage means the writer execute the game and create and manifest as a virtual character as one of the three different races offered in the game in order to continue the research and then focusing on finding image schema metaphor in the game.
This stage function is important English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 Found to be sensitive to magic at a young age, you were torn from your family and grafted here as an apprentice.
Ay in order to obtain the intended data.
The Observation Stage This stage means that the writer observes the subject, the behavior of the subject, the interaction of the subject, and the The writer uses participative observation because the writer imposes himself as a virtual character in order to interact with the surrounding of the virtual the NPC, the objects, the quest, storyline, etc.
Figure 3.
1 Correlation between Image Schema Existence and Image Schema Unity/Iteration The Documenting Stage From the data above, we can create the schema of both EXISTENCE and UNITY IMAGE SCHEMA correlations.
This stage means that if the writer finds the data intended, a screenshot will be taken to save for the analyzing stage.
During this stage, the writer carefully screenshots with the background in order to capture the scenery happened.
The use of lexical items torn, from, family, grafted, apprentice and phrase Found to be sensitive to magic at a young age shape lexical concept of the mage as a frail, feeble entity.
The concept of the mage as a frail and feeble entity occurs because the image schemas EXISTENCE that embodies frailness in the clause AuYou were torn from your familyAy, and UNITY that embodies feebleness in the clause Au(You wer.
grafted here as an apprentice.
Ay consist ellipsis phrase.
Both EXISTENCE image schema and UNITY image schema plays the role of the abstract domain which the abstract cognitive structure or meaning is understood by the logic of the image schemas themselves such as the bodily experience of EXISTENCE consist of removal and object.
The Analyzing Stage This stage is analyzing and describing the motion schema metaphor data based on the theories.
This stage will be analyzing the motion schema metaphor.
The Evaluating Stage This stage evaluates all stages done This is an important step to conclude the analysis which describes motion schema metaphor in the game.
The result of this study can be useful for academic purposes related to CognitiveSemantic.
Moreover, this study can also be considered as an attempt to enhance peopleAos interest in Cognitive-Semantic and open the possibility of analyzing language through the game, particularly metaphor and Image Schema.
UNITY image schema consists of collecting and merging.
As we can see from the figure above the image schema collecting and merging is shown with the indication of the black arrow which we can imply that the player .
epresent by the lexical item AoyouA.
was belonged to entity that is existed and named as AofamilyAo and the removal from the entity AofamilyAo happens due to occurrence of AoFound to be sensitive to magic at a young ageAo clause.
The removal RESULT AND DISCUSSION Data 1 AuThis gilded cage is the only world you English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 The use of lexical items the ritual sends, you, to, and, the fade gives a concept of the image as a transportable entity.
The concept of the image as a transportable entity occurs because the image schemas LOCOMOTION that embodies transportable entity in the clause AoThe ritual sends you to the fadeAo.
LOCOMOTION image schema plays the role of the abstract domain which the abstract cognitive structure or meaning is understood by the logic of the image schemas themselves such as the bodily experience of LOCOMOTION consist of initial departure .
, motion .
, and arrival destination .
We can imply that the source for the player .
mplied by lexical item AoyouA.
is Aothe ritualAo and path as in verb phrase Aosends you toAo, then the goal which is Aothe fadeAo.
In another word, the concept of mage as transportable entity can be understood with the image schema elements of LOCOMOTION such as source-path-goal with the reason.
the player initial departure is the ritual and the motion player do which is in verb phrase Aosends you toAo occurs throughout LOCOMOTION image schema in order to arrive at destination the fade via motion.
This will not be understood only by source or path or only goal to get the holistic message.
Thus, it can be summarized MAGE IS LOCOMOTION shapes the lexical concept of AomageAo as a transportable entity.
that occurs thus making one of the oncepart-of-the-family exist then the unification happens as this independent entity that existed is actually merged due to the occurrence of phrase AograftedAo that has the lexical meaning of Aoa piece of healthy skin or bone cut from one part of a personAos body and used to repair or a piece cut from one living plant and attached to another plant so that it grows thereAo which is showing the existence of the entity due to the lexical meaning of AograftedAo.
Also, the occurrence of the lexical item AograftedAo create a gives the concept of the entity as dependent and feeble entity.
Again, the occurrence of two lexical items under the circumstances shown in phrase AoFound to be sensitive to magic at a young ageAo the removal that belongs to EXISTENCE IMAGE SCHEMA and merging that belongs to UNITY IMAGE SCHEMA occurs due to Aografted here as an apprenticeAo.
Thus, it can be concluded that MAGE IS EXISTENCE shaping the lexical concept of the mage as Aofrail entityAo and MAGE IS UNITY shaping the lexical concept of the mage as Aofeeble entityAo and by combining both of the image The lexical concept that occurs is MAGE IS FRAIL AND FEEBLE ENTITY.
Data 2 AyThis is why the Harrowing exists.
The ritual sends you to the fade, and there you will face a demon, armed with only your will.
Ay Data 3 AuEvery mage must go through this trial by fire.
As we succeeded, so shall you.
Ay Figure 3.
2 Image Schema Locomotion Figure 3.
3 Image Schema Force From the data above, we can create the schema of LOCOMOTION as below.
We can create the schema of FORCE as English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 that is in blue arrow indicated the failure of the action which is resulted in Aobounce projectionAo and red arrow that indicated Aopermeate projectionAo as an indication of AosuccessAo.
Thus, it can be summarized MAGE IS FORCE shapes the lexical concept of MAGE IS SUPPRESSED ENTITY.
The use of lexical items must go, through and trial by fire shape lexical concept of the mage as a suppressed entity.
The concept of the mage as a suppressed entity occurs because the existing of image schemas FORCE that embodies suppressed entity in the clause AuEvery mage must go through this trial by fireAy.
FORCE image schema plays the role of the abstract domain which the abstract cognitive structure or meaning is understood by the logic of the image schemas themselves such as the bodily experience of FORCE consist counterforce, blockage, and removal of restraint.
Data 4 AuSomeone else thrown to the wolves.
As fresh and unprepared as ever.
IMAGE SCHEMA
CONTAINER
IMAGE SCHEMA
LOCOMOTION
We can imply that counterforce is the action of the doer which is presented by verb phrase must go through, the blockage is in the idiom Aotrial by fireAo and the removal of restraint is the success or failure of counterforce action.
The concept of mage as suppressed entity can be understood with the image schema elements of FORCE with the reason.
the player .
hown by lexical item AoyouA.
must undergo the blockage indicated by idiom trial by fire that hold the meaning of Aotesting one able to perform well under pressureAo which means the blockage is Aotrial by fireAo itself is conceptualized as blockage with opposites force and thus to penetrate the blockage it must be done with the other forces and this process thus create a FORCE counterforce with two result.
it is either succeeded or failed.
The opposite force is in the action which is represented in verb phrase must go through.
The removal of the restraint thus might happen by the successful penetration of the blockage and the result of what the successful will be which is indicated by the phrases as we succeeded, so shall
The two possibilities might occur during the counterforce phase where two opposite forces from the action and forces from the blockage clashed which is indicated in the figure by the black arrow and the result
IMAGE
SCHEMA
FORCE
Figure 3.
3 Correlation between Image Schema Locomotion.
Image Schema Container, and Image Schema Force From the analysis above, we can create the correlation of the three schemas as below.
The use of lexical items thrown, to, the, wolves, fresh, and unprepared shape lexical concept of the mage as an edible The concept of the mage as an edible entity occurs because the existing of image schemas CONTAINMENT.
LOCOMOTION, and FORCE that embody edible entity in the clause AoSomeone else thrown to the wolves as fresh and unprepared as ever.
Ao These image schemas play the role of the abstract domain which the abstract cognitive structure or meaning is understood by the logic of the image schemas themselves such as the bodily experience of CONTAINMENT LOCOMOTION consist of momentum, and FORCE consists only attraction.
We can imply for the CONTAINMENT image schema that a container is an abstract place which this abstract place is signified by noun phrase the English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 wolves and characterized as Aowhere danger lingersAo, and content itself is signified by phrase someone else which is implied to the virtual character.
through image schemas elements and its image projection in that is employed such as.
EXISTENCE image schema element consists of removal and object in data 1 collaborated with UNITY image schema element consist of merging also in data 1.
LOCOMOTION
image schema consists of source-path-goal in data 2 and momentum in data 4.
FORCE image schema consists of counterforce and blockage in data 3, and attraction in data 4.
CONTAINER image schema consists of container and content in data 4.
While image schemas can be employed independently to shape the lexical concept of mage, some of them, however, are correlated between each other to shape the lexical concept of AomageAo holistically in data 1 and data 4 which is implicit and existed in Dragon Age Origin by BioWare.
LOCOMOTION image schema consists of momentum which is signified by the verb thrown as the momentum of the motion to have occurred.
FORCE image schema consists of attraction signified by the phrase fresh and unprepared and characterized as Aonew and still untouchedAo.
The concept of mage as an edible entity can be understood with these image schemas elements with the reason.
ignified by the lexical items someone which in the context the virtual character arrived at the destination and welcomed by Non-Playable Character named Mous.
was forcefully placed in the container through the momentum signified by verb thrown and arrived at container filled with dangerous content that is metaphorically characterized by the noun phrase the wolves and content which is an animate entity is attracted to the Thus, it can be summarized MAGE IS LOCOMOTION.
MAGE IS CONTAINER and MAGE IS FORCE shapes the lexical concept of AomageAo as the edible entity.
REFERENCES