Implementation of the New MABIMS Crescent Visibility Criteria: Efforts to Unite the Hijriyah Calendar in the Southeast Asian Region Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri Abstrak: Makalah ini membahas penerapan kriteria baru visibilitas hilal MABIMS dalam penyatuan penanggalan Hijriyah di negara-negara anggota (Malaysia.
Brunei.
Indonesia dan Singapur.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penerapan kebijakan Astronomi dan teori Grindle.
Sumber data berasal dari dokumen hasil Muzakarah MABIMS dan artikel terkait.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kriteria baru visibilitas hilal MABIMS merupakan bagian dari kebijakan publik yang dalam pelaksanaannya membutuhkan dua variabel yang saling mendukung.
Pertama, isi kebijakan berupa kriteria visibilitas bulan sabit .
4A) diterima oleh seluruh negara anggota melalui penandatanganan referendum pada 8 Desember 2021.
Penerimaan ini akan mendapat dukungan publik jika bermanfaat hingga manajemen waktu.
Kedua, konteks pelaksanaannya dilakukan secara bertahap dengan memperhatikan karakteristik lembaga yang terlibat dalam penyusunan penanggalan Hijriyah.
Pada tataran praktis, kebijakan tersebut dapat diterima dengan baik oleh masyarakat, kecuali di Indonesia yang masih menghadapi kendala.
Hal ini disebabkan kebijakan di ketiga negara dilakukan secara top-down, sedangkan di Indonesia dilakukan secara bottom-up.
Selanjutnya, penentuan awal Ramadan.
Syawal dan Zulhijah masih menunggu konfirmasi penampakan hilal .
Ini terkait dengan dominasi ruAoyah, dan perbedaan yang kuat antara fungsi penanggalan dalam administrasi sipil dan praktik ibadah.
Kata kunci: visibilitas hilal.
imkAn al-ruAoyah.
penyatuan kalender.
kebijakan publik AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 - 209 210 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri Abstract: This paper discussed the implementation of the new MABIMS hilAl visibility criteria in the unification of the Hijriyah calendar in member countries (Malaysia.
Brunei.
Indonesia and Singapor.
This research uses the approach of Astronomy and Grindle's theory of policy implementation.
The data source comes from the MABIMS Muzakarah results document and related articles.
The research results indicate that the new MABIMS moon crescent visibility criteria are part of a public policy that, in its implementation, requires two mutually supportive variables.
First, the content of the policy in the form of the moon crescent visibility criteria .
4A) was accepted by all member countries through the signing of an ad referendum on 8 December 2021.
This acceptance will receive public support if it is beneficial to time management.
Second, the context of implementation is carried out in stages by taking into the characteristics of the institutions involved in preparing the Hijriyah calendar.
At the practical level, the policy can be well received by the public, except in Indonesia, which still faces obstacles.
This is due to the policy in the three countries being carried out on a top-down basis, while in Indonesia, it is carried out on a bottom-up basis.
Furthermore, determining of Ramadan.
Shawwal, and Zulhijjah are still waiting for confirmation of the sighting of the moon .
uAoya.
It related to the domination of ruAoyah, and a strong distinction between the function of the calendar in civil administration and worship practice.
Keywords: visibility of moon crescent, imkAn al-ruAoyah, calendar unification, hijriyah calendar, public policy AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 211 Introduction The Hijriyah calendar is based on the lunar system, a year of 12 months whose calculations are based on the moon's phases.
This is in accordance with the word of Allah in QS al-Taubah, 9:36, "Indeed the number of months with Allah is twelve months".
The moon rotation as the starting point in the Hijri calendar is based on the Quran Surah Yunus, 10:5, "It is He who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light and determined for its phases - that you may know the number of years and account .
f tim.
AllAh has not created this except in truth.
He details the signs for a people who know.
" The beginning of the month in the calculation of the Hijriyah calendar, as emphasized by Muhammad Ilyas is based on the possibility of the moon crescent being first seen somewhere in one country.
The Prophet Muhammad stated in a hadith.
"Fast when you see the hilAl and break your fast when you see the moon.
If clouds cover the hilAl, then complete the number of the month of Shakban to thirty days.
" In another hadith "If clouds cover the hilAl, estimate it" (Ilyas, 1.
It can be interpreted that the calculation of the beginning of the lunar month is carried out in the preparation of the Hijriyah calendar, both local and global (Imron, et.
all, 2.
There are two uisAb criteria used in the preparation of the Hijriyah calendar.
First, the requirements for the form of the moon crescent as used in preparing the Muhammadiyah and Ummul Qura calendars in Saudi Arabia.
Second, the criteria for imkAn al-ruAoyah (Kriteria Imkanur Rukyah/KIR) as used in the preparation of the Hijriyah Takwim calendar by the Minister of Religion of Brunei.
Indonesia.
Malaysia and Singapore/MABIMS member countries.
The MABIMS imkAn al-ruAoyah .
oon crescent visibilit.
criteria in 2016 changed from the old measures, namely the height of the moon crescent 2A, the elongation 3A or the age of the moon 8 hours, to the new criteria, namely the height of the moon crescent 3A and elongation of 6.
(Djamaluddin, 2.
It refers to this new criterion as "Neo Visibility of the Hilal MABIMS" (Azhari, 2.
These new criteria, with a relatively high number of opportunities for the sight of the moon crescent, provide an opportunity to realize a unified Hijriyah calendar starting in Southeast Asia.
Especially with the signing of a joint commitment from the Ministers of Religion of MABIMS member countries at the AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 212 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri Informal Annual Meeting, which will be held online on 8 December All ministers have agreed and ratified the implementation of the new KIR .
eight of the moon crescent 3A and elongation 6.
4A) in 2022.
This agreement is stated in a stamped text through an Ad-Referendum, which all Ministers of Religion sign.
Implementing the new MABIMS moon crescent visibility criteria in preparing the hijriyah calendar can be the first step toward realizing calendar unification in the Southeast Asia region.
There have been several types of research conducted on the unified hijriyah calendar.
The study indicated the opportunities for the realization of a unified hijrah calendar using the "expected visibility" criteria, namely the visibility of the young moon crescent, while still referring to the International Date Line with the principle of one single calendar for the whole world (Aziz & Ahmed, 2014.
Halim, 2.
A study produced findings on the importance of standardizing the basis for calculating each country's beginning of the Hijriyah month or the unification of the world Islamic calendar (Ilyas, 2.
Another study puts more emphasis on the aspect of fiqh, namely astronomical fiqh, especially relating to the time of worship, which is based on the movement of the moon and sun (Angkat, 2017.
Maskufa, 2.
Fadholi .
research indicated that Islamic organizations in Indonesia emphasize the criteria for the visibility of the hilAl of MABIMS as a guide in preparing the Hijri calendar in Indonesia.
Then.
Khanafi .
added that in 2017 Jakarta recommended the Institute for the Study and Development of the Rukyatul Hilal Falak (LP2IF RHI) as the Single Global Hijri Calendar.
Lastly.
Nursodik tries to conduct a comparative study of the use of the Jean Meeus Algorithm on the Turkish Hisab Criteria and the MABIMS New Criteria (Nursodik, 2.
This research focuses on the visibility of the new MABIMS hilAl for the unification of the Hijriyah calendar in its member countries, namely Brunei.
Indonesia.
Malaysia, and Singapore.
The reason is that without effective implementation, the decision of policymakers will not be implemented.
Policy implementation is needed to see the suitability and relevance of the description model that has been made (Akib, 2.
AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 213 Research Method This research includes empirical legal research .
aw in actio.
Empirical legal research will be conducted on the process of changing the criteria for the visibility of the moon crescent visibility of MABIMS, its implementation in the preparation of a unified Hijriyah calendar in Southeast Asia and mapping the views of its member countries on the unification of the Hijriyah calendar after the MABIMS decision.
This research uses two approaches.
First is the approach of Astronomy to describe and analyze aspects of science in the method of determining the beginning of the lunar month and the preparation of the Hijriyah calendar.
Second.
Grindle's theoretical approach to policy implementation analyzes the implementation of policies using the new moon crescent visibility criteria in determining the beginning of the lunar month for preparing the Hijriyah calendar in each member The data sources come from the MABIMS Muzakarah results in documents, the Hijriyah calendar published by member countries, and related articles.
The data collection technique is done by documentation Data analysis was carried out by reviewing and comparing the conformity between the texts of the results of the Alignment of Rukyat Muzakarah and MABIMS Takwim.
Then the adjustment of the Hijri calendar of member countries and the determination of fasting for Ramadan and Eid.
The Urgency of MABIMS Muzakarah MABIMS is a forum for the informal annual meeting of the Ministers of Religion of Brunei Darussalam.
Indonesia.
Malaysia and Singapore.
This forum for overseas meetings is engaged in the religious field to safeguard the benefit and interests of Muslims without interfering in the political affairs of its member countries.
MABIMS was established on Monday 5 Muharram 1410 to coincide with 7 August 1989, at the same time as the first meeting in Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Darussalam.
This forum for meeting allied countries was formed because it was motivated by the need for close cooperation between member countries in the religious field.
The Ministers of Religion who initiated this informal annual meeting are Awang Mohd.
Zain bin Haji Serudin (Minister of Religious.
Brunei Darussala.
AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 214 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri Munawir Sadzali (Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesi.
and Mohammad Yusof bin Haji Mohamed Noor (Minister in the Position of Prime Minister of Malaysi.
Furthermore, the informal meeting is held once a year, but in recent developments, the ministerial-level meeting is held every two years (Departemen Agama, 1993.
Mabims.
gov, 2.
There are several areas of cooperation between MABIMS, including the unification of the Hiriyah calendar in the Southeast Asia Region by the Jawatankuasa for the Harmonization of Rukyat and Islamic Takwim.
Since 1991, sixteen meetings have been held.
An important decision related to the criteria for determining the beginning of the lunar month was the result of the 3rd Jawatankuasa Conference held on June 1-2, 1992, in Labuan.
Malaysia.
Determining the beginning of the lunar month other than the months of Ramadan.
Shawwal, and Zulhijjah using the ijtimA' method before sunset and the moon crescent has existed even if it is only for 1 minute.
Indonesia.
Malaysia and Singapore agree that the ru'yah or hilAl shar' is the height of the moon crescent 2 degrees, the elongation 3 degrees, or the age of the moon 8 hours when the sun sets.
So, the three months are determined based on the ru'yah or uisAb, while Brunei determines it by rukyah or istikmAl (Departemen Agama, 1993: 21-.
In the 4th deliberations of Jawatankuasa on 1-5 July 1992, it came up with several essential things, such as a decision to implement the criteria for the visibility of the new moon as a result of the decisions of the 3rd deliberations.
First, the Takwim Hijriyah equation 19932020 M/1414 -1442 H is arranged based on the height of the moon, at least 2 degrees for all member regions, the elongation of at least three degrees or the age of the moon at least 8 hours after the time of ijtimA (Jakim, 2.
Second, the three criteria .
,3,.
are agreed to be a guide for uisAb-ru'yah for member countries.
Three countries, namely Indonesia.
Malaysia, and Singapore, agreed that if the three conditions were fulfilled and the moon was not visible, the beginning of the month was determined based on uisAb.
At the same time.
Brunei Darussalam still used istikmAl because it still adhered to ru'yah (Departemen Agama, 2001, 2.
Thus, the decision of the 4th deliberation has not yet been agreed upon on the criteria.
Although the Hijriyah Takwim is agreed upon as the basis for preparing the Hijriyah calendar, the implementasions are different.
Only AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 215 Malaysia and Singapore consistently use these criteria in preparing their Hijriyah calendar.
In contrast.
Indonesia uses the criteria for the visibility of the moon crescent.
However, in determining the start of the month of Ramadan and Shawwal they still use ru'yah because they have to wait for the results of the isbAt.
Meanwhile.
Brunei Darussalam uses the criteria for the visibility of the moon crescent commulatively only as a guide for the rukyat al-hilAl process.
Thus, if the moon crescent is not visible, then the beginning of the lunar month is istikmAl as at the beginning of the month of Shawwal in 1432 H / 2011 M.
The beginning of Shawwal 1432 H in member countries are set Malaysia and Singapore set the 1 of Shawwal 1432H on Tuesday, 30 August 2011, as well as several other Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia and some European countries.
Meanwhile.
Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam set it on Wednesday, 31 August 2011 (Wahyudi, 2.
The difference in the determination of 1 Shawwal is crucial because of the impact of breaking the fast for Ramadan, the time for paying zakat fitrah and Eid prayers, and the economy in logistical preparation for homecoming transportation, security, and As a result of these differences, an evaluation is needed to review the MABIMS moon crescent visibility criteria.
To that end, the Jawatankuasa for the Harmonization of Rukyat and Takwim Islam organized the 16th Muzakarah Rukyat and Takwim at the MABIMS level, attended by all member countries.
This Muzakarah activity was held at Klana Beach Resort.
Teluk Kemang Port Dickson.
Negeri Sembilan Malaysia from August 2-4.
The Indonesian delegation was represented by Mohammad Thambrin.
Ahmad Gunaryo.
Nurkhazin, and Ismail Fahmi (Thobib Bimas Islam, 2.
Also present at the muzakarah were several mufti of the Federal Territory.
Negeri Sembilan.
Pahang.
Kedah.
Sabah.
Sarawak and astronomy experts from Malaysia.
Brunei, and Singapore.
This Muzakarah aims to discuss and analyze the imkAn al-ru'yah criteria member countries have used in determining Hijriyah Takwim, implementing ru'yat al-hilAl together, and evaluating the MABIMS Standard Takwim (JAKIM, 2.
At the 16th Muzakarah, member countries presented their respective working papers.
In the preparation of its Islamic takwim.
Brunei used the book "Garis Panduan Hisab Rukyat Negara Brunei Darussalam.
AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 216 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri Indonesia.
Malaysia, and Singapura", as a result of the agreement of the 4th MABIMS meeting in Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Darussalam on August 6-7, 1993.
The results showed that the MABIMS 2:3:8 criteria needed to be corrected at a crescent height >6A and a crescent age of 19 hours (Tim Brunei Darussalam, 2.
Indonesia also proposed criteria for the crescent height of 4A and elongation of 7A (Tim Indonesia, 2.
Malaysia proposed criteria for the crescent height of 3A and elongation of 5A ((JAKIM), 2.
Singapore proposes an elongation criterion of 4 when the best time is 5 minutes after sunset (Yahya, 2016: 1-.
The following is a table of new criteria for the visibility of the moon crescent visibility proposed by MABIMS member countries.
Tabel 1.
New Criteria Proposed by MABIMS Member Countries Country Moon Altitude Elongation Moon Age >10 hours Malaysia Brunai Indonesia Singapore 19 hours >13 hours The results of the discussion determine the diversity of criteria of imkAn al-ru'yah in the representative of its member countries.
Muzakarah Rukyah and the 16th Islamic Takwim Member State in the MABIMS deliberation on 2-4 August 2016 provided the following First.
The criteria for imkAn al-ru'yah for MABIMS member countries in determining the Hijriyah Takwim and the beginning of the Hijriyah month are: "when the sun sets, the height of the moon crescent is not less than 3A from the horizon and the angle of elongation is not less than 6.
4A".
Second, the elongation angle parameters are from the center of the moon to the center of the sun.
Third.
Implementing these criteria in the preparation of the Hijri takwim will begin in 2018/1439H.
Fourth, the imaging technique may be used in ru'yat al-hilAl following the conditions: .
takes effect after astronomer is a Muslim and just.
the equipment used maintains the ruAoyah principle.
The global Hijriyah Takwim reserves decided at the 2016 Istanbul Global Hijriyah Takwim congress were AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 217 refined by member countries.
Last.
The study of the moon crescent will be continued (Baiquni, n.
Djamaluddin, 2.
The results of this Muzakarah were agreed to be implemented in each member country in 2018.
Still, the results of the agreement will be discussed again by the Minister of Religion in their respective countries in order to reach a joint decision.
If looked closely, the new MABIMS moon crescent visibility criteria result from a study based on fiqh arguments and astronomical science.
The Process of Accepting a New KIR in the Preparation of Hijriyah Takwim isAb, a method that was used in efforts to unify the Hijriyah calendar, has also experienced significant development.
The uisAb method with the latest imkAn al-ru'yah criteria was discussed at the "International Hijri Calendar Unity Congress" Conference in Istanbul.
Turkey, on May 28-30, 2016, resulted in the decision of the moon crescent height of 5A and elongation of 8A.
These criteria only confirmed the results of the decision of the Turkish Conference in 1978.
The 2016 Istanbul recommendation has also become a concern for MABIMS member countries, so one of the results of the 2016 MABIMS Muzakaah is the global Hijriyah Takwim reserve decided in the 2016 Istanbul global Islamic taqwm congress by member countries.
The 2016 MABIMS Muzakarah, which resulted in new criteria of 3:6,4, was continued with the 2017 International Seminar on Falak Fiqh, which resulted in the 2017 Jakarta recommendation by confirming the 2016 MABIMS Muzakarah recommendation.
Furthermore, in 2019 the MABIMS Falak Expert Meeting was held with the theme AuPerkembangan Visibilitas Hilal dalam Perspektif Sains dan FiqihAy in Yogyakarta from 8 to 10 October 2019 (Ansori, 2.
The result of this meeting was to strengthen the 2016 MABIMS Muzakarah results regarding the criteria for the visibility of the moon crescent 3:6,4.
Furthermore, from 11 to 14 November 2019, the 44th MABIMS Senior Officials Meeting (Mesyuarat Pegawai Ae Pegawai Kana.
(SOM) was held in Singapore and has approved the implementation of this new KIR in 2021 (Portal Rasmi Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, 2.
The results of this Singapore meeting were later confirmed by the informal online meeting of the Ministers of Religion of MABIMS countries on 8 December AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 218 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri All ministers have agreed to and validated the implementation of the new KIR.
This agreement is then stated in a stamped text through an Ad-Referendum, which all Ministers of Religion sign.
MABIMS member countries signed several meeting recommendations on the new KIR and made different policies.
The following is the process of preparing Hijriyah Takwim and accepting a new KIR in member Malaysia The determination of the Hijriyah calendar must be based on the criteria for the imkAn al-ru'yah, which is built based on Astronomy (Fala.
theoretically and empirically.
Efforts to use a single Hijriyah Takwim is a very good tool to minimize differences at the beginning of Ramadan.
Eid Fitr, and Eid Adha worldwide.
However, the new criteria need to be refined to suit the conditions of the imkAn al-ru'yah in Malaysia.
Implementing these new criteria should be agreed upon by all MABIMS members (M.
Zainuddin & Mohd Nawawi, 2019: 1-2 & .
The Malaysian Hijriyah Calendar was prepared by Research Division Team of the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (Tim Bahagian Penyelidikan Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia/JAKIM) after deliberation by the JAKIM Falak Expert Panel (JAKIM, 2016.
Salleh, n.
The preparation of this Takwim Hijriyah since 1992 has been based on the imkAn al-ru'yah MABIMS criteria, namely, at sunset, the altitude of the new moon is 2A, and the elongation angle is 3A, or another alternative, namely the age of the moon is 8 hours calculated from the time of ijtimA'.
The Hijriyah calendar is an essential reference for Malaysian Muslims in determining the dates of the sun at fasting, obligatory fasting (Ramada.
Eid Fitr.
Eid Adha and several other important dates.
Changes in the criteria for imkAn al-ru'yah as a result of the 2016 MABIMS agreement cannot be implemented because it still needs further discussion and needs to be refined to suit the conditions of imkAn al-ru'yah in Malaysia (Zainuddin & Nawawi, 2019: 1-2 & Thus.
Malaysia's acceptance of the new MABIMS criteria is not final because it is still waiting for further studies and the findings of the Imkanurukyat.
The preparation of the 2020-2021 calendar was carried out by the AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 219 Bahagian Perancangan and Penyelidikan Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia still using the old imkanur rukyat criteria .
:3:.
(Jakim Takwim, 2.
On 9 August 2021, the Chief Steering Officer of Jakim Datuk Abdul Aziz Jusoh made the month of Muharram 1443 H the Malaysian Falak Month using the new KIR.
This decision is a follow-up to the approval by MABIMS countries in Singapore last year (Jakim Takwim, 2.
Malaysia has started implementing the new KIR in preparing Takwim 1443H, beginning on 9 August 2021.
Previously, the deliberations of the Selangor State Fatwa Jawatankuasa, which convened on 9 March 2021, decided that the change in KIR would only start in 2021 (Muharram 1443H).
This change in criteria can be seen in the display of Takwim 1443H/2021-2022 released by the JAKIM Bahagian Penyelidikan that the beginning of the Hijriyah month determines to follow the criteria for the visibility of the moon crescent, imkAn al-ru'yah, 3 degrees of moon crescent high and 6.
degrees of elongation (Jakim, 2.
The acceptance of the new KIR in Malaysia supports all state muftis.
However, the results of ru'yah are still used as guidelines in determining the beginning months of Ramadan.
Shawwal, and Zulhijjah.
Brunei Darussalam The Brunei Darussalam Hijriyah Calendar is published by the Islamic Da'wah Center.
Ministry of Hal Ehwal Ugama.
State of Brunei Darussalam.
Estimation and stipulations in taqwm Hijriyah are determined based on the agreement of the Jawatankuasa for the Alignment of Ru'yah and Takwim Serantau (MABIMS).
Regarding the certainty of the beginning of Ramadan month.
Nuzulul Qur'an.
Eid Fitr and Eid Adha are subject to the results of the ru'yat al-hilAl of Ramadan (Rajid, 2.
Ru'yat al-hilAl is the state of Brunei Darussalam's main method in determining the month's beginning related to worship times.
If the month's position has met the requirements for imkAn al-ru'yah MABIMS and the month is not successful in ru'yah then the following month must be normalized.
Indonesia.
Malaysia, and Singapore agreed to accept the results of ru'yah reciprocally.
At the same time, the State of Brunei Darussalam only received ru'yah results from an area with one mathla', an area with AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 220 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri a maximum distance of 8 degrees arc or 32 minutes to the west.
The number of people who saw the hilAl of Shawwal was at least two people, and the hilAl of Ramadan 1 person.
Ru'yah testimony can be accepted if it meets the requirements of Islamic Hisab and Astronomy.
Based on the data on the perception of the moon crescent in Brunei using the 2:3:8 criteria, in practice, it is challenging to see the moon crescent in that The difficulty is because the 2A hilAl height at 8 hours is still shallow, and the sun's light is still too bright, making it difficult to see the moonlight.
The hilAl can be seen when its age has reached 14h 57m above, and the height of the hilAl is more than 5 degrees after sunset.
In addition, from the study of experts, the moon crescent can be verified if the elongation and age of the moon are greater than the MABIMS criteria, as stated by Danjon at 7A.
Muhammad Odeh at 6.
and Mohd.
Ilyas >7A.
Also, the results of an internal Brunei study show that the moon crescent can be seen when it is 19 hours old with a hilAl height of more than 6A.
Based on these data, the criteria for imkAn alru'yah that have been used so far need to be changed to 6A moon height and 19-hour moon age (Tim Brunei Darussalam, 2.
The approval for implementing the new KIR is a follow-up to the results of the 44th MABIMS Pegawai Ae Pegawai Kanan (SOM) meeting in Singapore.
There is also an informal annual meeting of the MABIMS State Ministers of Religion on 8 December 2021, which has agreed and validated the implementation of the new KIR.
The agreement was stated in an Ad-Referendum, which all Ministers of Religion signed.
With this agreement.
Brunei Darussalam, through the Ministry of Hal Ehwal Ugama, announced to the parties to implement a new KIR in Takwim Hijriyah 1443H.
This new KIR was then implemented in Takwim 2022 AD / 1443-1444H with a note that the determination of the beginning of Ramadan month.
Shawwal, and Zulhijjah still uses rukyat ("tertakluk kepada penglihatan anak bulan").
For example, the beginning of Ramadan .
on AUAUSunday, along with 3 April 2022 subject to the sight of the crescent moon of Ramadan .
ertakluk kepada penglihatan anak bulan Ramada.
(Jakim, 2.
Likewise, with Takwim Hijriyah 1443-1444 for the Year 2022 of the State of Brunei Darussalam provided by the Astronomy Unit of the Jabatan Ukur in a footnote, it is stated that the initial determination of Hijriyah for the three main months of worship (Ramadan.
Shawwal, and Zulhijja.
is determined AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 221 through ru'yah (Sulaiman, 2.
Thus, even though Brunei Darussalam in its Takwim Hijriyah has used the new KIR, in its implementation, there are still differences for the months related to worship that are still waiting for ru'yah.
Indonesia For Indonesia, the unification of the Hijriyah calendar is collective ijtihad that must be well calculated and planned.
Now is the right time for Indonesian Muslims not to commit and build a shared vision of realizing an Islamic calendar that is well-established and acceptable to all parties.
Ideally, the new KIR concept is a criterion that bridges the two main streams of determination at the beginning of the lunar month: the uisAb part and the ru'yah part.
Especially on modern ru'yah, also has a good recording of the position of the moon and sun at the hilAl .
Then the visible hilAl parameter of image processing can be used as a proposal to improve the criteria for imkAn al-ru'yah (Maskufa and Widiana, 2012.
Saifuddin, 2.
The Hijriyah calendar published by the Government of Indonesia is compiled by the Ministry of Religion which involves elements of Islamic organizations and related institutions such as National Institute Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional/LAPAN).
Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial/BIG.
Indonesian Agency for Meteorological.
Climatological and Geophysics (Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi, dan Geofisika/BMKG).
Planetarium.
Observatory, and Universities who are members of the Falakiyah Team of the Ministry of Religion.
The arrangement of the Hijriyah calendar uses the uisAb method with the criteria of imkAn al-ru'yah MABIMS.
The Hijriyah calendar compiled by the Ministry of Religion was obtained after deliberation for the work of uisAb and ru'yah experts who are members of the Falakiyah Team of the Ministry of Religion.
The working meeting is held annually to discuss the calendar arrangement for the next two years regarding uisAb data from various uisAb systems.
Until now, the criteria used in the arrangement of the Hijriyah calendar are still based on the old KIR.
The new KIR is still under discussion.
The new KIR in the form of a 3A moon crescent height and 6.
elongation was produced by Muzakarah Rukyah and Takwim Islam AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 222 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri MABIMS in 2016 in Malaysia, which the 2017 Jakarta Recommendation Therefore, it is time for Indonesia to adopt a new KIR in preparing the Indonesian Standard Takwim .
Moreover, the religious ministers of member countries agreed on the new KIR in 2021, as stated by the Director-General of Bimas Islam Kamaruddin Amin when opening the 2022 Rukyat Hisab Expert Meeting in Tangerang on 22 February 2022 (Christiyaningsih, 2.
The call for change was contained in a letter from the Director-General of Islamic Community Guidance on 25 February 2022.
It stated the need for a follow-up to the MABIMS annual meeting of the Minister of Religion in the form of implementing a new KIR in determining the beginning of the lunar month on the Hijriyah calendar in 2022.
Singapore Singapore is a country that does not have an open horizon to carry out the rukyatul hilAl in determining the beginning of the Islamic month using the uisAb method.
Starting from 1973.
Singapore used the method of hisab wujud al-hilAl, then in 1992 used the method of imkanur rukyat MABIMS 2:3:8.
The existence of KIR MABIMS is beneficial for Singapore in determining the beginning of the month in its Islamic Takwim .
The MABIMS KIR, which member countries have used for more than 20 years, does not rule out the opportunity for a re-examination by considering the success record of ru'yah in member countries as well as the latest scientific findings.
The unification of the MABIMS Hijriyah calendar can bring unity to the archipelago, and this is prioritized and can even be said to be at a required level.
Differences in mathla' as narrated by the hadith of Kuraib, can also be understood in a unitary framework where ru'yah affairs also need to refer to the results of rukyat from other countries.
It aims illat to achieve the good of all.
Therefore.
Singapore proposes that the unification of the Hijri calendar is based on two technical parameters as follows:
First, the reckoning of the imkAn al-ru'yah for the archipelago is based on the criteria for the absorption of the hilal obtained from the most optimal optical instruments.
Second, the requirements for the absorption of the crescent moon are based on criteria promoted by MABIMS member countries as proposed by Singapore, where the AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 223 elongation based on the Danjon limit is 6.
4A (Yahya, 2.
In addition, because the criteria are related to sunset, even though it is not the best time to perceive the moon crescent, it needs to be changed to "at the best time" .
est viewing tim.
On that basis.
Singapore proposed changing the KIR MABIMS to an elongation of 6.
4A when the best time is 5 minutes after sunset (Yahya, 2016: 1-.
Singapore will start using the new MABIMS KIR in 2022, which is 3A hilAl height and 6.
4A elongation (Yahya, 2.
The implementation of this criteria can be read from the announcement at the beginning of Ramadan 1443 H that based on the estimated uisAb of the new moon of Ramadan, it is impossible to see on the horizon of Singapore at sunset and does not meet the new KIR requirements.
Therefore, the beginning of Ramadan in 1443 falls on Sunday, 3 April 2022 (MUIS, 2.
Implementation of the Unification of the Hijriyah Calendar in Southeast Asia Opportunities to modernize Islamic law in worship are unlikely.
This is because the material and kayfiyAt in worship must be oriented to the Qur'an and Hadith, so Muslims are prohibited from being creative.
However, according to Djamil, it is still possible to rationalize religious facilities and infrastructure in order to provide convenience in their practice (Djamil, 1.
For example, the movement of the moon can be calculated continuously and is more valid at all times, so changing the means to find out the beginning of the month from the ru'yah method to the uisAb method is not prohibited.
Moreover, in the preparation of a predictable Hijriyah calendar, it can only be done by uisAb, not by ru'yah.
This is in accordance with the principle of Autaghayyur al-fatwA wa ikhtilAfuhA bihasbi taghayur al-'azminah wa al-'amkinah wa al-'ahwAl wa al-niyAbah wa al-'awA'idAy .
l-Jauziyah, 2002: .
The fatwa can change, including the determination of the method of determining the beginning of the lunar month, which initially uses the ru'yah method and changes to the uisAb method.
Currently, when the world has turned into a global village and humanity has metamorphosed into one entity, the certainty of organized time for Muslims is a must.
The phenomenon of differences in fasting and ieds, according to Muhammad Rofik Muzakir .
5: 9-.
is a global problem for Muslims that requires a global solution so that efforts AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 224 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri to unify are no longer national but global.
The unification of the Islamic calendar in the global Hijriyah calendar requires the use of science and Islam also views that the relationship between religion and science is not a problem.
According to Armahedi Mahzar .
, there is no conflict between science and Islam.
Thus, a scientific approach, the science of astronomy, can be used to determine a unified Hijriyah calendar at the regional and global levels.
The new KIR of MABIMS was approved to be implemented in 2022 based on an ad-referendum signed by all the Ministers of Religion member countries.
Implementing a policy that member countries have decided is significant.
Implementation is a decisive stage in the policy process because, without effective implementation, policymakers' decisions will not be implemented.
Policy implementation is needed to see the suitability and relevance of the description model that has been made (Akib, 2012: 1&.
The new KIR member countries have agreed upon is part of a public policy whose implementation is in the realm of praxis.
According to Merilee S.
Grindle, two mutually supportive variables are needed: variables related to content policy and environmental policy .
mplementation contex.
(Grindle, 1980: .
The content generated from the Muzakarah Rukyah and Islamic Takwim of MABIMS Member States in 2016, which specifically relates to the determination of the Hijriyah Calendar are: .
the criteria for imkAn al-ru'yah for MABIMS member countries to determine the hijriyah taqwm and the beginning of the hijriyah month are: "when the sun sets, the height of the moon crescent is not less than 3A from the horizon and the angle of elongation is not less than 6.
the elongation angles parameter is from the center of the moon to the center of the sun, and .
implementing these criteria in preparing the Hijriyah Takwim will begin in 2018/1439 H (Djamaluddin, 2.
The new KIR changes the old criteria that have been used for 30 years, namely the height of the moon crescent 2A, elongation 3A, or the age of the moon 8 hours.
This change in criteria was based on scientific findings that doubted that the hilAl could be seen at a position less than 3A.
It reinforced the absence of records of the success of ru'yah in member countries with a hilAl height of <3A.
There is also no elongation in the number 3A.
Likewise, the moon's age, which is calculated from AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 225 the time of ijtimA, which causes the moon crescent to be observed, is when the month's period has exceeded 15 hours instead of 8 hours.
Here are some of the moon crescent records that can be seen in MABIMS member countries:
Tabel 2.
The Moon Crescent record of MABIMS member countries Country Naked Eye Brunei (Tim Brunei Darussalam.
Moon Altitude = 6A Moon Age = 19 hours Indonesia (Tim Indonesia.
Minimum Moon-Sun Relative Altitude = 6,1A Elongation = 9,5A Moon Age = 15,9 hours The crescent is seen 10 minutes after sunset Malaysia (JAKIM, 2.
Minimum of Moon altitude = 3A Minimum elongation = 5A Singapore (Yahya, 2.
Moon altitude = 4A47'.
Elongation = 9A23Ao Moon age =15h 39m The crescent is seen 14 minutes after Sunset With Telescope CCD Minimum Moon-Sun relative altitude = 5,8A Elongation = 7,2A Moon age =14,6 The crescent is seen 7 minutes after sunset Moon-Sun relative altitude = 3,7A Elongation = 7,0A.
Moon age = 12,3 The crescent is seen 5 minutes after sunset From table 2 above, it is clear that the old KIR is very difficult to achieve through factual hilAl observation, especially at sunset is not the best time to perceive the moon's crescent.
This difficulty occurs because the height of the 2A moon crescent at 8 hours is still very low.
The sun's light is still too bright, so it is difficult to see the moonlight.
Therefore, a change in KIR that is more scientific and supported by recorded data on the perception of the moon crescent that astronomers have analyzed is necessary.
This is also in accordance with the principle of "taghayur al-fatwA" .
l-Jauziyah, 2.
Thus, the decision of MABIMS's new KIR is in order to answer the anxiety because the existing data on the new hilAl record from several member countries that have gone through the expert analysis process exceeds the previously determined figure .
:3:.
Likewise, science in AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 226 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri digital optics also did not find the hilAl image referred to in the previous criteria because it was too low.
The content of the new MABIMS KIR policy as the basis for determining the beginning of the lunar month and the preparation of the Hijriyah calendar unification in the Southeast Asia region has several other indicators, namely .
the interests of the target group.
the type of benefit received.
expected rate of change.
location of policy-making.
policy implementation and .
resources involved.
The following is a description of each of these indicators.
The target group's interests in preparing the unification of the Hijriyah calendar are Muslims residing in the four countries, namely Brunei.
Indonesia.
Malaysia, and Singapore, as well as other religious communities affected by the issuance of this unified Hijriyah calendar.
The type of benefit received is in the form of a function of the Hijriyah calendar, namely the function of muAoAmalah and the function of worship.
The function of muAoAmalah includes determining the dates for the administration of social and state Meanwhile, the worship functions include determining the time of fasting.
Eid Fitr, the time to pay zakAh fitrah, the calculation of haul zakat.
Eid Adha, the time of Arafah fasting, the pilgrimage, and the qurbAn.
The existence of a calendar certainty for Muslims, which is compiled based on specific criteria, will provide double benefits, namely the inevitability of time in muAoAmalah and certainty of time in worship.
Expected levels of change include.
The creation of an agreement on the Hijri calendar in Southeast Asia will create the same timing, such as starting the fasting of Ramadan.
Eid al-Fitr, fasting Arafah.
Eid al-Adha, and slaughtering sacrificial animals.
The creation of Hijri calendar integrated function between worship and muAoAmalah has been distinguished and separated.
Make it easier for the government and the business world to plan to celebrate Islamic holidays, especially Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.
Likewise, the preparation for fasting Ramadan for one month, in terms of logistical preparation, transportation, security, medical personnel and others.
AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 227 The location of policy making lies with the governments of MABIMS member countries.
In making decisions, the government considers the aspirations of Muslims, either through madhhab affiliation or Islamic organizations representing Muslims in each country, such as in Indonesia.
The government makes decisions considering the aspirations of Muslims and leaders of Islamic organizations as well as other member countries.
The policy implementation is carried out in stages, starting with socialization in each member country, asking for feedback from Muslims, and monitoring and evaluating policies involving government officials in each member country and experts.
Resources involved.
In preparing the new KIR.
MABIMS involves experts sent from each member country who are experts in Falak and Islamic Astronomy.
The second variable from the implementation of public policy is the implementation environment, namely member countries with diverse characteristics in their constitutional system.
Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam, which adhere to the royal system, set their policies to be dominated by the government .
op-dow.
Therefore, every policy taken will be easily followed by its citizens.
Likewise.
Singapore, as a secular country, does not interfere with the religion of its adherents, including Muslims, so it is left to Muslims, in this case, represented by the Majelis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS).
Indonesia adheres to a republican system whose constitutional system is neither a secular state nor a religious state.
Thus.
Indonesia took a middle path through policies based on the aspirations of Muslims conveyed through Islamic mass Decisions issued by the leadership of Islamic organizations become a reference for members and their sympathizers.
This is one of the reasons why Muslims in Indonesia have not fully implemented the decisions made by the government.
For the implementation of public policy to be achieved, it must be supported by the variables of the implementation environment, which include: .
the power, interests, and strategy of the resources involved.
characteristics of institutions and authorities.
compliance and comprehension.
Powers, interests, and resource strategies are involved.
The government AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 228 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri of each member country determines the implementation of the Hijriyah calendar unification through the apparatus in charge of religious affairs, such as JAKIM (Malaysi.
Ministry of Hal Ehwal Ugama (Brunei Darussala.
Ministry of Religion (Indonesi.
, and MUIS (Singapor.
The importance of the determination made by the government is in order to unite Muslims and prevent divisions in the implementation of worship and celebration of Muslim holidays in their respective countries.
Thus, it will create brotherhood among Muslims and strengthen ukhuwwah Islamiyah in the Southeast Asian region.
For this purpose, the strategy adopted is holding regular meetings between members through joint seminars, astronomy experts meetings from member countries, and Muzakarah.
Characteristics of institutions and authorities.
The institutions involved in the preparation of the new MABIMS KIR are Jakim (Malaysi.
Ministry of Religion (Indonesi.
KHEU (Brunei Darussala.
, and MUIS (Singapor.
Of these four institutions.
Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam, which handle preparing the Hijriyah calendar, are directly under the ministry.
At the same time.
Malaysia is carried out by a separate institution whose structure is under the ministry, and Singapore is carried out by an institution representing Muslims.
MUIS.
In Malaysia and Brunei, the public must follow the government-sponsored calendar and cannot set their calendar.
The Singapore government handed over the religious policies of Muslims, including the determination of the Hijriyah calendar, to MUIS.
Meanwhile, in Indonesia, the government sets the calendar based on the aspirations of Islamic organizations.
It is not coercive, as Nur Syam.
Secretary-General of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion.
According to him, of all MABIMS countries, only Indonesia has a difference in determining the Hijriyah calendar because it still opens up opportunities for calendar preparation by the community (Islamic organization.
This happens because, in other countries, there is an understanding that whatever is determined by the government is something that must be used as a reference (Iskandarasyah, 2.
Compliance and comprehension.
The government's decision AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 229 regarding the Hijriyah calendar is complied with in Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam, while in Singapore, the decision is made by MUIS and fully adhered to by Muslims.
Meanwhile, in Indonesia, it is diverse.
Some comply with government decisions, and some do In general, understanding government decisions regarding the Hijriyah calendar is strongly influenced by the religious ideology adopted by each country, the majority of which adhere to the Shafi'i The ru'yah method is still the basis for determining the beginning of the month related to worship (Ramadan.
Shawwal and Dzul Hijja.
Hisab is used as a reference in determining the beginning of the month other than the three months.
isAb imkAn al-ru'yah, used as a reference in the preparation of the Hijri calendar in member countries, has not been applied consistently for all months.
Singapore is the only MABIMS member country that consistently uses uisAb imkAn al-ru'yah in determining the beginning of its lunar This determination is carried out by Muslims through MUIS using the uisAb imkAn al-ru'yah criteria decided by MABIMS, which binds Muslims in Singapore.
MABIMS' new KIR proposal can be accepted if the requirements are supported by factual hilAl perception by optimal optical instruments.
The criteria must consider the well-known elongation limits among astronomers (Yahya, 2019: 2-.
Malaysia.
Brunei, and Indonesia are still using the results of ru'yah to confirm the determination of the beginning of Ramadan month.
Shawwal and Zulhijjah, even though their calendars have listed the 1st of the three People in Malaysia and Brunei are not allowed to determine their fasting and ieds based on the government, while there is still room for difference in Indonesia.
Decisions about ieds in Indonesia are often influenced by Islamic organizations and local figures.
For example, in the determination of Eid Fitr in 2009 it turned out that Eid in Indonesia lasted for 4 days, namely: .
Saturday.
September 19, 2009 (Jama'ah An-Nadzir Gowa and Jama'ah Naqsyabandiyah Padang and Al-Muhdhor Tulungagung Communit.
Sunday.
September 20, 2009 (Jama'ah Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah Banda Aceh.
Government.
NU.
Muhammadiyah and Persi.
Monday.
September 21, 2009 (Jama'ah Tarekat Syatariyah in Padang and jamaah Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 230 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri in Jomban.
Tuesday.
September 22, 2009 (Jama'ah Tarekat Kastary Padan.
(Masyhari, 2.
Eid Fitr in 2009 was extraordinary because it happened in four days even though the 1st of Shawwal was only one day.
If there is a difference, it should only be two days that can be tolerated due to differences in determining the beginning of the lunar month.
The existence of this new KIR is hope for all member countries in realizing the unification of the Hijriyah calendar in the allied region.
However, in its implementation, there are still differences in the function of the calendar in worship and muAoAmalah.
The function of the Hijriyah calendar worship in determining the beginning of the months of Ramadan.
Shawwal, and Zulhijjah still requires confirmation of ru'yah.
In contrast, the muAoAmalah calendar function applies the new KIR.
Brunei Darussalam is one of the countries that strongly uses the ru'yah method in determining the certainty of the beginning of the month related to worship, such as Ramadan.
Shawwal, and Zulhijjah.
In 1440 H / 2019M.
Brunei set its Eid Fitr on Thursday, 6 June, 2019, while other MABIMS member countries were on Wednesday, 5 June, 2019.
This different determination of Shawwal was caused by the absence of the moon crescent in Brunei Darussalam at the time of the ru'yat al-hilAl on Tuesday (Kairo, 2.
As a result.
Brunei has set its Eid Fitr on Thursday, 6 June 2019, using istikmAl to fulfilling its Ramadan fast to 30 days.
Tabel 3.
Determination of Eid Fitr in MABIMS Countries 2019 to 2022 Country Malaysia Wednesday, 5 June 2019 Sunday, 24 May 2020 Thursday.
May 13 2021 Monday, 2 May 2022 Brunei Thursday, 6 June 2019 Sunday, 24 May 2020 Friday.
May 14 2021 Monday, 2 May 2022 Indonesia Wednesday, 5 June 2019 Sunday, 24 May 2020 Thursday.
May 13 2021 Monday, 2 May 2022 Singapore Wednesday, 5 June 2019 Sunday, 24 May 2020 Thursday.
May 13 2021 Tuesday, 3 May 2022 Based on the description above, it is clear that in terms of policy content.
MABIMS member countries have agreed on new criteria for AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 Public Trust in the Religious Court to Handle Dispute of Shariah Economy - 231 preparing the Hijriyah calendar using a KIR of 3A hilAl height and 4A elongation.
However, it is unfortunate that the agreement is not unanimous or "final" because it allows member countries to use the ru'yat al-hilAl in determining the times of worship.
As a result, there will be differences in the determination of Eid Fitr in 2019, 2021, 2022 and maybe in the following years.
Furthermore, the implementation environment, namely the government and Muslims in member countries, is very complex.
The complexity can be seen in the system of government and the domination of the madhhab adopted by Muslims.
Countries with a royal system will easily determine their Hijriyah calendar, such as Malaysia and Brunei because their policies are arranged top-down.
Muslims will obey the results because they are binding.
In contrast to Indonesia, which adheres to a republican system, its policies cannot be arranged top-down.
Still, they must also consider the aspirations of Muslims .
ottom-u.
with various madhhab affiliations.
Meanwhile.
Singapore, which is known as a secular country, handed over Islamic religion to MUIS, which determined the beginning of its Islamic month using uisAb imkAn alru'yah and binding Muslims.
Finally, from the side of Muslims who are supporters and targets of the policy, it turns out that it is still dominated by adherents of the ru'yat al-hilAl and few who adhere to uisAb like Muslims in Singapore and members of Muhammadiyah.
As a result, the implementation of the new KIR in the preparation of the Hijriyah calendar is still experiencing significant obstacles, so it cannot be carried out because the preparation of the Hijriyah calendar requires the use of uisAb .
mkAn al-rukya.
This is closely related to the domination of Syafi'i school on most Muslims in Southeast Asia, which is reckoned as subordinate to rukyat.
Thus, it resulted in the separation of the calendar functions for worship and muAoAmalah.
Moreover.
Brunei Darussalam embraces the dominance of the Shafi'i school, which further strengthens the prominence of this In addition, the influence of figures .
is also influential, such as in the Tarekat Naqshbandiyah and the al-Nadhr community.
Thus, the implementation of the new MABIMS KIR is not only related to scientific issues but also concerns the complex religious understanding of the people.
AHKAM - Volume 22.
Number 1, 2022 232 - Maskufa.
Sopa.
Sri Hidayati, and Adi Damanhuri Conclusion The new criteria for the visibility of the hilal in the MABIMS agreement are part of the political policies of Southeast Asian countries.
The requirements for the crescent moon visibility agreed upon by all MABIMS member countries is 3A.
The implementation of this policy is carried out gradually.
This policy is accepted by Muslims in MABIMS member countries, except in Indonesia.
This is because politics in the three MABIMS member countries is carried out in a top-down manner, while in Indonesia, it is carried out in a bottomup manner.
Therefore, the determination of Shawwal.
Zulhijjah and Ramadan in Indonesia is still waiting for confirmation of the sighting of the new moon .
u'ya.
The new KIR of MABIMS, which was established in 2016, became a new hope for efforts to unify the Hijriyah calendar in the Southeast Asian region.
Moreover, the member ministers of religion signed the ad-referendum on 8 December 2021, agreeing that the new criteria could be implemented in 2022.
Nevertheless, optimal efforts are needed from each member country to realize these efforts.
Socialization, feedback from Muslims and Islamic organizations, monitoring, and evaluation of the implementation model in the next few years with comprehensive data is still homework for MABIMS that must be prioritized.
References