Vol.
02 No.
02 Page.
66-74 ISSN 2987-2804 Prefix DOI: 10.
52221/nuri Literature Review: Factors Risks That Influence the Incidence of Stunting Dini Ariani1.
Hani Septiani1.
Yanti Srinayanti2.
Rosidah Solihah1 1 Department of Midwifery.
STIKes Muhammadiyah Ciamis.
Ciamis.
Indonesia 2Department of Nursing.
STIKes Muhammadiyah Ciamis.
Ciamis.
Indonesia Correspondence Author: Dini Ariani Email: dini.
ariani2787@gmail.
Address: Jl.
H Ahmad Dahlan No.
Ciamis.
West Java.
Indonesia, 6282215223338 Submitted: August 2024 Revised: September 2024 Published: 30 September 2024 Nurul Ilmi Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.
0 International License ABSTRACT Introduction: Stunting is associated with impaired growth and development in children.
the short term, it can cause problems such as: an upward trend in the morbidity and mortality rate of children, decreased intelligence, motor disorders, increased spending on health, and increased costs for health care and disease treatment.
Meanwhile, in the long term, they include decreased height in adult children, decreased reproductive health, low activity at school, less potential learning capacity, and low work capacity and productivity.
Objective: The purpose of this research is to review the literature, articles, and results documents of research on factors that influence the incidence of stunting.
Method: The method used in writing this article is a review of the results of a study the research on factors that influence the incidence of stunting.
The type of data in this literature review study were obtained by tracing scientific research articles from 2022-2024 using a data base such as Pubmed, google schoolar.
Result: Many kinds of the risks to related the stunting.
There are associated with stunting, namely residence, age of mother, motherAos education, motherAos occupation, economic status, childAos age, gender.
EBFI, having no access to safe drinking water, not proper sanitation, and poor maternal hygiene practices.
The other the risks to related the stunting were marital status, before pregnancy, during pregnancy, postnatal, infectious disease factors and socia-demographic factors.
Conclusion: This review concluced that average risks to related the stunting were maternal age, maternal education, recidence, employement, childAos age, gender, economic status.
Keywords: factors, risks, stunting Introduction Stunting is a condition in which children have a low height for their age.
Stunted toddlers have a low height for their age, reflecting nutritional deficiencies .
ong-term malnutritio.
and poor health, which impact nerve cell maturity.
Stunting is a nutritional problem worldwide, especially in poor and developing countries.
Stunting in toddlers is a growth failure due to the accumulation of nutritional insufficiency that lasts from pregnancy to 24 months.
Many factors cause the high incidence of stunting (Kusumawardani et al.
, 2.
Stunting, a chronic nutritional ailment leading to inadequate height growth in children, is a significant concern in developing nations due to its potential impact on the quality of a countryAos human resources.
Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021 shows that approximately 22%, or roughly 149.
2 million toddlers worldwide, have experienced The 2021 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey by the Ministry of Health indicates that the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is 25.
2% in 2022, exceeding the WHO benchmark of 20%, and the government aims to reduce it to 14% by 2024 (Suyanto et al.
, 2.
Stunting is associated with impaired growth and development in children.
In the short term, it can cause problems such as: an upward trend in the morbidity and mortality rate of children, decreased intelligence, motor disorders, increased spending on health, and increased costs for health care and disease treatment.
Meanwhile, in the long term, they include decreased height in adult children, decreased reproductive health, low activity at school, less potential learning capacity, and low work capacity and productivity (World Health Organization, 2.
Children affected by stunting face a 3.
6 times higher risk of cognitive impairment compared to non-stunted children.
Increasing nutritional intake for pregnant women and toddlers is a crucial step in stunting prevention (Mustakim et al.
, 2.
Immediate consequences of stunting can lead to brain disorders, reduced intelligence, compromised physical growth, and metabolic anomalies.
Long-term impact includes diminished cognitive functions, learning deficits, weakened immunity, heightened disease susceptibility, elevated risks of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular issues, cancer, stroke, disability in later life, and economic productivity decline (Mediani, 2.
Several studies have demonstrated a range of factors related to stunting the childAos age .
, gender, the number of meals the family eats per day, and family income related to the level of family welfare.
Family income is associated with the type of work of the parents, as well as the location where they live, which is related to poor access to health care.
In rural areas, there are limited health facilities.
Stunting increases in households with many family members, and the number of check-ups during pregnancy is less than four visits.
Stunting is also affected by poor environmental sanitation, low mother education, length of delivery, premature delivery, and inclusive breastfeeding (Kusumawardani et al.
, 2.
Stunting can start during pregnancy, and the role of a mother also determines the nutritional status of children under five children after birth.
Previous studies have provided insight into the relationships between a motherAos health, nutrition, and sociodemography and the incidence of stunting in children under five.
The cultural context of Asian countries, including Indonesia, dictates that domestic responsibility and child care rely on In some low-income families, mothers are also forced to share the responsibility of earning a living by working apart from being responsible for domestic affairs.
Consequently, the availability of time and attention for childcare is reduced.
Thus, the condition of mothers of children under five also being workers can become a particular problem for childrenAos growth and nutritional status (Laksono et al.
, 2.
Risk factors for stunting come from mother, child, as well as environmental and family economic factors.
The need for integrated and multisectoral programs to increase family income, access to proper home sanitation, maternal education on pregnancy and nutrition and exclusive breastfeeding to reduce the incidence of stunting (Agussalim et al.
, 2.
Objective Based on the researcher's background, interested in studying literature, articles, and document results about factors risks that influence the incidence of stunting.
Method The method used in writing this article is a review of the results study which related with factors risks that influence the incidence of stunting.
Literature review is research that critically examines or reviews knowledge, ideas, or findings contained in the body of academic-oriented literature .
cademic- oriented literatur.
The method used in writing this article is review .
Which data type used is data secondary.
Source data in literature research this review obtained through searching scientific research articles from 2022 to 2024 using the google scholar database, pubmed direct as much 5 article.
Method analysis which used analysis content journal document.
This study uses online research journals obtained through search sites journal trusted with criteria inclusion as following:
Journals study on line about factors risks that influence the incidence of stunting.
Journal study on line which used is at in prone to time period 5 yearfinal.
Journals study on line which classy national and international.
There is number ISSN ( International standard Serial number ) good in version printas well as electronics.
There is DOI (Digital Object Identifier.
in journal study.
Journals study obtained through site search journal which trusted that is PUBMED and science direct.
Result Five studies wich analyzed in literature reviews this form factors risks that influence the incidence of stunting.
Author Ashar, .
Table 1.
Analysis of Literature Review Result Title Sample Method al Factors Related to A multi-stage The survey is a Stunting in cluster random cross-sectional Children Under 2 sampling study that was years Old in the technique carried out in Papua.
Indonesia was employed in Januarythe survey to December 2021 gather a weighted by the Ministry of sample of 2,937 Health of the under Republic the age of 2.
Indonesia Indonesia.
Result
Stunting is more common
among children in PapuaAos rural areas than in urban
(AOR
CI,
Stunting is more common in children who mother do not work than in mothers who do (AOR 1.
174, 95% CI,
142- 1.
Stunting is more common in children compared to children <12 months (AOR 3.
381, 95% CI,
Kusumawardani, et al .
Laksono, .
Stunting Among 4764 Children Under under two years.
Two Years in the Islands Areas : A Cross-sectional Study of the Maluku Region in Indonesia, 2021 al Factors Related to Stunting Incidence Toddlers Working Mothers in Indonesia The sampled 44,071 working mothers This two years.
nutritional status .
, ten independent .
rovince, wealth, childrenAos age, gender, and early initiation of [EIBF]).
Finally, the contribution of various factors to stunting was examined using The uses secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Nutritional Status Monitoring The Compared to girls, boys are more likely to become stunted (AOR 348, 95% CI, 1,314-1,.
Children under the age of who do not experience EBFI are at higher risk than those who have (AOR 1.
078, 95%
CI, 1.
Children Maluku province were 1.
13 times more likely than those in North Maluku province to addition, children aged 1213 months were 4.
09 times more likely than <12 months, and boys were 87 times more likely than girls to have the patterns of Children in rural areas were 10 times more likely to become stunted than those .
% confidence interval:
Divorced/widowed mothers were 1.
88 times more likely than married Mothers of all education levels were more likely than those without formal education, and unemployed mothers were 07 times more likely than employed mothers to have The possibility of becoming stunted was lower when Maternal age partially affects the incidence of Indonesia.
Mothers in the O19 age group are 1.
CI 1.
140Ae1.
times more likely than those in the Ou45 survey deployed on a multistage cluster random sampling Suyanto, .
The sample consisted referred by the Perhentian Raja Community Health Center Purposive select informants analysis was used for data analysis.
Agussalim, et al Risk Factor 260 samples This study used a Risk factors associated with .
Analysis of consisting of 130 case control study stunting were maternal age Stunting in cases and 130 design.
<20 or 35 years (OR=1.
Children Aged 6- controls.
lower-middle 23 Months in (OR=1.
Tanraili District, antenatal care <4 visits Maros Regency, (OR=1,.
Indonesia (OR=2.
, chronic energy (OR=2.
, low birth (OR=2,.
(OR=2.
, poor home al Understanding 15 informants.
Stunting Risk Factors in Kampar Regency : Insights Mothers With Stunted Children (Qualitative Stud.
group to have a severely Those who were never married were 1.
% CI
006Ae2.
times more likely than those who were divorced/widowed to have a severely stunted A married mother 617Ae0.
times less likely to have a severely stunted toddler than a divorced/widowed mother.
Better protective against working mothers having stunted Moreover, the present study found that toddlerAos determined the incidence of stunted toddlers.
A total of 15 informants were interviewed, leading to the identification of five themes related to stunting .
before pregnancy, .
postnatal, .
infectious disease factors, and .
socio-demographic factors.
sanitation (OR=2.
Working mothers are a protective factor against (OR=0.
Multivariate dominant risk factor for Discussion In the 5 studies, many kinds of the risks to related the stunting.
There are associated with stunting, namely residence, age of mother, motherAos education, motherAos occupation, economic status, childAos age, gender.
EBFI, having no access to safe drinking water, not proper sanitation, and poor maternal hygiene practices.
The other the risks to related the stunting were marital status, before pregnancy, during pregnancy, postnatal, infectious disease factors and socia-demographic factors.
Stunting is more common in rural areas than in urban ones for children These findings are in line with several studies that show children living in rural have a higher risk of experiencing stunting than those living in urban (Ashar et al.
, 2.
It is similar to the problem of malnutrition in children (Fagbamigbe AF.
Kandala NB, 2.
The opposite results occur in children.
Another study stated that children living in urban areas are more likely to become stunted (Khan S.
Zaheer S, 2.
The diAerences between rural and urban areas are related to individual, family, and community factors (Fagbamigbe AF.
Kandala NB.
Age of mother is a factor of risks to related the stunting.
Maternal age is related to the physical and psychological condition of the mother during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as her ability to do good parenting.
As the mother gets older, the risk of pregnancy will increase, one of which is the possibility of giving birth to LBW children, which can potentially increase the chance of childhood stunting (Gusnedi G et al, 2.
Mother's work is the main activity that mothers do and earn income from these Categorized as high risk if the mother works while the risk is low if the mother does not work (Agussalim et al.
, 2.
Mafuah's .
research which explains that working mothers are 21 times more likely to have children with stunting than non-working mothers (Marfuah D et al, 2.
Additionally, a motherAos level of education is correlated with the incidence of stunting.
The higher the motherAos level of education, the lower the risk of stunting.
This is consistent with other studies findings showing that the risk of stunting decreases in mothers with higher education compared to mothers who are not educated.
A possible explanation related to this education problem is that educated mothers have better literacy related to health problems experienced by children.
Parents with low education have difculties communicating with health workers, conveying symptoms of illness experienced by children, and are not good at receiving information related to childrenAos health (Ashar et al.
, 2.
The other risk is economic status.
Families with high economic status are able to supply their children's needs well by choosing nutritious and varied foods.
However.
Juwita's .
research shows no significant relationship between family income and the incidence of stunting .
value = 0.
(Juwita S et al.
, 2.
Families with high incomes do not necessarily have a good nutritional status, but increasing income automatically increases the opportunity to choose food ingredients and increase consumption with good nutritional Regarding the age of under two years, children aged 12-23 months are more likely than < 12 months to become stunted.
Research findings in the western part of Limpopo province.
South Africa, discovered comparable results to this research, where children aged 12Ae23 months were shown to be at an enormous risk of being stunted (Modjadji P, 2.
Furthermore, boys have a higher risk compared to girls.
This result shows that gender correlates with nutritional vulnerability.
At the same age, the severity of stunting is more likely to be found in boys.
Even among the poorest groups, stunting is more common in boys than in girls.
Research carried out in Senegal has found that boys tend to experience failure to thrive due to shorter breastfeeding periods and consuming complementary foods at an earlier age than girls.
Boys are also more prone to infection and illnesses that can interfere with growth (Ashar et al.
, 2.
Several studies state that EBFI performed less than one hour after the mother gives birth can reduce the risk of stunting.
Breast milk colostrum given during EBFI can be a natural immunity for children.
Mothers who do EBFI will tend to give exclusive breastfeeding to their This is crucial because exclusive breastfeeding can provide protection against infections and diarrhea, increase child immunity, and reduce stunting rates (Ashar et al.
, 2.
Lack of access to sanitation facilities, leads to various health challenges such as helminth infections and enteropathy.
Environmental enteropathy occurs due to repeated and long-term inflammation of the small intestines which results in reduced ability to absorb nutrients and causes health problems such as anemia, diarrhea and stunting.
household is considered to have access to proper sanitation if it meets several components, such as using a goose-neck toilet, having a septic tank or a Waste Water Treatment System (SPAL) and/or ground pit .
or rural area.
, and being used by the household itself or together with certain other households (Novianti et al.
, 2.
Children whose mothers have poor hygiene practices are 1.
9 times more likely to have According to Humphrey .
, the main factor contributing to childhood malnutrition is a subclinical condition of the small intestine known as tropical enteropathy, which is brought on by children ingesting excessive amounts of excrement carrying bacteria when they live in unsanitary and unhygienic settings.
Toddlers can be safeguarded against fecal contamination by safely disposing of their waste .
efecating in latrine.
and washing their hands with soap after coming into touch with feces as the primary defense against fecaloral transmission (Novianti et al.
, 2.
Regarding maternal marital status, the result confirmedbthat children under two years old with divorced/widowed mothers were more likely than those with married mothers to become stunted.
Qualitative research in rural South Africa showed that a lack of spousal support, like in divorced or widowed mothers related to the power to purchase food, consequently heightened the risk of child stunting (Modjadji P, 2.
The study indicates that mothers hold diverse opinions about factors contributing to stunting, with their views being shaped by health programs and personal experiences, specifically focusing on aspects like breastfeeding and weaning foods.
Additionally, it underscores that education and economic challenges introduce complexity to understanding how mothers perceive the risk factors associated with stunting (Suyanto et al.
, 2.
Conclusion Many kinds of the risks to related the stunting.
There are associated with stunting, namely residence, age of mother, motherAos education, motherAos occupation, economic status, childAos age, gender.
EBFI, having no access to safe drinking water, not proper sanitation, and poor maternal hygiene practices.
The other the risks to related the stunting were marital status, before pregnancy, during pregnancy, postnatal, infectious disease factors and sociademographic factors.
References