Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman.
Vol.
No.
2 (March 2.
, 260-295 ISSN: 2356-2218 [Onlin.
1978-3183 [Printe.
| DOI: 10.
15642/islamica.
Corresponding author: Abellia Anggi Wardani, email: abellia@ui.
Article history: Received: January 31, 2025 | Revised: March 03, 2025 | Available online: March 05, 2025 How to cite this article: Sabawana.
Langit Masaha Putra, and Abellia Anggi Wardani.
AuIslamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France: Political Discourses Under Hollande and Macron After the 2015 Paris Attacks.
Ay Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 19, no.
: 260-295.
DOI: 10.
15642/islamica.
Abstract: This study examines how anti-terrorism policies under Hollande and Macron reflect distinct narratives concerning Islam and Islamophobia in France.
Applying Critical Discourse Analysis and drawing on ideological divergence, the research analyzes the interplay between political rhetoric, policy, and perceptions of the Muslim community.
While Hollande emphasized humanitarian values alongside security measures indirectly affecting Muslims.
Macron adopted an assertive stance against AuIslamist separatism,Ay leading to policies criticized for institutionalizing Islamophobia.
This research argues that MacronAos policies and administration align with conservative and nationalist tendencies, evident in his securitized approach and rhetoric echoing far-right narratives shifting closer towards islamophobia.
The study highlights the challenges of balancing security with human rights, revealing how political discourse shapes public sentiment and impacts marginalized communities.
Keywords: Anti-Terrorism Policy.
Islamophobia.
Critical Discourse Analysis.
Terrorism in France.
Introduction Terrorism, classified by the FBI into international and domestic types, is a global concern.
1 Meanwhile,the Larousse online dicti1 FBI.
AuTerrorism,Ay https://w.
gov/investigate/terrorism .
ccessed May 20, 2.
Copyright: A 2025.
The Author.
Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.
0 International License Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France onary defines it as acts of violence, including attacks and hostagetaking, intended to create insecurity, pressure governments, or express hostility toward a community or system.
2 France, through Operation Chammal, actively targeted ISIS (Islamic States of Iraq and Syri.
with airstrikes that weakened the group but also positioned France as a primary terrorist target.
3 This led to major attacks in 2015-2016, including the November 13, 2015.
Paris Attacks, which killed 148 and injured 350, and the 2016 Nice attack, which claimed 87 lives.
4 Following these incidents.
France recorded the second-highest number of terrorist incidents in the EU.
5 In parallel.
Islamophobia surged, resembling the rise in antiMuslim sentiment in the U.
after 9/11, as large-scale attacks fueled suspicion, discrimination, and securitization policies affecting Muslim communities, shaping national debates on identity, security, and multiculturalism.
The impact of terrorism extends beyond casualties, creating significant political pressure.
Following the November 13, 2015, attacks.
Franyois HollandeAos administration declared a state of emergency under the Loi du 3 avril 1955 (The Law of April 3, 1.
, allowing authorities to tighten surveillance and detain suspects without court approval.
7 However, its effectiveness was qu2 Larousse.
AuTerrorisme,Ay https://w.
fr/dictionnaires/francais/terro risme/77478 .
ccessed May 20, 2.
3 Ministyre des Armyes.
AuOpyration Chammal,Ay https://w.
operations/monde/grand-levant/operation-chammal .
ccessed May 20, 2.
Diego Muro.
AuWhy Did ISIS Target France?Ay.
Barcelona Center for International Affairs.
November 2015, https://w.
org/en/publications /why-did-isis-target-france .
ccessed May 18, 2.
4 Europol.
AuEuropean Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2015,Ay December 6, 2021, https://w.
eu/publications-events/mainreports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2015 .
ccessed May 21, 2.
Laurence Peter.
AuParis Attacks: A New Type of Terrorism?,Ay BBC News.
November 14, 2015, https://w.
com/news/world-europe34820847 .
ccessed May 21, 2.
5 Europol.
AuEuropean Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2016,Ay https://w.
eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/europol_t esat_2016.
ccessed May 21, 2.
6 Ridwan Rosdiawan.
AuMemetakan Anatomi Diskursus Islamisme dan Terorisme Islam,Ay Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 13, no.
: 1-32.
7 Legifrance.
AuLoi nA 55-385 du 3 avril 1955 relative y lAoytat dAourgence,Ay https:// fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000695350 .
ccessed May 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani estioned after the 2016 Nice attack, despite 424 arrests.
During this period, terrorist incidents in France increased 21-fold, contrasting with declines in other EU countries.
8 Mass raids in so-called Aoradical IslamistAo environments led to numerous house arrests and mosque searches, which the Muslim community viewed as Experts like jihadist specialist David Thomson argue that radicalization primarily occurs in prisons and online rather than in mosques.
9 The state of emergency also amplified the influence of new Muslim figures, including bloggers, humanitarian groups, and civil rights organizations like CCIF, who challenged the legitimacy of traditional Muslim representatives.
Meanwhile.
HollandeAos counterterrorism measures lost public support, causing his approval rating to plummet from 50% to 4% in 2016, ultimately prompting him to withdraw from the 2017 presidential In 2017.
President Emmanuel Macron replaced the state of emergency, in effect since 2015, with the SILT Law (LOI nA 20171510 du 30 octobre 2.
to strengthen internal security while ensuring legal safeguards.
11 This shift responded to criticism that HollandeAos emergency policies were overly repressive and lacked a permanent legal basis.
12 Unlike Hollande, who repeatedly extended emergency measures following the Paris Attacks.
Macron sought a structured legal framework to balance security and civil rights.
Their contrasting approaches reflect their political ideologies: Hollande, from the left-leaning Parti Socialiste (Socialist Part.
, initially upheld social justice but later adopted stricter security policies, while Macron, leading the centrist La Rypublique En Marche! 8 Europol.
AuEuropean Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2016.
Ay 9 D.
Thomson.
Les Franyais Jihadistes (Paris: Les Arynes, 2.
10 IFOP.
AuLes Indices de Popularity-Octobre 2016,Ay October 23, 2016, https:// com/publication/les-indices-de-popularite-octobre-2016/ .
ccessed May 22, 2.
11 Legifrance.
AuLoi nA 2017-1510 du 30 octobre 2017 renforyant la sycurity intyrieure et la lutte contre le terrorisme,Ay https://w.
fr/loda/ id/JORFTEXT000035932811 .
ccessed May 2, 2.
12 Joseph Bamat.
AuFranceAos Macron Aoto end state of emergencyAo, but keep its anti-terror powers,Ay France 24.
September 6, 2017, https://w.
en/20170609-france-state-emergency-macron-police-powers-civil-liberties-terro rism .
ccessed May 22, 2.
13 Ibid.
262 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France (LREM Part.
, pursued a more sustainable counterterrorism strategy.
Despite shifts in counterterrorism policies, public anxiety over terrorism in France has remained high, perpetuating Islamophobia.
Rooted in the nationAos cultural structures and historical experiences.
Islamophobia has been reinforced by nationalist narratives linking security concerns to immigration and multiculturalism.
This environment has been further shaped by the rise of the Far Right, which capitalizes on these anxieties to advance exclusionary policies.
Such developments reflect broader socio-economic and political transformations, underscoring FranceAos struggle to reconcile its republican values with an increasingly diverse society.
This article argues that Emmanuel MacronAos administration exemplifies this tension, as his policies evolved from moderate liberalism to a more conservative stance.
By adopting securitized measures like the 2021 anti-separatism law.
Macron institutionalized Islamophobia, reshaping French politics and highlighting the interplay between counterterrorism strategies and nationalist ideologies.
Several studies have examined FranceAos counterterrorism policies following the 2015 Paris attacks.
Roy SetiawanAos AuFranceAos Security Policy on Transnational Terrorism After the November 2015 Paris AttacksAy discusses the state of emergency and FranceAos strengthened international cooperation.
15 Lola Priscilla BellaAos AuThe Dynamics of LAoyOtat dAoUrgence as a Counterterrorism Measure in France .
Ay analyzes the evolution of emergency measures and key attacks, including the 2016 Nice attack and the 2020 Samuel Paty murder.
16 Meanwhile.
Nino TandilashviliAos AuThe 14 Jon Henley and Angelique Chrisafis.
AuParis Attacks: Shootings.
Explosions and Hostages,Ay The Guardian.
November 14, 2015, https://w.
com/world/2015/nov/13/paris-attacks-shootings-explosions-hostages .
ccessed May 22, 2.
Geerts Evelien et al.
AuEuropean Urban (Counte.
TerrorismAos Spacetimematterings,Ay in Contemporary Reflections on Critical Terrorism Studies, eds.
Martini and R.
da Silva (Birmingham: Routledge EBooks, 2.
, 15 Roy Setiawan.
AuKebijakan Keamanan Perancis terhadap Terorisme Transnasional Pasca Serangan Paris November 2015,Ay Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains 3, no.
https://w.
com/id/publications/468699/kebijakan-keamananperancis-terhadap-terorisme-transnasional-pasca-serangan-pari#cite 16 Lola Priscilla Bella.
AuDinamika Kebijakan LAoyOtat dAoUrgence sebagai Upaya Kontra-terorisme di Prancis .
Ay (Undergraduate Thesis--Universitas Indonesia, 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani Impact of Islamophobia on Muslims Living in FranceAy .
explores how Islamophobia, fueled by stereotypes and legal restrictions on Islamic attire, has led to increased discrimination and hate 17 This study contributes a novel perspective by employing critical discourse analysis of presidential speeches by Franyois Hollande and Emmanuel Macron .
, examining how their political ideologies influenced counterterrorism rhetoric and policy decisions.
This article is structured to provide a comprehensive analysis of the political discourse surrounding FranceAos counterterrorism The methodology section explains the application of Norman FaircloughAos Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) alongside Raymond AronAos concept of political viewpoints to examine the speeches of Franyois Hollande and Emmanuel Macron.
The context section outlines the sociopolitical landscape of France, particularly the evolution of counterterrorism policies and their impact on civil liberties.
The findings section explores shifts in discourse through textual, discourse practice, and social practice dimensions, illustrating how media representations and political strategies shaped public perception.
Finally, the conclusion discusses the broader implications of these findings, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach between national security and the protection of civil liberties in counterterrorism policy making.
Critical Discourse Analysis as Method This study employs Norman FaircloughAos .
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework to examine the responses of Franyois Hollande and Emmanuel Macron to terrorism through their state speeches, focusing on the interplay between language, power, and ideology.
18 CDAAos three dimensionsAitext, discourse practice, and social practiceAiare applied to analyze how political discourse shapes social hegemony in FranceAos counterterrorism policies post-2015 Paris Attacks.
The textual dimension examines ideological and security-related keywords in speeches, while Nino Tandilashvili.
AuThe Impact of Islamophobia on Muslims Living in France,Ay Free University Journal of Asian Studies, no.
https://journals.
ge/index.
php/asianstudies/article/view/104 18 Norman Fairclough.
Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research (New York: Routledge, 2.
264 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France discourse practice explores media framing by outlets like Le Monde.
France TV, and Le Figaro.
The social practice dimension assesses public responses to policy implementation, revealing tensions between HollandeAos socialist ideology, criticized for conflicting with progressive values, and MacronAos centrist efforts to balance human rights with security, despite questions about their effectiveness and outcome.
The concept used to analyze these political differences is drawn from Raymond AronAos LAoOpium des Intellectuels .
, which critiques dogmatic political views.
Aron argues that intellectuals often adopt overly simplistic narratives, neglecting political complexities.
19 He defines leftist ideology as striving for social equality through radical change, risking totalitarianism, while rightist views emphasize tradition and resistance to change.
Centrist positions seek balance but may lean toward one side.
However.
FranceAos political landscape has shifted beyond the traditional left-right divide, now centering on issues like immigration and security.
Despite this shift, right-wing parties, such as the National Rally (Rassemblement National.
RN), maintain core ideological elements, preserving traditional political structures.
The following diagram serves as a visual guide, outlining the analytical methods based on the three dimensions of CDA and the use of Raymond AronAos concept.
This diagram helps to understand the interrelation between these dimensions and the concept of political views in analyzing discourse.
19 Aurelian Craiutu and Marco Griffo.
AuTwo Teachers of Intellectual Hygiene:
Norberto Bobbio and Raymond Aron on the Role of Intellectuals in Modern Society,Ay Journal of Political Ideologies 27, no.
: 291-312.
Raymond Aron.
LAoOpium des Intellectuels, 1st ed.
(Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1.
20 Emile Chabal and Michael C.
Behrent.
AuBetween Neo-liberalism and the Nation: FranceAos Political Landscape in 2022,Ay Modern & Contemporary France 30, 4 .
: 517-533.
21 Rafael Di Tella et al.
AuKeep Your Enemies Closer: Strategic Platform Adjustments During U.
and French ElectionsAy (NBER Working Paper No.
31503--National Bureau of Economic Research, 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani Figure 1.
Critical Discourse Analysis Diagram and the Use of Raymond AronAos Concept (Source: ResearcherAos analysis,2.
This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine inconsistencies in the political views of Presidents Franyois Hollande and Emmanuel Macron through their state speeches, focusing on how both leaders navigate ideological dilemmas in articulating anti-terrorism policies and how these narratives are framed by French media and received by the public.
The textual analysis, based on speeches from vie-publique.
fr, selects two speeches per presidentAione during the election campaign and one post-policy implementation.
The discursive and social practice dimensions analyze coverage from ideologically diverse mediaAiLe Monde (Lef.
France TV (Cente.
, and Le Figaro (Righ.
(Pew Research Center, 2.
22 The discursive practice analysis examines how these outlets frame the speeches, while the social practice dimension assesses public reactions as reflected in media discourse.
To support the analysis, a text identification table tracks the frequency of key terms related to security and counterterrorism, with findings tabulated based on word usage.
English translations, and frequency, then compared with the results of a word cloud.
22 Pew Research Center.
AuNews Media and Political Attitudes in France,Ay May 17, 2018, https://w.
org/journalism/fact-sheet/news-media-an d-political-attitudes-in-france/ .
ccessed May 22, 2.
266 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France Franyois HollandeAos Anti-Terrorism Speeches Franyois Hollande, the Parti Socialiste (PS) candidate in the 2012 presidential election, expressed leftist views on security and anti-terrorism.
His speeches following the Toulouse and Montauban attacks (March 22, 2.
and the Paris attacks (November 18, 2.
reflected his stance on national identity and republican 23 Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Raymond AronAos concepts, this study examines inconsistencies in HollandeAos anti-terrorism policies post-2015 by comparing his 2012 campaign rhetoric with his discourse after implementing LAoyOtat dAoUrgence (The state of emergenc.
A textual analysis, presented in Table 1, highlights key sentences, translations, and frequency of repetition from his 2012 speech on the Toulouse and Montauban attacks, illustrating his inclusive stance on terrorism.
Additionally, a word cloud analysis (Figure .
triangulates these findings, demonstrating shifts in HollandeAos narrative as he navigated security challenges.
Table 1.
Franyois HollandeAos Speech Narrative Related to Mohammed MerahAos Terrorist Acts (Source: ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
Sentence .
riginal speech Translation .
n Englis.
AuNous sommes tous franyais.
Ay AuLa Rypublique.
Ay AuLaycity.
Ay AuLa solidarity.
Ay AuNous devons vivre ensemble.
Ay AuCe nAoest pas un musulman qui a perpytry ces assassinats parce quAoil ytait musulman.
Ay AuLAoygality.
Ay AuLAoislam ce nAoest pas lAoislamisme.
Ay We are all French.
Republic.
Secularism.
Solidarity.
AuWe must live together.
It is not a Muslim who committed this murder because he is a Muslim.
Equality.
Islam is not Islamism.
Frequency .
epetition of words or Franyois Hollande.
AuDyclaration de M.
Franyois Hollande.
Dyputy PS et Candidat y lAoyOlection Prysidentielle,Ay Vie Publique.
March 22, 2012, https:// vie-publique.
fr/discours/184727-declaration-de-m-francois-hollandedepute-ps-et-candidat-lelection .
ccessed May 1, 2.
Franyois Hollande.
AuDyclaration de M.
Franyois Hollande.
Prysident de la Rypublique, sur les Attaques Terroristes,Ay Vie Publique.
November 18, 2015, https://w.
vie-publi fr/discours/196900-declaration-de-m-francois-hollande-president-de-larepublique-sur-les .
ccessed May 1, 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani AuLAointygration.
Ay AuLAounity.
Ay AuNous devons lutter contre le Ay AuLa diversity.
AuLa paix.
Ay AuAucun acte xynophobe ne doit ytre tolyry.
Ay AuLa tolyrance.
Ay Integration.
Unity.
We must fight against Diversity.
Peace.
No xenophobic actions should be tolerated.
Tolerance.
Figure 2.
Word Cloud Analysis of Franyois HollandeAos Speech Regarding the Mohammed Merah Terrorist Attack (Source: ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
Table 1 highlights key sentences from HollandeAos March 22, 2012 speech, with repeated words such as AuFranyaisAy (French, 30 time.
AuRypubliqueAy (Republic, 22 time.
AulaycityAy .
ecularism, 10 time.
AusolidarityAy .
olidarity, 6 time.
, and AuunityAy .
nity, 3 time.
, underscoring his emphasis on secularism, unity, and rejection of Figure 2 reinforces these findings through a word cloud analysis.
Similarly.
Table 2 summarizes key sentences from his November 18, 2015 speech, delivered three days after the Paris attacks, detailing his stance on terrorism and security.
This analysis, complemented by Figure 3Aos word cloud, illustrates the shift in HollandeAos rhetoric in response to evolving security concerns.
268 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France Table 2.
HollandeAos Speech Narrative after the 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks (Source: ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
Sentence .
riginal speech AuLa France est fiyre de disposer de forces de cette quality pour protyger nos Ay AuNous sommes tous franyais.
Ay AuLa sycurity est la premiyre des libertys.
Ay AuLa France restera un pays de liberty.
Ay AuLa Rypublique.
Ay AuUne guerre contre un terrorisme qui lui-myme a dycidy de nous mener la Ay AuLutte contre le terrorisme.
Ay AuLAounity nationale.
Ay AuLa vie doit reprendre.
Ay AuLa solidarity.
Ay Auavec des personnels mieux yquipys et mieux armysAy AuNous devons ytre implacables contre toute forme de haine.
Ay AuAucun acte xynophobe ne doit ytre tolyry.
Ay Translation .
n Englis.
France is proud to have forces of such quality to protect our fellow citizens We are all French Security is the most important freedom France will remain a country of freedom.
Republic.
War against terrorism that has decided to fight us.
Struggle against terrorism.
Ay National unity Life must go on.
Solidarity.
With better-equipped and more armed personnel We must be firm against all forms of hatred.
No xenophobic actions should be tolerated.
Frequency .
epetition of words or similar Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani Figure 3.
Word Cloud Analysis of Franyois HollandeAos Speech After the 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks (Source: ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
Table 2 presents key sentences from HollandeAos speech on November 18, 2015, along with their translations and frequency of Words such as AusycurityAy .
ecurity, 9 time.
, followed by AulibertyAy .
reedom, 7 time.
AuRypubliqueAy (Republic, 6 time.
AuguerreAy .
ar, 6 time.
, and AulutteAy .
ombat, 4 time.
are highlighted.
Meanwhile, the Word Cloud analysis results in Figure 3 show consistent frequency for words like AuFranceAy and Aufranyais.
Ay Hollande demonstrates a commitment to the Republic's values by repeating phrases emphasizing unity and rejecting hatred, aiming to strengthen social cohesion amidst the threat of terrorism.
HollandeAos Speeches: Textual Analysis HollandeAos speech on March 22, 2012, emphasized inclusivity and secularism, reinforcing the separation between terrorism and religious identity, particularly Islam.
His statement.
AuCe nAoest pas un musulman qui a perpytry ces assassinats parce quAoil ytait musulmanAy (This is not a Muslim who committed these murders because he was a Musli.
underscored that terrorism is not driven by religious beliefs, promoting unity, tolerance, and human rights.
Stressing security as fundamental to freedom, he asserted.
AuOui, la sycurity, ya fait partie aussi de nos engagements, surtout de nos engagements, puisque cAoest 270 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France la premiyre des libertysAy (Yes, security is also part of our commitments, above all our commitments, since it is the first of freedom.
, highlighting the necessity of security for exercising other Simultaneously.
Hollande addressed the terrorist threat while advocating national cohesion, as reflected in AuNous sommes tous franyaisAy (We are all Frenc.
and AuNous devons vivre ensembleAy (We must live togethe.
rejecting ethnic and religious divisions.
His declaration.
AuAucun acte xynophobe ne doit ytre tolyryAy (No xenophobic act should be tolerate.
, reaffirmed his stance against Islamophobia, ensuring counterterrorism measures would not marginalize Muslims.
By distinguishing Islam from extremism through AuLAoislam ce nAoest pas lAoislamismeAy (Islam is not Islamis.
and frequently using franyais and ensemble .
, he reinforced a collective identity rooted in democratic values and social harmony.
HollandeAos speech on November 18, 2015, following the Paris attacks and the implementation of LAoyOtat dAoUrgence, adopted a firmer and more urgent tone, emphasizing the threat of Islamist His statement.
AuCAoest ainsi que nous assurerons la sycurity des Franyais avec un contryle renforcy des frontiyresAy (This is how we will ensure the security of the French people with strengthened border contro.
, reflect the shift toward stricter security measures, aligning with policies often associated with right-wing perspectives.
Unlike his earlier approach.
Hollande prioritized military action over diplomatic collaboration, as seen in AuLa France est fiyre de disposer de forces de cette quality pour protyger nos concitoyensAy (France is proud to have forces of such quality to protect our fellow citizen.
and AuUne guerre contre un terrorisme qui lui-myme a dycidy de nous mener la guerreAy (A war against terrorism, which itself has decided to wage war on u.
By framing the fight against terrorism as a war, he reinforced the notion of an existential struggle against extremist threats.
His rhetoric highlighted nationalism and security, with frequent references to AuLa FranceAy .
AuGuerreAy (War, 6 time.
, and AuSycurityAy (Security, 9 time.
While his speech aimed to reassure the public and strengthen national unity, it also sought to prevent the stigmatization of Muslim communities, as emphasized in AuAucun acte xynophobe ne doit ytre tolyry.
Ay HollandeAos speeches in 2012 and 2015 reveal distinct discourse strategies shaped by their respective contexts.
In 2012, his language was inclusive, emphasizing secularism .
aycity mentioned 10 time.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani unity, and tolerance, as reflected in AuCe nAoest pas un musulman qui a perpytry ces assassinats parce quAoil ytait musulman.
Ay The frequent use of AuFranyaisAy .
and AuEnsembleAy .
underscored his commitment to an inclusive national identity, aligning with Raymond AronAos left-wing ideology that prioritizes human rights and individual freedoms.
By contrast, his 2015 speech adopted a more security-driven discourse, stressing border control .
ontryle renforcy des frontiyre.
, military strength, and a war narrative, with AuGuerreAy mentioned 6 times.
His repeated use of AuLutte contre le terrorismeAy (Fight against terroris.
underscored the urgency of counterterrorism efforts.
The increased frequency of AuSycurityAy .
and AuLa FranceAy .
reflected a response to public fear and the necessity of protection.
This shift illustrates a negotiation between idealism and realism within AronAos political framework, as Hollande adapted his discourse to address the growing threat of Islamist terrorism while attempting to uphold his commitment to inclusivity and non-discrimination.
Emmanuel MacronAos Anti-Terrorism Speeches Following the 2015 Paris attacks.
FranceAos anti-terrorism policies under Franyois Hollande and Emmanuel Macron evolved, reflecting shifts in security and human rights approaches.
HollandeAos speeches laid the groundwork for understanding MacronAos changing stance, initially emphasizing humanitarian values and civil liberties in his August 30, 2016, speech.
24 However, by October 18, 2017.
Macron had adopted a more assertive, militaristic approach, marking a departure from his earlier ideological position.
25 This study critically analyzes these speeches to trace this transformation, with Table 3 providing a textual analysis of MacronAos speech postresignation as Minister of Economy, while Figure 4 presents a word cloud analysis for data triangulation.
Emmanuel Macron.
AuDyclaration de M.
Emmanuel Macron.
Ministre de lAoyOconomie, de lAoIndustrie et du Numyrique,Ay Vie Publique.
August 30, 2016, https://w.
vie-publique.
fr/discours/200258-declaration-de-m-emmanuelmacron-ministre-de-leconomie-de-lindustri .
ccessed May 1, 2.
25 Emmanuel Macron.
AuDyclaration de M.
Emmanuel Macron.
Prysident de la Rypublique, sur les yOlections Europyennes,Ay Vie Publique.
Oct 18, 2017, https://w.
vie-publique.
fr/discours/203884-declaration-de-m-emmanuelmacron-president-de-la-republique-sur-les-e .
ccessed May 1, 2.
272 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France Table 3.
MacronAos Speech Narrative after Resigning as Minister (Source:
ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
Sentence .
riginal speech AuJAoyprouvais de poursuivre et myme dAoamplifier notre travail de transformation en profondeur de notre yconomie.
Ay AuDys la fin du mois de septembre, je prysenterai le diagnostic de la FranceAy AuCAoest donc un projet ancry dans le ryelAy AuCAoest un choix pour ytre libre, et Ay AuJe suis dyterminy y tout faire pour que nos valeurs, nos idyes, notre action puissent transformer la FranceAy AuCAoest la raison pour laquelle je souhaite aujourdAohui entamer une nouvelle ytape.
Ay AuIl faut, pour susciter et mener ces dybats, ytre libre de formuler.
Ay AuDepuis que notre pays est attaquy par le terrorismeAy AuLa ryponse y ce triple dyfi est yvidemment sycuritaire, mais elle est aussi morale et civilisationnelleAy AuJe lAoai remerciy de mAoavoir permis de servir mon pays.
Ay Translation .
n Englis.
I am determined to continue and even strengthen our work to achieve profound economic transformation At the end of September.
I will present a diagnosis of FranceAos current situation.
This is a project rooted in This is a choice to be free and I am determined to do everything in my power to ensure that our values, ideas, and actions can transform France.
That is why I want to start a new phase today To initiate and lead this debate, we must be free to Since our country was attacked by terrorism.
The response to these three challenges is clearly related to security, but also to morality and civilization I thank him for enabling me to serve my country.
Frequency .
epetition of words or Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani Figure 4.
Word Cloud Analysis of Emmanuel MacronAos Speech after Resigning as Minister (Source: ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
The analysis of Emmanuel MacronAos August 30, 2016, speech highlights his focus on economic transformation, national identity, and individual freedom, using terms such as AuyconomieAy .
AuLa France,Ay AulibreAy .
, and AuprojetAy .
to reinforce his inclusive and progressive stance.
Distancing himself from party ideologies, he emphasized policies shaped by societal needs.
However, after his 2017 election victory, his rhetoric shifted in response to ongoing security threats.
The enactment of the AntiTerrorism Law in October 2017, replacing LAoyOtat dAoUrgence, strengthened surveillance, law enforcement, and movement restrictions for high-risk individuals.
His October 18, 2017, speech reflected this shift, adopting a more assertive counterterrorism approach while reaffirming his commitment to national security.
Table 4 and Figure 5 will provide a textual analysis of this speech, with datasets triangulated for a comprehensive interpretation.
274 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France Table 4.
Narratives in MacronAos Speech after the Parliament Enacted the Anti-Terrorism Law (Source: ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
Sentence .
riginal speech AuLa sycurity du quotidien, cAoest lutter contre tout ce qui fait naytre chez nos concitoyens les sentiments dAoinsycurity.
Ay AuCAoest lAoefficacity de lAoaction des forces de sycurity qui constitue le meilleur rempart contre le terrorismeAy AuLa premiyre mission de lAoEtat, cAoest bien de protyger nos concitoyensAy AuLa lutte contre le terrorisme implique des circuits courts et une grande transversality.
Ay AuLe projet de loi renforyant la sycurity intyrieure et la lutte contre le terrorisme a yty adopty.
Ay AuLes violences dont vous faites ryguliyrement lAoobjet sont inacceptables et doivent ytre sanctionnyes sans relyche.
Ay AuLAoytat dAourgence ytait utile.
mais son efficacity marginale nAoest plus au rendez-vous.
Ay AuAssurer la protection des FranyaisAy AuJe considyre que le travail qui a yty fait par le gouvernement est pleinement satisfaisant.
Ay AuNous devons nous attaquer aussi y la racine de ces problymes.
Ay AuNous sommes aujourdAohui trop lents y apporter une ryponse adaptye.
Ay Translation .
n Englis.
Frequency .
epetition of words or Everyday security means combating everything that creates a sense of insecurity among our citizens.
The effectiveness of actions by security forces is the best defense against terrorism.
The primary mission of the state is to protect our fellow The fight against terrorism requires a streamlined approach and broad collaboration across various The bill strengthening domestic security and combating terrorism has been approved.
The violence you frequently experience is unacceptable and must be relentlessly The state of emergency was usefulA but its marginal effectiveness is no longer Ensuring the protection of the French people.
I believe that the work carried out by the government is highly We must also address the root causes of this issue.
Currently, we are too slow in providing an appropriate Volume 19.
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March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani Figure 5.
Word Cloud Analysis of Emmanuel MacronAos Speech Before the National Police Representatives (Source: ResearcherAos analysis, 2.
Table 4 presents key sentences from MacronAos October 18, 2017, speech, highlighting his shift toward a militaristic stance on The frequent use of terms such as Ausycurity,Ay AuforcesAy .
, and AuterrorismeAy .
, in both text identification and word cloud analysis underscores his prioritization of national security over humanitarian values.
Emphasizing the urgency of protecting citizens.
Macron advocated for a defensive and aggressive approach.
A comprehensive analysis of both speeches, using FaircloughAos .
three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Raymond AronAos concepts, reveals inconsistencies in political perspectives on anti-terrorism policies.
MacronAos Speeches: Textual Analysis FaircloughAos CDA of Emmanuel MacronAos August 30, 2016, speech reveals a balanced and strategically ambiguous narrative.
Macron employs inclusive and aspirational language, exemplified in his statement.
AuCAoest un choix pour ytre libre, et responsableAy (It is a choice to be free and responsibl.
emphasizing freedom and responsibility while positioning himself as a centrist leader seeking His speech prioritizes economic and national stability, as | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France reflected in the frequent use of terms like Autransformer notre yconomieAy .
ransform our economy, 7 time.
and Audiagnostic de la FranceAy .
iagnosis of France, 6 time.
, suggesting that while security is acknowledged, economic reform remains central.
Additionally.
Macron frames terrorism without religious or ethnic associations, as seen in AuDepuis que notre pays est attaquy par le terrorismeAy (Since our country has been attacked by terroris.
avoiding explicit links to Islam.
He presents counterterrorism as multidimensional, stating.
AuLa ryponse y ce triple dyfi est yvidemment sycuritaire, mais elle est aussi morale et civilisationnelleAy (The response to this triple challenge is obviously security-related, but it is also moral and civilizationa.
emphasizing a moral and societal perspective rather than targeting specific communities.
The recurrence of AusycuritaireAy and AumoraleAy reinforces his comprehensive approach, allowing him to maintain a centrist stance that integrates security with humanitarian values, fostering national unity while ensuring his policies remain inclusive.
Meanwhile.
FaircloughAos CDA of Emmanuel MacronAos October 18, 2017, speech reveals a strategic narrative on security and counterterrorism that reinforces his centrist stance.
Macron framed terrorism as a general threat, avoiding explicit links to Islam, as seen in AuCAoest lAoefficacity de lAoaction des forces de sycurity qui constitue le meilleur rempart contre le terrorismeAy (The effectiveness of the actions taken by security forces is the best defense against terroris.
, emphasizing security forcesAo role without religious or ethnic attributions.
The frequent use of AusycurityAy .
underscores his focus on national security, while his statement AuLa lutte contre le terrorisme implique des circuits courts et une grande transversalityAy (The combat against terrorism requires short decision-making processes and strong cross-sector collaboratio.
presents counterterrorism as a technical rather than ideological issue.
He also affirmed the stateAos duty to protect its citizens, as reflected in AuLa premiyre mission de lAoEtat, cAoest bien de protyger nos concitoyensAy (The primary mission of the State is indeed to protect our fellow citizen.
with AuprotygerAy .
appearing 26 times, reinforcing this commitment while steering clear of religious connotations.
His emphasis on legislative measures, such as AuLe projet de loi renforyant la sycurity intyrieure et la lutte contre le terrorisme a yty adoptyAy (The bill strengthening internal security and the fight against terrorism has been adopte.
, signals a Volume 19.
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March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani shift toward institutional security policies over exceptional measures under LAoytat dAourgence.
By acknowledging its diminishing effectiveness.
Macron framed his approach as a necessary recalibration rather than a repressive crackdown, balancing security imperatives with civil liberties.
FaircloughAos critical discourse analysis of Emmanuel MacronAos speeches reveals a rhetorical shift from economic and social transformation to security and counterterrorism.
In his August 30, 2016, speech.
Macron emphasized freedom and responsibility, using inclusive language such as libre and responsable to encourage public engagement in economic reform, with transformer notre yconomie mentioned seven times to underscore his vision for economic development.
However, by October 18, 2017, his focus had shifted to security, as reflected in the frequent use of sycurity .
and protyger .
, reinforcing the stateAos duty to safeguard its citizens.
While addressing terrorism, he framed it as a general threat, avoiding explicit references to Islam to maintain a centrist stance amid debates on radicalization.
His emphasis on new legislation replacing LAoytat dAourgence signaled a strategic move toward institutional security measures over emergency This evolution in rhetoric reflects MacronAos adaptation to FranceAos socio-political climate, balancing security concerns with a discourse that avoids targeting specific communities.
Interpreting Franyois HollandeAos Discourse Discourse practices in HollandeAos 2012 speech emphasized unity and tolerance following the Toulouse attack, yet media coverage reflected political alignments.
Le MondeAos article.
AuMort de Mohamed Merah: Franyois Hollande salue le courage et la dytermination du RAIDAy (Death of Mohamed Merah: Franyois Hollande praises the courage and determination of the RAID),26 praised the RAID unitAos actions, while its subtitle highlighted Marine Le PenAos critique of the government for being AuafraidAy to act decisively, calling MerahAos death AupryvisibleAy .
and suggesting officials 26 Le Monde with AFP.
AuMort de Mohamed Merah: Franyois Hollande Salue Aole Courage et la Dytermination du RAIDAo,Ay Le Monde.
March 22, 2012, https://ww fr/election-presidentielle-2012/article/2012/03/22/francoishollande-salue-le-courage-et-la-determination-du-raid_1674119_1471069.
ccessed May 24, 2.
| Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France prioritized public perception over firm action.
France TVAos coverage.
AuLes militants PS craignent que lAoaffaire Merah fasse Aomonter Le Pen et SarkozyAy (PS activists fear that the Merah case will Aoboost Le Pen and Sarkoz.
, 27 emphasized Socialist Party supportersAo concerns that the incident could strengthen right-wing candidates.
Its subtitle noted that HollandeAos campaign event not only served political purposes but also became a platform to address public anxieties over security.
Similarly.
Le FigaroAos headline.
AuFranyois Hollande en appelle y la AogravityAoAy (Franyois Hollande calls for AoseriousnessA.
28 framed HollandeAos response as cautious, reinforced by the subtitle, which indicated his reluctance to draw hasty conclusions after the attack, implicitly contrasting him with right-wing candidates who prioritized swift and decisive measures.
These varied portrayals illustrate how security issues shaped political narratives and electoral discourse.
Following the 2015 Paris attacks, media coverage reflected HollandeAos evolving security stance.
Le MondeAos coverage, titled AuPoliciers municipaux armys: Hollande recycle une mesure de lAoaprys-CharlieAy (Armed municipal police officers: Hollande revives a post-Charlie 29 highlighted his policy of arming municipal police, echoing measures taken after the Charlie Hebdo attacks.
The article suggested this approach prioritized armed force over progressive reforms, while the subtitle clarified that mayors could request weapons for their officers, though approval was not This shift indicated HollandeAos willingness to adopt stricter security policies, deviating from traditional leftist principles.
Meanwhile.
Le Figaro, under the headline AuHollande gagne le soutien des maires de FranceAy (Hollande gains the support of FranceAos 27 Ilan Caro.
AuLes Militants PS Craignent que lAoAffaire Merah Fasse Monter Le Pen et Sarkozy,Ay France TV Info.
March 23, 2012, https://w.
politique/les-militants-ps-craignent-que-l-affaire-merah-fasse-monter-le-pen-etsarkozy_75725.
ccessed May 24, 2.
28 Nicolas Barotte.
AuHollande en Appelle y la Gravite,Ay Le Figaro.
March 23, 2012, https://w.
fr/presidentielle-2012/2012/03/23/01039-2012032 3ARTFIG00628-hollande-en-appelle-a-la-gravite.
ccessed May 24, 2.
29 Alexandre Pouchard.
AuPoliciers municipaux armys: Hollande recycle une mesure de lAoaprys-Charlie,Ay Le Monde.
November 19, 2015, https://w.
fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/11/19/policiers-municipaux-armes-hollanderecycle-une-mesure-de-l-apres-charlie_4813539_4355770.
ccessed May 24, 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani mayor.
,30 emphasized his ability to secure mayoral support, reinforcing his leadership legitimacy.
The subtitle detailed his speech before the Association of French Mayors, where he outlined security measures post-attacks.
Unlike centrist outlets, which provided no direct coverage.
Le Figaro framed HollandeAos stance as a strategic move to balance public security demands with leftist ideological commitments.
Franyois HollandeAos discursive shift between 2012 and 2015 reflects evolving socio-political dynamics in response to security In 2012, following the Toulouse Attack, he promoted unity and tolerance, though media coverage diverged: Le Monde focused on police efforts and political debates.
France TV highlighted leftwing concerns over right-wing exploitation, and Le Figaro depicted him as indecisive.
By 2015, after the Paris Attacks, his rhetoric shifted to security-focused measures, such as arming municipal policeAiLe Figaro viewed this as reinforcing his legitimacy, while Le Monde criticized it as regressive.
This transition from symbolic unity to pragmatic security underscored the tension between leftist idealism and political necessity, aligning with AronAos perspective on ideology as both principle and strategy.
Furthermore, media framing shaped public perceptions of Islam and terrorism, as French international broadcasters often emphasized Muslim radicalization, reinforcing Islam as a security threat.
This selective discourse, as analyzed by Polonska-Kimunguyi .
, contributed to the alienation and marginalization of Muslim communities in France.
Franyois HollandeAos Social Discourse: From Political Ideology to Pragmatism HollandeAos discourse in 2012 sought to distinguish Islam from Islamism, reflecting his efforts to promote inclusivity in line with Franyois-Xavier Bourmaud.
AuHollande Gagne le Soutien des Maires de France,Ay Le Figaro.
November 18, 2015, https://w.
fr/politique/201 5/11/18/01002-20151118ARTFIG00283-hollande-gagne-le-soutien-des-maires -de-france.
ccessed May 25, 2.
31 E.
Polonska-Kimunguyi and M.
Gillespie.
AuTerrorism Discourse on French International Broadcasting: France 24 and the Case of Charlie Hebdo Attacks in Paris,Ay European Journal of Communication 31, no.
: 568-583.
https://doi.
g/10.
1177/0267323116669453
280 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France Socialist Party (PS) values.
However.
Le MondeAos article.
AuSycurity et immigration ne sont pas au centre des pryoccupations des ylecteursAy (Security and immigration are not at the center of votersAo concern.
, 32 cited Ipsos-Logica Business Consulting data showing that only 29% of HollandeAos voters prioritized security, compared to 64% of Le PenAos and 36% of SarkozyAos supporters.
This underscored a partisan divide on security concerns.
Following the Toulouse attack, political tensions escalated.
France TVAos article.
AuUMP.
PS.
FN.
MoDem: aprys Toulouse, les accusations fusentAy (UMP.
PS.
FN.
MoDem: After Toulouse, the Accusations Escalat.
33 detailed accusations between parties, with the UMP blaming the PS for weakening security policies, while Hollande criticized systemic Le FigaroAos coverage.
AuAprys Toulouse.
Ay (After Toulouse.
)34 framed public sentiment as shifting from horror to relief, justifying SarkozyAos repressive policies and criticizing the leftAos reluctance to confront radical Islamism.
It also highlighted that over 200 French citizens joined jihadist groups in Iraq and Syria by 35 Domestically, polls indicated declining tolerance towards Muslims, with only 53% of respondents expressing positive views, compared to 79.
5% for Jews, and merely 26% holding favorable opinions on Islam.
36 These three articles collec32 Pierre Jaxel-Truer and Thomas Wieder.
AuSycurity et Immigration ne Sont Pas au Centre des Pryoccupations des yOlecteurs,Ay Le Monde.
March 27, 2012, https://w.
fr/politique/article/2012/03/27/securite-etimmigration-ne-sont-pas-au-centre-des-preoccupations-deselecteurs_5990200_823448.
ccessed May 27, 2.
33 Salomy Legrand.
AuUMP.
PS.
FN.
MoDem: Aprys Toulouse.
Qui Accuse Qui de Quoi?Ay France TV Info.
March 27, 2012, https://w.
fr/france/ ump-ps-fn-modem-apres-toulouse-qui-accuse-qui-de-quoi_75377.
ccessed May 27, 2.
34 Alexis Bryzet.
AuAprys ToulouseA,Ay Le Figaro.
March 22, 2012, https://w.
fr/lefigaromagazine/2012/03/22/01006-20120322ARTFIG00873apres-toulouse.
ccessed May 27, 2.
35 Seth G.
Jones.
Maxwell B.
Markusen, and Boris Toucas.
AuFrom the IRA to the Islamic State: The Evolving Terrorism Threat in Europe,Ay Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS).
December 19, 2018, https://w.
org/analysis/ira-islamic-state-evolving-terrorism-threat-europe .
ccessed May 30, 2.
36 Marjorie Moya.
AuForgotten Women: The Impact of Islamophobia on Muslim Women in France,Ay Europe Network Against Racism.
May 2016, https://w.
enar-eu.
org/wp-content/uploads/forgotten_women_report_france_-_final.
ccessed May 30, 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani tively illustrate how the attack intensified political disputes and shaped public discourse on security and integration.
HollandeAos 2015 speech ignited debates on civil liberties amid heightened security concerns following the Paris attacks.
The implementation of LAoyOtat dAoUrgence expanded government powers, including warrantless arrests, leading to 424 terrorism-related arrests in France between 2015-2016.
37 While Hollande intensified airstrikes on ISIS through Operation Chammal, his policies also affected the Muslim minority, with 429 Islamophobic attacks recorded in 2015.
38 Le MondeAos article.
AuAttentats du 13 novembre: le gouvernement dyvoile son projet de loi pour prolonger lAoytat dAourgenceAy (November 13 attacks: government unveils bill to extend state of emergenc.
39 reported on the governmentAos push to extend LAoyOtat dAoUrgence, emphasizing threats to civil liberties, particularly among left-leaning voters.
Meanwhile.
France TVAos coverage.
AuAttentats de Paris: Franyois Hollande annonce lAoarmement des polices municipalesAy (Paris attacks: Franyois Hollande announces the arming of municipal police force.
,40 detailed his policy to arm municipal police while simultaneously affirming FranceAos commitment to accepting 24,000-30,000 new immigrants, revealing ideological ambiguity.
FigaroAos article.
AuLes policiers pourront porter leur arme 24 heures sur 24Ay (Police officers will be able to carry their weapons 24 hours a 37 Europol.
AuEuropean Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2016.
Ay 38 Ministyre des Armyes.
AuOpyration Chammal,Ay 2016, https://w.
fr/operations/operations/operation-chammal .
ccessed May 31, 2.
Statista Research Department.
AuNumber of Anti-Muslim Acts that were Reported in France from 2010 to 2022,Ay August 7, 2024, https://w.
om/statistics/782190/offenses-anti-muslim-by-region-la-france/#::text=In% 202022 in France, 188,213 Islamophobic acts were% 20reported .
ccessed May 31, 2.
39 Le Monde.
AuAttentats du 13 novembre: le gouvernement dyvoile son projet de loi pour prolonger lAoytat dAourgence de 3 mois,Ay Le Monde.
November 18, 2015, https://w.
fr/attaques-a-paris/article/2015/11/18/attentatsdu-13-novembre-le-gouvernement-devoile-son-projet-de-loi-pour-prolonger-letat-d-urgence-de-3-mois_4812646_4809495.
ccessed June 1, 2.
40 France TV Info.
AuAttentats de Paris: Franyois Hollande Annonce lAoArmement des Polices Municipales,Ay France TV Info.
November 19, 2015, https://w.
fr/faits-divers/terrorisme/attaques-du-13-novembre-a-paris/attentat s-de-paris-francois-hollande-annonce-l-armement-des-polices-municipales_1181 html .
ccessed June 1, 2.
282 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France da.
,41 framed HollandeAos policies as aligning with right-wing security measures, portraying his stance as a political shift.
His contradictory approachAiadvocating national unity while implementing restrictive policiesAiled to public uncertainty regarding his ideological consistency, particularly among left-wing supporters.
The analysis of FaircloughAos social practice dimension in HollandeAos 2012 and 2015 speeches reveals shifts in political ideology, public discourse, and their impact on FranceAos Muslim In 2012.
HollandeAos statement.
AulAoislam ce nAoest pas lAoislamisme,Ay reflected the Socialist PartyAos progressive stance on identity and integration.
However, security was not a priority for left-wing voters, and the Toulouse tragedy fueled political tensions, with UMP accusing PS of political opportunism, while Le Figaro highlighted SarkozyAos repressive response to radicalism.
This discourse contributed to widespread intolerance, as only 26% of the French population viewed Islam positively.
42 In the second speech.
HollandeAos adoption of LAoyOtat dAoUrgence marked a shift toward repressive security measures, expanding state authority and intensifying military action against ISIS.
While Le Monde warned of threats to civil liberties.
Le Figaro framed it as a right-wing victory.
Using Raymond AronAos concept of political ideology.
HollandeAos shift from a progressive left-wing stance to pragmatic policies prioritizing stability over social solidarity underscores how security and integration debates shape public perceptions and exacerbate the vulnerability of the Muslim community in France.
Interpreting Emmanuel MacronAos Discourse The discourse practice dimension critically examines how Le Monde.
France TV, and Le Figaro frame Emmanuel MacronAos resignation and policies.
Le MondeAos article.
AuQuel est le bilan dAoEmmanuel Macron au gouvernement?Ay (What is Emmanuel MacronAos record in 41 Jean-Marc Leclerc and Le Figaro.
AuLes Policiers Pourront Porter Leur Arme 24 Heures sur 24,Ay Le Figaro.
November 19, 2015, https://w.
fr/actualite-france/2015/11/19/01016-20151119ARTFIG00092-les-policiers-p ourront-porter-leur-arme-24-heures-sur-24.
ccessed June 1, 2.
42 Statista Research Department.
AuNumber of Anti-Muslim Acts.
Ay Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani government?)43 with the subheading questioning his reform efforts, conveys skepticism about his effectiveness in government.
On the other hand.
France TVAos AuDymission: le cas MacronAy (Resignation: the Macron cas.
,44 presents a more favorable view, emphasizing his work ethic and background as a former banker.
Meanwhile.
Le FigaroAos AuEmmanuel Macron va dymissionner du gouvernementAy (Emmanuel Macron to resign from governmen.
,45 with a subheading highlighting his ambition and rising electability, portrays him as a key left-wing reformist surpassing Manuel Valls.
MacronAos second speech emphasized law enforcement and security, portraying the government as a strong and proactive Le MondeAos AuSur fond de menace terroriste.
Macron prysente sa stratygie en matiyre de sycurityAy (Against a backdrop of terrorist threats.
Macron presents his security strateg.
46 highlighted the urgency of the terrorist threat, presenting his policies as both ambitious and complex while implicitly questioning their effectiveness.
France TVAos AuSycurity: ce quAoEmmanuel Macron a annoncy aux forces de lAoordreAy (Security: what Emmanuel Macron announced to law enforcement officer.
47 took a direct approach, focusing on MacronAos concrete announcements for law enforcement without broader analysis.
Meanwhile.
Le FigaroAos AuMissions, moyens, protection.
Macron tente de rassurer les policiersAy (Missions, resources, protection.
Macron tries 43 Alexandre Pouchard and Anne-Ayl Durand.
AuQuel est le bilan dAoEmmanuel Macron au gouvernement?,Ay Le Monde.
August 30, 2016, https://w.
fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/08/30/quel-bilan-pour-emmanuel-macron-augouvernement_4990086_4355770.
ccessed June 4, 2.
44 France TV Info.
AuDymission: Le Cas Macron,Ay France TV Info.
August 30, 2016, https://w.
fr/politique/emmanuel-macron/demission-lecas-macron_1802521.
ccessed June 4, 2.
45 Marc de Boni.
Arthur Berdah and Solenn de Royer.
AuEmmanuel Macron Va Dymissionner du Gouvernement,Ay Le Figaro.
August 30, 2016, https://w.
fr/politique/le-scan/2016/08/30/25001-20160830ARTFIG00123-emma nuel-macron-va-demissionner-du-gouvernement.
ccessed June 4, 2.
46 Le Monde.
AFP, and Reuters.
AuEmmanuel Macron prysente sa stratygie en matiyre de sycurity sur fond de menace terroriste,Ay Le Monde.
October 18, 2017, https://w.
fr/emmanuel-macron/article/2017/10/18/emmanuelmacron-presente-sa-strategie-en-matiere-de-securite-sur-fond-de-menace-terror iste_5202843_5008430.
ccessed June 4, 2.
47 France 3.
AuSycurity: Ce quAoEmmanuel Macron a annoncy aux forces de lAoordre,Ay France TV Info.
October 18, 2017, https://w.
fr/econo mie/emploi/metiers/armee-et-securite/securite-ce-qu-emmanuel-macron-a-ann once-aux-forces-de-l-ordre_2425873.
ccessed June 5, 2.
284 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France to reassure police officer.
48 framed his policies as a response to police dissatisfaction, emphasizing resource additions while also raising concerns about civil liberties.
These differences reflect how French media outlets shaped MacronAos image based on their political perspectives.
FaircloughAos discourse practice analysis of media coverage by Le Monde.
France TV, and Le Figaro revealed distinct framing of MacronAos speeches.
In his first speech.
Le MondeAos headline and subheading conveyed skepticism about the effectiveness of his reforms, while France TV adopted a more favorable tone, emphasizing his work ethic and popularity as a left-wing figure.
Le Figaro framed him as ambitious, focusing on his electability and presidential aspirations.
In the second speech, the focus shifted to security policies.
Le Monde contextualized MacronAos strategy within the terrorist threat, highlighting its complexity and challenges.
France TV presented a positive view, emphasizing his concrete measures for security forces, whereas Le Figaro underscored government commitments to police resources while acknowledging underlying social tensions.
These variations reflect how each outletAos political stance shaped its portrayal of MacronAos policies.
Emmanuel MacronAos Social Discourse: Security over Inclusion? The analysis of the social practice dimension highlights how Le Monde.
France TV, and Le Figaro framed Emmanuel MacronAos resignation within the broader context of French politics, shaping public perception through distinct narratives.
Le Monde, with the headline AuEmmanuel Macron dymissionne pour Aoentamer une nouvelle ytape de son combatAoAy (Emmanuel Macron resigns to Aoembark on a new stage of his struggleA.
49 presented his resignation as a strategic moChristine Ducros and Jean-Marc Leclerc.
AuMissions.
Moyens.
Protection.
Macron tente de Rassurer les Policiers,Ay Le Figaro.
October 18, 2017, https://w.
fr/politique/le-scan/2017/10/18/25001-20171018ARTF IG00112-macron-lance-en-grande-pompe-sa-police-de-securite-duquotidien.
ccessed June 5, 2.
49 Le Monde with AFP.
AuEmmanuel Macron dymissionne pour entamer une nouvelle ytape de son combat,Ay Le Monde.
August 30, 2016, https://w.
fr/politique/article/2016/08/30/apres-la-demission-de-macron-sapinnomme-ministre-de-l-economie-et-des-finances_4990065_823448.
ccessed June 5, 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani ve to strengthen his political position, emphasizing his transition to focus on En Marche! and the shift of power to his successor.
Michel Sapin.
On the other hand.
France TV, through AuEmmanuel Macron: comyte ou phynomyne politique?Ay (Emmanuel Macron: comet or political phenomenon?)50 framed him as a rising political figure, emphasizing his popularity and public appreciation.
Meanwhile.
Le Figaro, with AuLes AoJeunes avec MacronAo espyrent lAoentrye en campagne de leur championAy (The AoJeunes avec MacronAo hope their champion will enter the campaign trai.
51 highlighted strong youth support, portraying his movement as one of hope and mobilization.
These differing framings illustrate how media outlets shape political discourse and influence public perception ahead of elections.
Ultimately.
Macron secured a decisive victory in the 2017 presidential election with 66.
1% of the vote, becoming FranceAos youngest president.
The headlines and subheadings from Le Monde.
France TV, and Le Figaro on MacronAos October 18, 2017, speech reflected public responses to his security policies.
Le MondeAos AuLe projet de loi antiterroriste dyfinitivement adoptyAy (Anti-terrorism bill definitively adopte.
53 highlighted the passage of a law expanding state authority, including the power to close places of worship without judicial approval, raising concerns about potential human rights violations.
France TV, through AuPolice de sycurity du quotidien: AoLe danger est de refaire y lAoexact la police de proximityAo, estime un syndicatAy (Police de sycurity du quotidien: AoThe danger is that weAoll be remaking local 50 France TV Info.
AuEmmanuel Macron: Comyte ou Phynomyne Politique?Ay France TV Info.
August 30, 2016, https://w.
fr/politique/emman uel-macron/emmanuel-macron-comete-ou-phenomene-politique_1802475.
ccessed June 7, 2.
51 Arthur Berdah.
AuLes Jeunes avec Macron Espyrent lAoEntrye en Campagne de Leur Champion,Ay Le Figaro.
August 30, 2016, https://w.
fr/politique /le-scan/2016/08/30/25001-20160830ARTFIG00349-les-jeunes-avec-macronesperent-l-entree-en-campagne-de-leur-champion.
ccessed June 7, 2.
52 Ipsos.
Au2017 French Election: Our Highly Accurate Estimations,Ay Ipsos.
May 9, 2017, https://w.
com/en/2017-french-election-our-highly-accurateestimations .
ccessed June 9, 2.
53 Le Monde with AFP.
AuLe projet de loi antiterroriste dyfinitivement adopty,Ay Le Monde.
October 18, 2017, https://w.
fr/police-justice/article/201 7/10/18/le-projet-de-loi-antiterroriste-definitivement-adopte_5202811_165357 html .
ccessed June 7, 2.
286 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France policing in exactly the same wayAo, says a trade unio.
54 portrayed skepticism from security professionals, suggesting the initiative was more political than practical.
In contrast.
Le Figaro, with AuLe projet sycuritaire de lAoyOlysye est un pari ambitieux qui nycessite de grands moyensAy (The yOlysye PalaceAos security project is an ambitious gamble that requires considerable resource.
55 framed MacronAos policies as a strategic effort to improve police-community relations, particularly after the Thyo affair.
These narratives underscored the debate between security and civil liberties, while the decrease in Islamophobic attacks from 121 in 2017 to 100 in 2018 suggested progress in national unity efforts.
Analyzing Emmanuel MacronAos political discourse through the social practice dimension reveals how Le Monde.
France TV, and Le Figaro shaped public perceptions of his leadership.
While these outlets depicted him as a centrist balancing innovation and stability, his security policies, framed as counterterrorism measures, generated controversy.
Le Monde warned of civil liberty violations.
France TV criticized the measures as political maneuvering, and Le Figaro highlighted their potential to improve police-community However.
MacronAos crackdown on over 50 Muslim organizations, including the Collective Against Islamophobia in France (CCIF), reinforced Islamophobic narratives, shifting blame for social tensions onto marginalized communities while systemic issues like discrimination and police brutality remained unaddressed.
57 His selective defense of free speechAiprotecting anti-Islamic rhetoric while suppressing criticism of ZionismAifurther exposed contradictions in his stance on civil liberties.
By prioritizing secu54 France TV Info.
AuPolice de Sycurity du Quotidien: Le Danger est de Refaire y lAoExact la Police de Proximity.
Estime un Syndicat,Ay France TV Info.
October 18, 2017, https://w.
fr/faits-divers/police/police-de-securite-du-qu otidien-le-danger-est-de-refaire-a-lexact-la-police-de-proximite-estime-un-syndic at_2424955.
ccessed June 7, 2.
55 Jean-Marc Leclerc.
AuLe projet sycuritaire de lAoyOlysye est un pari ambitieux qui nycessite de grands moyens,Ay Le Figaro.
October 18, 2017, https://w.
fr/actualite-france/2017/10/18/01016-20171018ARTFIG00288-le-projet-secur itaire-de-l-elysee-est-un-pari-ambitieux-qui-necessite-de-grands-moyens.
ccessed June 7, 2.
56 Statista Research Department.
AuNumber of Anti-Muslim Acts.
Ay 57 Ali Saad.
AuIslamophobia as an Integration Strategy in France,Ay Aljazeera.
October 28, 2020, https://w.
com/opinions/2020/10/28/islamoph obia-as-an-integration-strategy-in-france .
ccessed November 25, 2.
Volume 19.
Number 2.
March 2025 | Langit Masaha Putra Sabawana and Abellia Anggi Wardani rity over inclusion and leveraging it for political gain.
Macron risks exacerbating social divisions and undermining national cohesion.
Conclusion This study has examined how the speeches of Presidents Franyois Hollande and Emmanuel Macron reflect their evolving political views and their influence on FranceAos counterterrorism Using Norman FaircloughAos Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Raymond AronAos concept of political viewpoint differences, this research highlights the shifts in HollandeAos and MacronAos approaches to national security following the 2015 Paris attacks, analyzed through three discourse dimensions.
Hollande and MacronAos counterterrorism approaches evolved across textual, discourse practice, and social practice dimensions, reflecting a shift between human rights considerations and securitization.
In the textual dimension.
Hollande initially condemned Islamophobia and framed counterterrorism within a human rights discourse, but after the attacks, his rhetoric shifted toward nationalism and security, diverging from his leftist stance.
Macron, while initially advocating anti-discrimination, gradually adopted a more securitized narrative, especially leading up to the 2022 The discourse practice dimension highlights how media framed their policies differently: Le Monde cautioned against the erosion of civil liberties.
France TV remained neutral, and Le Figaro supported security-driven measures.
These framings influenced public perception of counterterrorism efforts.
In the social practice dimension.
HollandeAos emergency policies disproportionately targeted Muslim communities, prompting him to increase immigration quotas to maintain his leftist identity.
Macron, though initially distancing himself from anti-Muslim policies, later adopted restrictive measures, such as dissolving CCIF, to appeal to conservative voters.
These developments underscore how political discourse, media representation, and electoral dynamics shape FranceAos counterterrorism policies.
These findings highlight the need for counterterrorism policies that balance national security with human rights protections.
Overly repressive measures risk deepening social divisions and undermining government legitimacy.
While inclusive narratives, such as HollandeAos earlier discourse, can foster social cohesion, 288 | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Islamophobia and Counter-Terrorism in France they must be accompanied by robust risk management.
Effective policies should account for local socio-cultural contexts while ensuring transparency and accountability.
By integrating civil liberties and social justice into counterterrorism efforts, policymakers can create sustainable and inclusive security frameworks.
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