Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmac.
-Journa.
: 24 Ae 33 ISSN: 2442-8744 .
2442-7284 .
Journal Homepage: https://bestjournal.
id/index.
php/Galenika DOI: 10.
22487/j24428744.
In Vitro Evaluation of Sunscreen Activity of Extract and Fraction of Kedabu Fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
(Uji Aktivitas Tabir Surya Ekstrak dan Fraksi Buah Kedabu (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
Secara In Vitr.
Putri Lestari1 .
Mustika Furi*1 .
Armon Fernando1 .
Syahrul amin1 .
Nawwar Irfan2 1Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Riau.
Jalan Kamboja.
Kelurahan Simpang Baru.
Pekanbaru, 28293 2 2Jurusan Farmasi.
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau.
Riau.
Indonesia.
E-mail: mustikafuri@stifar-riau.
Article Info:
Received: 08 August 2024 in revised form: 07 October 2024 Accepted: 18 January 2025 Available Online: 1 March 2025 Keywords:
Kedabu Fruit Sunscreen activity SPF %Te %Tp Corresponding Author:
Mustika Furi Jurusan Farmasi Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Riau Pekanbaru Indonesia email: mustikafuri@stifar-riau.
ABSTRACT
The Kedabu fruit, scientifically known as Sonneratia ovata Backer, is a mangrove plant commonly found in Indonesia.
This fruit is valued for its antioxidant properties and shows potential as a natural sunscreen.
This study was conducted to determine the in-vitro activity of the extract and fractions of Kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
as a sunscreen, with the potential for development into a natural sunscreen preparation.
Experiments were conducted on extracts and various fractions, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water.
The extracts and fractions of Kedabu fruit were prepared at concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 g/mL.
Their absorbance was then measured in the UV A .
-375 n.
and UV B .
-320 n.
wavelength ranges.
The n-butanol fraction, at a concentration of 1000 g/mL, appears to be the most effective sunscreen, demonstrating a %Te value of 8.
369% and %Tp of 50.
This performance places it in the standard Suntan range for UV B protection.
Additionally, it has an SPF value of 10.
58, categorizing it within the highest level of sun Copyright A 2019 JFG-UNTAD This open-access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-SA) 4.
0 International license.
How to cite (APA 6th Styl.
Lestari.
Furi.
Fernando.
Amin.
Irfan.
In vitro evaluation of sunscreen activity of extract and fraction of kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika: Galenika Journal of Pharmacy .
-Journa.
, 11.
, 24 - 33.
doi:10.
22487/j24428744.
Lestari et al.
, 2025.
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenica Journal of Pharmac.
-Journa.
1: 24 - 33
INTRODUCTION
Mangroves have been known to provide ecological and socio-economic benefits, and they are growing very rapidly at this time.
Mangrove trees are plant species that thrive in areas regularly affected by tidal changes (Pototan et al.
, 2.
Researchers studying mangroves have categorized these plants into true mangrove species and associated species.
True mangroves are unique to mangrove environments, thriving exclusively in soggy conditions.
In contrast, associated species can adapt to aquatic and terrestrial habitats and are often found in mangrove regions (Food Agriculture Organization, 2.
The genus Sonneratia .
amily Lythracea.
is a group of mangroves exclusive to the Indomalaya region.
It includes various species, including S.
lanceolata, and S.
ovata (Mao and Foong 2.
Mangrove forests are a type of forest located along the coast or river that is affected by the ebb and flow.
Mangroves are plants that are rich in bioactive compounds and can be used as antioxidants.
Mangroves have the potential as a source of highly bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins (Nengsih et al.
, 2.
Chemical substances featuring one or more unpaired electrons, referred to as free radicals, are highly reactive due to their unstable nature.
These free radicals seek to stabilize themselves by interacting with other molecules.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals derived from oxygen, and can exist as ions, atoms, or molecules.
While ROS are typically generated under normal conditions, excessive levels can be detrimental if not adequately removed, as they have the potential to trigger oxidative reactions in both living organisms and laboratory settings.
Such reactions can lead to cell damage and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the development of various conditions including, aging.
Parkinson's disease.
Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disorders, and even cancer (Laili et al.
, 2.
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can damage on DNA, leading to chromosome alterations and While cells possess various natural defense mechanisms against excess ROS, an imbalance in these systems may necessitate additional antioxidant sources to help combat the ROS.
(Chanda & Dave, 2.
Herbal supplements derived from natural sources are a potent type of antioxidant.
Traditionally, these supplements are recognized for their effectiveness in neutralizing free radicals (Laili et al.
, 2.
Antioxidants are substances capable of donating their electrons to free radical molecules, which help to stabilize these radicals and prevent undesirable oxidation processes within cells (Wala et al.
, 2.
Utilizing compounds with antioxidant abilities can help prevent diseases linked to UV radiation Certain active antioxidant substances, including flavonoids, have been recognized for their protective qualities against UV rays (Hogade Maheshwar et al.
, 2.
Lestari et al.
, 2025.
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UV radiation exacerbates oxidative stress in skin cells, potentially triggering and advancing cancer There is growing interest in incorporating antioxidants into sunscreens to enhance their protective effects against UV exposure.
Natural antioxidants offer promising new options for preventing and treating UV-related conditions.
On Earth, the UV radiation that reaches the surface comprises roughly 40-99% UVA and 1-10% UVB (Rohman, 2.
Concerns have been raised about potential negative effects associated with synthetic sunscreen products.
Limited research available on herbal sunscreens and their sun protection factor (SPF).
Recently, natural substances have gained attention as potential sources of antioxidants for sunscreens, thanks to their ability to absorb UV light and their inherent antioxidant properties (Hashemi et al.
, 2019.
Kale et al.
, 2.
Flavonoids, classified as phenolic compounds, serve as effective photoprotectants because of their chromophore groups .
onjugated double bond.
, which can absorb ultraviolet radiation, including both UVA .
-400 n.
and UVB .
-320 n.
This absorption helps diminish the UV exposure on the skin (Walters et al.
, 1.
According to (Ebrahimzadeh et al.
, 2.
, a strong relationship exists between the phenolic content in different plant extracts and their Sun Protection Factor (SPF) ratings.
Various compounds have been extracted from S.
ovata Backer, and research has been carried out to examine their pharmacological effects.
Nguyen et al.
successfully isolated three new phenolic compounds, namely sonnerfenolic A, sonnerfenolic B, and sonnerfenolic C, and one cerebroside called Sonnercerebroside extracted from Kedabu leaves demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 cancer cells, achieving an IC50 value of 112.
8A9.
4 M, and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity.
Wu et al.
, successfully isolated three compounds from Kedabu fruit, and the isolation outcomes indicated cytotoxic activity on rat glioma cell line C-6 with IC50 scores of 19.
77 g/mL, respectively.
Research by (Basit, 2.
reported that the ethyl acetate fraction of kedabu leaves (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
provides very strong antioxidant activity over DPPH with IC 50 12.
47 g/mL.
(Putri, 2.
also noted that the n-butanol fraction of fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
provided very strong antioxidant activity over DPPH with IC50 7.
210 g/mL, which was carried out by the ethyl acetate fraction with IC50 17,433 g/mL, ethanol extract with IC 50 75.
34 g/mL with strong category, water fraction with IC 50 098 g/mL with strong category and n-hexane fraction with IC50 141.
19 g/mL with moderate Based on several previous studies, kedabu fruit has the potential as a sunscreen.
Therefore, further studies are needed on the sunscreen activity test of ethanol extract and fractions of kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
The sunscreen activity test was carried out in vitro by deciding the percentage score of erythema Transmission (%T.
, percentage of pigmentation Transmission (%T.
Lestari et al.
, 2025.
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenica Journal of Pharmac.
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and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) score.
This study is expected to provide an overview and source of information on the sunscreen activity skills of kedabu fruit extract and fractions, as well as a source of natural ingredients that can be developed into sunscreen cosmetic products.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Tools and Materials The equipment used included an analytical balance, glass tools laboratory, rotary evaporator (BuchiA 461 Water Bat.
, 96 well microplates (Costar 3596A), 96 microplate reader (Epoch BioTekA), and multichannel micropipettes (NextyA).
This study utilized various materials, including ethanol extract from Kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
, ethanol (MerckA), n-hexane (MerckA), ethyl acetate (MerckA), n-butanol (MerckA), and distilled water.
Methods Fractionation Thirteen grams of ethanol extract from kedabu fruit were weighed and mixed with 50 mL of distilled The mixture was stirred the extract was completely dissolved.
This mixture was then transferred to a separating funnel, and 50 mL of n-hexane was added.
The funnel was shaken for a few minutes and allowed to sit until two distinct layers formed.
The lower water layer was carefully drained through the tap of the separating funnel, which was repeated three times.
The water layer, fractionated with n-hexane, was then fractionated with 50 mL of ethyl acetate.
The water layer was removed through the separating funnel tap.
The next step was fractionation using nbutanol.
Later, 50 mL of n-butanol were added to water, and the mixture was shaken and left to stand until two layers were formed.
The water and n-butanol layers were then separated.
Finally, the fractionation outcomes were concentrated using a rotary evaporator.
Preparation of Test Solution 10 mg of ethanol extract and kedabu fruit fractions were taken and dissolved in absolute ethanol.
The solution was taken transferred to a 10 mL volumetric flask, add absolute ethanol was added until the solution reached the limit mark.
The solution was homogenized until a test solution with a concentration of 1000 g/mL was achieved.
Solutions of 100 L, 80 L, 60 L, 40 L, and 20 L were taken, respectively, then placed into wells A.
D, and E, while well F was filled with a blank solution of absolute ethanol in the amount of 100 L that had been labeled.
Wells B.
D, and E were supplemented with absolute ethanol to volume of 100 L, resulting in test solutions with varying concentrations of 1000 g/mL, 800 g/mL, 600 g/mL, 400 g/mL, and 200 g/mL.
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, 2025.
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Measurement of sunscreen activity The solutions with concentrations of 1000 g/mL, 800 g/mL, 600 g/mL, 400 g/mL, and 200 g/mL, along with a blank solution, were assessed for absorbance using a microplate reader.
Measurements were taken within the wavelength ranges of 293-318 nm for %Te and 323-373 nm for %Tp, with intervals of 5 nm.
Afterwards, the outcomes were entered into the equation: (Balsam.
M & Sagarin, % Te = yayce Oc( ycN ycu yayc.
Ocyayce Ocyayce % Tp = yaycy Oc.
cN ycu yayc.
Ocyaycy Ocyaycy Description:
T: Transmission Fe: The intensity of erythema at a given wavelength Tp: The proportion of erythema intensity that passes through the sunscreen Fp: The intensity of pigmentation at a specific wavelength Ep: The proportion of pigmentation intensity that is transmitted through the sunscreen To determine the SPF score, the test solution and blank were measured using a microplate reader at a wavelength range of 290-320 nm with an interval of 5 nm.
The measurement outcomes were then entered into the equation (Mansur et al.
, 1.
SPF =CF x Oc320 290 yaya () x I () x A () Description:
CF: Scored correction factor 10 EE: Erythemogenic effect of radiation at wavelength () I: Sunlight simulation spectrum intensity () A: Absorbance at wavelength () RESULT AND DISCUSSION The yield of the different fractions was calculated using 13 grams of the separated ethanol extract.
The results showed that the water fraction was 70.
09%, the n-hexane fraction was 0.
25%, the ethyl acetate fraction was 7.
73%, and the n-butanol fraction was 5.
In order to identify groups of secondary metabolite chemicals present in the kedabu fruit extracts and fractions, this screening was done as a preliminary test.
The results of the phytochemical research showed that the ethanol extract of kedabu fruit included phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, and steroid components.
The n-hexane fraction contained terpenoid and steroid chemicals, while the ethyl acetate fraction contained phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, and steroid chemicals.
Phenolic and flavonoid molecules were also detected in the water and n-butanol fraction.
Phytochemical screening is a crucial step in determining whether medicinal plants have the potential to act as antibiotics, antioxidants, or anticancer agents(Astuti et al.
, 2.
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, 2025.
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The erythema/pigmentation transmission percentage is the ratio of the amount of UV light energy transmitted by the sunscreen preparation in the erythema/pigmentation spectrum to the number of erythema effectiveness factors at each wavelength in the range of 292.
5Ae337.
5 nm (Eff et al.
, 2.
The %Te and %Tp scores of the kedabu fruit extracts and fractions were computed in order to test the sunscreen activity.
The percentage score, which measures the amount of UV light energy absorbed by UV B radiation .
Ae320 n.
, was developed to characterize a chemical compound's capacity to shield the skin from UV rays that induce erythema.
Within two to three hours of being exposed to sunlight, erythema, a condition in which the skin becomes red due to an inflammatory reaction, manifests The %Tp score, which measures the quantity of UV light energy absorbed by UVA radiation .
Ae375 n.
, was computed to characterize a chemical compound's capacity to shield the skin from UV rays that result in pigmentation.
The darkening of skin tone brought on by exposure to UV rays is known as pigmentation (Hasanah et al.
, 2.
Table 1.
Sunscreen Category Based on %Te and %Tp scores of Extracts and Fractions of Kedabu Fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
Concentration .
/mL) Concentration .
/mL) Concentration .
/mL) Concentration .
/mL) Ethanol Extract %Te %Tp n-hexane fraction %Te %Tp Ethyl acetate fraction %Te %Tp n-butanol fraction %Te %Tp Water Fraction Category (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) Category (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) Category Fast Tanning (-) (-) (-) (-) Category Standard Suntan Fast Tanning (-) (-) (-) Category Lestari et al.
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Concentration %Te .
/mL) Description: (-) = Not categorized as sunscreen %Tp (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) Based on the grouping of sunscreen categories according to %Te and %Tp scores, the ethyl acetate fraction with a %Te score of 14.
05% and %Tp of 61.
752% is included in the fast-tanning category at a concentration of 1000 g/mL.
Meanwhile, the n-butanol fraction at a concentration of 1000 g/mL has a %Te score of 8.
369% and %Tp of 50.
345%, which is categorized as a standard suntan.
At a concentration of 800 g/mL, the n-butanol fraction indicates a %Te score of 12.
831% and %Tp of 321%, which is also included in the fast-tanning category.
Standard suntan refers to a classification of sun protection where a material has the ability to absorb more than 95% of UVB radiation, while avoiding pigmentation without causing erythema.
The standard sun protection category is effective in preventing erythema on healthy skin.
The rapid injection stage is the ability of a chemical in a sunscreen to instantly darken the skin without causing erythema by allowing UVA radiation to penetrate completely to create an optimal darkening effect (Whenny et al.
, 2.
Furthermore, sunscreen activity testing is carried out based on the FPM score by evaluating the absorbance of the test sample in the wavelength range of 290-320 nm.
Table 2.
Sun Protector Factor (SPF) score of n-butanol fraction Concentration .
/mL) n-butanol fraction
SPF
Category Maximal Protection Maximal Protection Extra Protection Minimal Protection (-) The sun protection factor (SPF) was used to represents the ability of a sunscreen to delay the onset of sun-induced skin erythema, which is a sign of damage caused by UV B radiation (Baumann, 2.
According to the Table.
1, the study found that the n-butanol fraction exhibited best sunscreen activity based on the %Te, %Tp score graph and the n-butanol fraction SPF score graph.
As the concentration of the test sample increased, the %Te and %Tp scores decreased, while the SPF score increased.
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Concentration g/mL Ultraviolet Transmittance Range %Te Ultraviolet Transmission Range %Tp Figure 1.
%Te and %Tp score graph of n-butanol fraction of Kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
SPF Value Concentration g/mL Figure 2.
SPF score graph of n-butanol fraction of Kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
The findings of this research are further validated by phytochemical tests that show the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the n-butanol fraction.
The higher the total phenol and flavonoid values, the higher the antioxidantAosability to suppress the free radicalsAos development.
Additionally, (Furi et al.
, 2.
observed that the n-butanol fraction had the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids compared to ethanol extracts and other fractions of the Kedabu fruit.
These phenolic and flavonoid compounds contain chromophore groups .
onjugated double bond.
that can absorb UV radiation, making them crucial for sunscreen activity.
At a concentration of 1000 g/mL, the n-butanol fraction of Sonneratia ovata Backer fruit proved to be the most effective sunscreen.
It achieved the requirements for efficient UV B protection at this concentration with a %Te score of 8.
369% and a %Tp score of 50.
Furthermore, the SPF score of 58 shows maximal protection, implying that the skin's natural resistance to redness and darkening caused by sun exposure was increased by 10.
58 times.
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CONCLUSION
The study concludes that the n-butanol fraction of Kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backe.
at a concentration of 1000 g/mL exhibits the highest potential as a sunscreen.
At this concentration, the %Te score reached 8.
and the %Tp was 50.
345%, classifying it under effective sun protection standards against UVB rays.
Furthermore, it achieved an SPF value of 10.
58, categorizing it in the maximum protection level.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author states that there are no conflicts of interest related to the preparation of this article.
REFERENCES