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JUATIKA
JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA
VOL.
3 NO.
1 Januari 2021 Micro Nutrient Content and Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jac.
Applied to Oil Palm Liquid Waste Using the Biopori Method Rai Edgar Gusti*.
Nelvia dan Anthony Hamzah Program Studi Ilmu Pertanian Pascasarjana Universitas Riau Universitas Riau Kampus Bina Widya Km.
12,5 Simpang Baru Pekanbaru .
*Email: Rayedgar1993@gmail.
ABSTRACT
The area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia has been raising continually, therefore, raising of Palm oil factory.
Each Palm oil factory produces liquid waste (LWPOF) in large numbers that can be utilized.
The aim of this research was to study the main effect of LWPOF application and the number of biopores and their interactions on micro nutrient content and oil palm growth.
The research was conducted in oil palm plantations at the Faculty of Agriculture.
Riau University from June to December 2019 in the form of experiments arranged according to completely randomized factorial design.
The first factor is the LWPOF dosage which consists of 3 levels .
,5 liters, 10 liters, and 12,5 liter.
and the second factor is the amount of biopores consisting of 3 levels .
, 4, and .
, repeated 3 times and there were 3 experimental plants, so that 81 units of experimental plants were obtained.
The parameters observed consist of leaf micro nutrient content, plant height increase, number of fronds, midrib width, and thickness of oil palm fronds.
From the experiment, known that 7,5 liters plant increases the nutrient content of copper, and the LWPOF dosage of 12,5 liters increase the height, number, width and thickness of oil palm fronds, while the number of biopores 2 and 6 increas leaf manganese nutrient content.
7,5 liters of planting followed by the number of biopores in 6 biopores increase the nutrient content of manganese in the leaves and the number of midribs of oil palm plants.
Key words: Liquid Waste of Oil Palm Factory.
Biopore Holes.
Oil Palm Plants.
Micronutrients INTRODUCTION Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
) Is one of the main plantation commodities in Riau, the total area of oil palm plantations reached 2,400,876 hectares consisting of 1,354,504 hectares of people's plantations (PR), 91,854 hectares of state plantations in (PN) and 954,519 ha of private plantations (Ditjen Perkebunan.
and in Riau, the area of oil palm The productivity of oil palm plantations in Riau is classified as low, it was shown in 2015 the People's Plantations only reached 15 tonnes/ ha/year.
State tonnes/ha/year and private plantations 24 tonnes/ha/year (Ditjen Perkebunan, 2.
the average ranges from 29-31 tonnes/ha/year.
The unachievable potential per hectare of oil palm FFB is due to environmental factors, one of them is According Abdurachman et.
, generally dry land such as inceptisols and ultisols have low soil fertility levels and have levels of micro elements such as iron (F.
and manganese (M.
varying from low to moderate.
(Kidanu et.
Micro nutrient elements are nutrient elements as important as macro nutrient elements for plants, although in this case they only need a small amount (Heriansyah, 2.
To maintain the availability of micro nutrients in the soil, it can be done by adding micro nutrients through fertilizers.
Fertilizer can be used to utilize waste from the palm oil factory itself.
Large amounts of palm oil mills effluent (LCPKS) are generated from palm oil processing, totaling 600 l/ton FFB.
Meanwhile, according to the Directorate General of Plantation .
, the number of palm oil mills in Riau about 140 with a capacity of 6,660 tons of FFB/hour, so that within 1 hour of processing 399,600 liters of Liquid waste or Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) or around 6 M3 are obtained.
LCPKS
contains micro nutrient content which is quite good, that is an alternative to maintain the availability of micro nutrients in inceptisol soil.
To apply POME, it can be done with a biopore infiltration hole system.
According to Fitriani .
, making biopore infiltration holes have the benefit of absorbing water, overcoming drought by storing water underground and improving the soil ecosystem.
The purpose of this study was to determine the micro nutrient content in oil palm plants were applied the biopore MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty Agriculture.
Riau University.
Binawidya Campus Km 12.
5 Simpang Baru.
Tampan.
Pekanbaru with an altitude of 15-16 m above sea level.
Meanwhile, leaf tissue analysis was carried out at the Soil Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture.
Riau University.
The materials used in this study were Tenera (DxP) Socfindo, 10 years old oil palm plantations, palm oil mill liquid waste (POME) from aerobic ponds in the Surya DumaGroup PKS Sir Lukut The waste treatment pond as much as 8,100 liters.
The tools used in this study were hoe, bucket, machete, liter, tape measure, drill bit, paralon pipe as a biopore tube with 12 holes of 1 inch infiltration, writing tools and rope.
For plant tissue analysis, the tools used analytical balance, digestion tube, tube shaker, dispenser, test tube.
UV This research was conducted experimentally using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors, namely the POME dosage and the number of the height of the oil palm plantations, biopore holes.
Each factor consisted of the number of fronds, the width of the 3 treatments and was repeated 3 fronds and the thickness of the fronds.
times, each experimental unit consists Meanwhile, the micro nutrient content of 3 plants, there were 81 experimental of the leaves analyzed included the The first factor shown the nutrient content of boron (B), copper dosage of POME consisting of S1:
(C.
, zinc (Z.
, iron (F.
and LCPKS dosage of 7.
5 liters/plant/2 Manganese (M.
S2: POME dosage of 10 Observation data were analyzed liters/plant/2 weeks, and S3: LCPKS using analysis of variance.
To find out dosage of 12.
5 liters/plant/2 weeks.
the difference in treatment, it was The second factor shown the number further tested with an honest real of biopore holes consisting of B1: 2 difference test at the 5% real level.
Biopores/Plant B2:
The analysis results are presented in Biopores/Plant holes and B3: 6 tabular form.
Biopores/Plant holes.
The research implementation RESULT AND DISCUSSION includes: analysis of the initial soil Soil Chemical Properties physical and chemical properties, land Some of the soil chemical clearing, plotting, plant selection and properties analyzed on the land before labeling, making biopore holes, the study includes soil pH, organic C, procuring POME, and giving treatment.
total N, total P2O5, total K2O and soil The variables of observation CEC and compared with the criteria of consist of vegetative parameters and the Soil Research Center .
are leaf micro nutrient content.
Vegetative presented in Table 1.
parameters consist of the increase of Table 1.
Values of some initial soil chemical properties Parameters Value Criteria
Class
pH H20
4,91 Acid
pH KCl
4,54 Neutral
C Organic
(%)
3,72 High
N-Total
0,25 Moderate P2O5
Mg/100g 25,58 High
K2O
Mg/100g 23,38 Moderate CEC Me/100g 16,72 Moderate Source: Soil Research Center .
Table 1 shows the pH value of the soil in the research area is acidic, total N, total K2O and CEC are classified as moderate and in the S2 soil class, while the Organic C content and total P2O5 value are classified as high criteria and in the S1 soil class.
Therefore, based on the soil suitability criteria of the Soil Research Center, .
, the land used belongs to class S2.
The soil used in the research area was inceptisol soil which was in class S2 relatively high organic matter and moderate to high nutrient content and Sudirja et.
al, .
stated that generally the fertility and chemical properties of Inseptisols are relatively low, but efforts can still be appropriate handling and technology.
Composition and Nutrient Content of POME The composition and nutrient content of POME are presented by Table 2.
Table 2.
POME composition and nutrient content
Parameter Unit
Temperature BOD
Ppm
COD
Ppm
Total Solid
Ppm
Suspended Solids Ppm
Total Volatile Solids Ppm
Ammonical-Nitrogen
Ppm
Total Nitrogen
Ppm
Phosporus
Ppm
Potassium
Ppm
Magnesium
Ppm
Boron
Ppm
Iron
Ppm
Manganese Ppm
Zinc
Ppm
Copper
Ppm
Score
7,48
Standard 4 Ae 9* <5000* <10000* <12500* <12500* <12500* <500* 30 Ae 60** 30 Ae 60** 30 Ae 60** 125 Ae 2500** 5-50** 250-5000** 250 Ae 5000** 5 Ae 20** *: Peraturan Gubernur Riau no.
35 Tahun 2007 ** :Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No.
70/Permentan/SR.
140/10/2011
Table 2 shows the composition of POME such as pH.
BOD.
COD, and Ammonical accordance with applicable liquid waste standards, while total solid, suspended solid, and volatile solid have higher value based on the standards set by the Governor of Riau regulation no.
35, 2007.
The nutrient content of N.
P and K from LCPKS has met the criteria for liquid organic fertilizer, while the nutrients B.
Fe.
Mn.
Zn and Cu have not met the criteria for liquid organic fertilizer based on Regulation the Minister of Agriculture No.
70 / Permentan / SR 140/10/2011.
Elia et.
Al, .
stated that this liquid waste contains organic material and nutrient elements which can be used as a source of organic fertilizer for plants.
Meanwhile, the nutrients B.
Fe.
Mn.
Zn and Cu are below the standard liquid organic fertilizer for application to oil palm plants, it is necessary to concern the dosage given.
It can meet the nutrient needs needed by plants, this opinion is also supported by (Pramana & Heriko , 2.
and (Heriansyah, 2.
Boron (B) Nutrient Content in Leaves results of variance shown the dosage of POME application, the number of biopore holes in the plant and their interaction was not significantly affect the boron nutrient content of oil palm leaves.
Further test analysis using the Tukey Test method at the 5% level of the boron leaf nutrient content of oil palm plants is presented by table 3.
Table 3.
Boron Nutrient Content in Oil Palm Leaves Applied with Oil Palm Liquid Waste with the Biopore Method (Pp.
Biopori .
ole / plan.
Pome Average .
iters/plan.
16,77 a 16,27 a 15,43 a 16,16 A 14,97 a 15,60 a 16,30 a 15,62 A 15,90 a 15,17 a 15,87 a 15,64 A Average 15,88 A 15,68 A 15,87 A The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level Table 3 shows that the dosage of Copper (C.
Nutrient Content in the POME 7.
5, 10 and 12.
5 liters per plant Leaves and the number of biopore holes 2, 4, results of variance shown the and 6 planting holes and their application of POME had a significant interaction show no significant effect effect on the nutrient content of copper on the boron nutrient content of oil in the leaves of oil palm plants, while palm leaves and are in the category the number of biopore holes and their In accordance Kurniawan, et al.
interaction had no significant effect on .
explained that the condition of the nutrient content of copper in the the boron content in plants in adequate leaves of oil palm plants.
The results of conditions 20 ppm with a deficiency further tests using the Tukey Test limit below 16 ppm, so that when method at the 5% level of the copper adding via POME, the boron content in nutrient content in oil palm leaves are leaves does not increase significantly presented by Table 4.
and even tends to decrease.
Table 4.
Copper Nutrient Content in Oil Palm Leaves Applied with Oil Palm Liquid Waste with the Biopore Method .
Biopori .
ole/plan.
POME Average .
iters/plan.
7,37 a 5,90 a 6,20 a 6,49 A 5,47 a 4,77 a 6,23 a 5,49 B 5,47 a 5,63 a 5,53 a 5,54 B Average 6,10 A 5,43 A 5,99 A The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level Table 4 shows that giving POME dosage of 7.
5 liters per plant has a significant effect on the copper nutrient content of plant leaves compared to higher dosage .
and 5 liter.
, contrast the number of biopore holes 2, 4, and 6 planting holes and The interaction both of them show no significant effect on the copper nutrient content of the same plant leaves and is classified in (Lubis Widanarko, 2.
According to Salisburry & Ross .
, the copper content adequate conditions is 6 ppm with a deficiency limit below 4.
8 ppm and an excess of 7.
2 ppm.
Zinc (Z.
Nutrient Content in the Leaves The results of variance shown the dosage of POME application, the number of biopore holes in the plantations and their interaction was not significantly affect the zinc content 5% level of the zinc nutrient content of of oil palm leaves.
Further test analysis oil palm leaves is presented by Table using the Tukey Test method at the Table 5.
The content of zinc in the leaves of oil palm plants applied to oil palm liquid waste using the biopore method .
Biopore .
ole/plan.
POME Average .
iters/plan.
21,23 a 13,43 a 16,70 a 17,12 a 14,63 a 17,73 a 19,77 a 17,38 a 21,60 a 15,73 a 16,30 a 17,88 a Average 19,16 a 15,63 a 17,59 a The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level Table 5 shows the dosage of POME 7.
5, 10 and 12.
5 liters per plant and the number of biopore holes 2, 4, and 6 planting holes and their interaction show no significant effect on the zinc content of oil palm leaves which is the same and classified as the medium category.
It caused the leaves of the oil palm plant have reached their optimum condition, they were not increasing significantly.
Saragih, et al.
stated the zinc content adequate conditions 20 ppm with a deficiency limit below 16 ppm and an excess of 24 ppm.
When there are sufficient nutrients, the increase in fertilization does not affect nutrient content or growth.
Iron (F.
nutrient content in leaves The results of variance shown the application dosage of POME, the number of biopore holes in the plantations and their interaction was not significantly affect the iron content of oil palm leaves.
Further test analysis using the Tukey Test method at the 5% level of the iron nutrient content of oil palm leaves is presented by table 6.
Table 6.
Iron Nutrient Content in Oil Palm Plant Leaves Applied to Oil Palm Liquid Waste with the Biopore Method .
Biopore .
ole/plan.
POME Average .
iters/plan.
116,70 a 115,30 a 104,37 a 112,12 A 92,80 a 92,80 a 95,20 a 93,60 A 109,13 a 92,87 a 155,23 a 119,08 A Average 106,21 A 100,32 A 118,27 A The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level Table 6 shows the dosage of POME 7.
5, 10 and 12.
5 liters per plant and the number of biopore holes 2, 4, and 6 planting holes and their interaction show no significant effect on the iron nutrient content of oil palm leaves which is the same and classified as the medium category.
caused iron nutrients in the soil are high and the addition of organic matter
POME
absorption of iron nutrients.
In addition, the iron nutrient content in the leaves of oil palm plants has reached an optimum condition, so the addition of iron nutrients does not increase Sastrosayono, .
stated the iron content adequate conditions 100 ppm with a deficiency limit below 80 ppm and an excess of 120 ppm.
When there are sufficient nutrients, the increase in concentration resulting from fertilization does not affect nutrient content or growth.
Manganese (M.
Nutrient Content in Leaves The results of variance shown the treatment of the number of biopore holes in the plantations and their interaction with the dosage of the POME application in the plant had a significant effect, on the other hand, the application dosage of POME had no significant effect on the nutrient content of manganese in the leaves of oil palm plants.
Further test analysis using the Honest Significant Difference (BNJ) method at the 5% level of the nutrient content of manganese in the leaves of oil palm plants is presented by table 7.
Table 7.
Manganese Nutrient Content in the Leaves of Oil Palm Plants Applied to Oil Palm Liquid Waste with the Biopore Method (Pp.
Biopore .
ole/plan.
POME
Average .
iters/plan.
196,07 a 78,77 b
196,23 a 157,02 A 127,70 ab
127,43 ab
127,30 ab
127,48 A
129,43 ab
85,47 b
225,17 a 146,69 A Average 151,07 A 97,22 B
182,90 A
The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level Table 7 shows that the number of Salisburry & Ross .
stated the biopore holes 2 and 6 holes per plant and the interaction both of their conditionsd50 ppm with an excess limit treatments shown the application of of 60 ppm.
Jones .
states that POME dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant the normal concentration in plant followed by the number of 6 biopore tissue is generally between 50 ppm.
holes had a higher manganese nutrient content and had a significant Oil Palm Plant Height Increase effect compared to the number of The results of variance analysis biopores and other treatment shown the application of POME with combinations, on the other hand, the the biopore method had a significant application dosage of POME for effect on the height added value of oil planting shown the same manganese palm plants.
The results of further tests content of oil palm leaves .
o using the Tukey Test method at level significant effec.
However, it known of 5% on the height increase of oil the manganese nutrient content in palm plants are presented by Table 8.
plants has already high conditions.
Table 8.
Height of Oil Palm Plants Applied to Oil Palm Wastewater with the Biopori Method .
Biopore .
ole/plan.
POME .
iters/plan.
415,91 d 417,06 cd 417,87 abc 418,11 abc 417,18 bcd 421,27 abc 421,28 abc 422,61 a 421,96 ab The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level.
Table 8 shows that giving POME dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant with 4 biopore holes had a significant effect on increasing plant height compared to lower dosage .
5 liters and 10 liter.
and the number of biopore holes 2 and Increase high growth plants dosage 5 liters per plant because the amount of waste applied is greater.
contributes more growth of oil palm The applied waste contains relatively high levels of organic matter and nutrients so that it can improve soil properties and provide nutrients needed in the process of plant In addition.
POME also plays a role in increasing the biodiversity of ground cover plants, increasing the biodiversity of soil macrofauna and micro fauna.
Sutanto .
stated the addition of organic matter, the physical, biological and chemical properties of the soil will be Number of Oil Palm Plant Fronds The results of variance shown the application dosage of POME and its interaction with the number of biopore holes per plant had a significant effect on the number of oil palm fronds, while the number of biopore holes had no significant effect on the width of the number of oil palm fronds.
Further test analysis using the Tukey Test method at the 5% level of the number of palm oil midribs is presented by Table 9.
Table 9.
Amount of Oil Palm Fronds Applied to Oil Palm Wastewater with the Biopore Method Biopore .
ole/plan.
POME
Average .
iters/plan.
42,11 ab
37,33 bc
38,00 bc
39,15 B
39,33 bc
42,78 ab
34,22 c
38,78 A
41,00 ab 38,56 bc 46,33 a 41,96 A Average 40,81 A 39,56 A 39,52 A The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level.
Table 9 shows that giving POME dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant has a significant effect on the number of palm fronds compared to lower dosage .
5 and 10 liters per plan.
, on the contrary the number of biopore holes 2, 4 and 6 planting holes shows the number of fronds.
oil palm trees .
o significant effec.
Meanwhile, the interaction both of them show the application of POME dosage of 12.
liters and the number of biopore holes in 6 planting holes increased the number of oil palm fronds compared to other combinations.
The significant increases in the number of oil palm fronds at dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant was due to the greater amount of waste applied, thus contributing to a greater contribution to the growth of oil palm plants.
The applied waste contains relatively high levels of organic matter and nutrients.
It can improve soil properties and provide nutrients needed in the process of plant metabolism.
Oil Palm Plant Frond Width The results of variance shown the dosage of POME application had a significant effect on the width of the palm fronds, while the number of biopore holes in the plantations and their interaction was not significantly affect the width of the palm fronds.
Further test analysis using the Tukey Test method at level of 5% to the width of oil palm fronds is presented by Table 10.
Table 10.
Width of Oil Palm Fronds Applied to Oil Palm Wastewater with the Biopore Method .
Biopore .
ole/plan.
POME Average .
iters/plan.
6,46 a 6,98 a 6,82 a 6,75 B 6,73 a 7,00 a 6,57 a 6,77 B 7,79 a 7,11 a 7,28 a 7,39 A Average 6,99 A 7,03 A 6,89 A The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level Table 10 shows that giving applied with POME had a better POME dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant correlation than those were applied has a significant effect on the width of with other organic fertilizers.
Pahan the palm fronds compared to the lower .
also stated that one of the dosage .
5 and 10 liters per cro.
, in factors of affecting the width of the contrast the number of biopore holes midrib is the nutrient status in the soil.
2, 4 and 6 planting holes shows the Thickness of Oil Palm Plant Fronds width of the midrib.
oil palm plantations The results of variance shown the .
o significant effec.
Meanwhile, the dosage of POME application had a interaction both of them show the significant effect on the thickness of higher dosage of POME given, and the palm fronds, while the number of less number of biopore holes in the biopore holes and their interaction was plant, it tends to increase the width of not significantly affect the thickness of oil palm fronds.
The real width of oil palm fronds.
Further test analysis palm fronds at dosage of 12.
5 liters using the Tukey Test method at level per plant is due to the greater amount of 5% to the thickness of the midrib of of waste applied.
It contributes more oil palm plants is presented by Table vegetative growth of oil palm plants.
Muqorobin .
reported the midrib width of oil palm plants that were Table 11.
Thickness of Oil Palm Fronds Applied by Oil Palm Liquid Waste Using the Biopore Method .
Biopore .
ole/plan.
POME Average .
iters/plan.
3,23 a 3,49 a 3,41 a 3,38 B 3,37 a 3,50 a 3,29 a 3,38 B 3,90 a 3,72 a 3,64 a 3,75 A Average 3,50 A 3,57 A 3,45 A The numbers followed by the same lowercase or uppercase letters in the same row and column are not significantly different according to the Tukey test at the 5% level Table 11 shows that giving POME dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant has a significant effect on the thickness of oil palm fronds compared to lower dosage .
5 and 10 liters per plan.
, in contrast the number of biopores 2, 4 and 6 planting holes and their interaction shows palm frond thickness .
o significant effec.
The thickness of oil palm fronds is significantly at dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant because the amount of waste applied is quite large.
It is be able to provide the nutrients needed by oil palm plants.
The applied waste contains high enough nutrients and organic material to support plant metabolic processes and the activity of soil microorganisms.
It can improve soil properties.
The width of oil palm fronds is influenced by the nutrient element phosphorus, and the POME applied contains high levels of phosphorus, namely 177 mg/l.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research has been carried out, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The main effect of POME dosage of 5 liters per plant increase the nutrient content of copper in the leaves of oil palm plants, compared to higher dosage .
5 liters per plan.
and POME dosage of 12.
5 liters per crop increases, the number of , midrib width and midrib thickness of oil palm plants compared to lower dosage .
and 10 liters per plan.
The main effect of biopore holes with the number of 2 and 6 planting holes increase the nutrient content of manganese in the leaves of oil palm plants, and the number of biopore holes does not have a significant effect on the vegetative growth of oil palm The interaction of the application of POME with the dosage of 12.
liters per plant followed by the number of biopores in 6 planting holes increased the nutrient content of manganese in the leaves and the number of palm leaves, and POME with the dosage of 12.
5 liters per plant followed by the number of biopores in 4 planting holes.
increased plant height increase compared to other treatment
REFERENCES