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Assessment of Solar Orientation and Shading Devices in Reducing Cooling Loads in Educational Buildings Sarina Julien Binti1.
Sonny Wantouw2
12Institut Teknologi Minaesa
A R T IC L E I N F O
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received: September, 03 2025 Received in revised form October, 27 Accepted: November, 12 2025 Available online: November, 29 2025 Keywords:
Solar Orientation Shading Devices Cooling Loads This study assesses the effectiveness of solar orientation and shading devices in reducing cooling loads in educational buildings through a qualitative literature review approach.
educational facilities are significant energy consumers, especially in hot climates, optimizing building orientation and integrating passive shading strategies are crucial for enhancing energy efficiency and thermal comfort.
The literature indicates that building orientation significantly influences solar heat gain, with north-facing orientations generally resulting in lower internal temperatures and reduced cooling demands compared to east or west-facing layouts.
Shading devices, including fixed external shades and optimized window-to-wall ratios, further mitigate direct solar radiation, contributing to notable reductions in annual energy consumption.
Studies reviewed demonstrate that the combination of optimal orientation and well-designed shading can decrease cooling loads by 11% to 23%, and overall energy use by up to 44%.
However, the effectiveness of shading devices depends on their design, placement, and integration with other passive strategies.
While fixed shading reduces solar gains, occasional glare and insufficient daylight distribution may persist, indicating the need for a holistic design approach.
The findings underscore the importance of integrating solar orientation and shading devices in the early design phase of educational buildings to achieve sustainable, energy-efficient, and comfortable learning environments.
This research provides valuable insights for architects, planners, and policymakers seeking to implement best practices in sustainable school design, particularly in regions with high cooling demands.
INTRODUCTION
Educational buildings play a pivotal role in shaping the future of societies by providing conducive environments for learning and development (Buratti et al.
However, these buildings are often among the highest consumers of energy within the public infrastructure sector, particularly due to their extensive cooling needs in warm and tropical climates(Eiz et al.
The increasing global demand for energy, coupled with concerns over environmental sustainability and climate change, has heightened the urgency to adopt energyefficient building design strategies(El Dallal et al.
, 2.
Among these, solar orientation and shading devices have emerged as fundamental passive design elements that can significantly reduce cooling loads by minimizing solar heat *Correspondence author.
E-mail: sajulien2015@gmail.
com (Sarina Julien Bint.
doi: https://10.
21771/jrtppi.
2503-5010/2087-0965A 2025 Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri-BBSPJPPI (JRTPPI-BBSPJPPI).
This is an open acces article under the CC BY-NC-SA license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.
0/).
Accreditation number: (Ristekdikt.
158/E/KPT/2021 Binti.
Sarina Julien / Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 16 No 2 .
113-122 gain and optimizing natural daylighting(Ragab et al.
, 2.
Properly oriented buildings can harness or block solar radiation depending on the climate and season, while shading devices help to control direct sunlight penetration, thus reducing indoor temperatures and alleviating the burden on mechanical cooling systems(Alajmi et al.
, 2.
Despite the established importance of these strategies, there remains a notable research gap concerning their specific application and combined effectiveness in educational buildings.
Most existing research has predominantly focused on residential or commercial buildings, where occupancy patterns, internal heat gains, and usage schedules differ substantially from those in schools and universities(Raimundo & Oliveira, 2.
Educational buildings typically feature large glazed areas to maximize daylight, have extended operational hours, and accommodate diverse activities that influence internal heat loads(Chung-Camargo et al.
, 2.
Consequently, the thermal performance and cooling requirements of educational facilities present unique challenges that are not fully addressed by general building energy studies(Arowoiya et al.
, 2.
Moreover, while numerous studies investigate solar orientation and shading devices independently, there is limited comprehensive analysis on how their integration can synergistically reduce cooling loads in educational contexts(Sholanke & Ganya, 2.
The urgency of this research is underscored by the rising energy costs and environmental impacts associated with high cooling demands in educational institutions worldwide(Elantary, 2.
Inefficient energy use not only strains operational budgets but also contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions, conflicting with global sustainability goals (Tariq et al.
, 2.
Addressing this issue through optimized building design can lead to substantial economic savings, improved indoor environmental quality, and enhanced occupant comfort, which are critical for effective learning environments(Chen et al.
, 2.
Previous studies have demonstrated that appropriate solar orientation can reduce cooling loads by minimizing exposure to intense afternoon sun, and shading devicesAisuch as overhangs, louvers, and vegetationAican block direct solar radiation while allowing diffused daylight (Lottu et al.
, 2.
However, the effectiveness of these measures varies depending on climatic conditions, building typologies, and user behavior.
This studyAos novelty lies in its qualitative literature review approach that synthesizes diverse findings to provide a holistic understanding of how solar orientation and shading devices collectively influence cooling load reduction in educational buildings(Shaker et al.
By focusing on this specific building type, the research fills a critical gap and offers tailored insights that can inform design guidelines and policy frameworks(Jaouaf et al.
, 2.
The primary objective of this study is to assess the role of solar orientation and shading devices in reducing cooling loads in educational buildings, emphasizing their combined impact and contextual relevance(Bosu et al.
The research aims to generate actionable knowledge for architects, engineers, facility managers, and policymakers engaged in sustainable school design and retrofitting (Chen et al.
, 2.
Additionally, the study seeks to highlight best practices and identify areas for further research, particularly in integrating passive design strategies with emerging technologies such as dynamic shading and smart building controls.
In conclusion, this research contributes to advancing sustainable building practices by providing evidence-based recommendations that enhance energy efficiency and occupant comfort in educational facilities (Morshed & Manjur, 2.
The findings are expected to support the development of environmentally responsible educational infrastructure that aligns with global climate goals while fostering productive and healthy learning environments for future generations METHODS This study employs a qualitative research approach using a literature review .
ibrary researc.
method to assess the impact of solar orientation and shading devices on reducing cooling loads in educational buildings(Ragab et al.
, 2.
Qualitative research is appropriate for this study as it allows for an in-depth understanding and synthesis of existing knowledge, theories, and empirical findings related to passive design Yurika / Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 16 No 2 .
113-118 strategies without collecting primary data directly from the field(Alghamdi et al.
, 2.
Type of Research The research is a qualitative, descriptive study that systematically reviews and analyzes relevant academic articles, books, reports, and other credible sources.
The literature review method enables the identification of patterns, trends, and gaps in the current body of knowledge, providing a comprehensive overview of how solar orientation and shading devices influence cooling energy demand in educational settings.
Data Sources Secondary data were collected from various reputable sources, including peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, government and institutional reports, and authoritative databases such as ScienceDirect.
MDPI, and other academic repositories(Liu et al.
, 2.
The selection criteria focused on studies published within the last two decades, emphasizing research related to building energy efficiency, passive cooling strategies, and educational building design.
Data Collection Techniques The data collection involved systematic searching and screening of literature using keywords such as Ausolar orientation,Ay Aushading devices,Ay Aucooling load,Ay Auenergy efficiency,Ay and Aueducational buildings.
Ay Relevant documents were identified, cataloged, and critically reviewed to extract pertinent information regarding the design principles, performance outcomes, and contextual factors affecting cooling load reductions(Kuleto et al.
Data Analysis Method The collected literature was analyzed using thematic content analysis, which involved coding and categorizing data according to key themes such as the effects of building orientation, types and effectiveness of shading devices, climatic considerations, and integration of passive design strategies.
This method facilitated the synthesis of findings across diverse studies, enabling a nuanced understanding of best practices and limitations.
The analysis also highlighted research gaps and areas requiring further investigation(Cabeza & Chyfer, 2.
By employing this qualitative literature review methodology, the study provides a robust and evidencebased assessment of solar orientation and shading devices, offering valuable insights for architects, engineers, and policymakers aiming to enhance energy efficiency in educational buildings.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of existing literature on solar orientation and shading devices reveals their critical role in reducing cooling loads in educational buildings, which are often characterized by large glazed areas and extended operational hours that contribute to significant heat gain.
Solar orientation fundamentally influences the amount and intensity of solar radiation entering a building.
Studies consistently show that buildings oriented to minimize direct exposure to the low-angle morning and afternoon sunAi typically by favoring a north-south axis in tropical and subtropical climatesAiexperience reduced internal heat gains, thereby lowering the demand for mechanical cooling.
This passive strategy not only enhances thermal comfort for occupants but also contributes to substantial energy savings.
However, the effectiveness of solar orientation is contextdependent, varying with geographic location, climate, and building typology, which necessitates site-specific design Shading devices complement orientation strategies by providing a physical barrier to direct solar radiation, further mitigating heat ingress.
Literature highlights a variety of shading solutions, including fixed overhangs, vertical fins, louvers, and dynamic shading systems.
Fixed external shading devices are widely recognized for their simplicity and effectiveness in blocking high-angle summer sun while allowing low-angle winter sun to penetrate, thus supporting year-round thermal comfort.
The literature also emphasizes the importance of optimizing shading dimensions and placement to balance solar protection with daylight penetration, as excessive shading can lead to reduced natural lighting and increased reliance on artificial lighting, potentially offsetting energy savings.
In educational buildings, the integration of solar orientation and shading devices has been shown to reduce cooling loads by a range of 11% to 23%, with some studies reporting overall energy consumption reductions up to This synergy is particularly valuable in educational Binti.
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113-122 settings where maintaining a comfortable indoor environment is essential for learning outcomes and occupant well-being.
Moreover, the reviewed studies underscore that the benefits extend beyond energy savings.
well-designed shading can reduce glare and improve indoor visual comfort, enhancing the quality of learning spaces.
Despite these positive outcomes, challenges The variability in climatic conditions and building uses means that a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective.
The literature calls for adaptive design strategies that consider local climate data, building orientation, and user Additionally, the integration of shading devices with other passive and active systems, such as natural ventilation and advanced glazing technologies, is crucial for maximizing cooling load reductions.
The comprehensive review of literature affirms that solar orientation and shading devices are indispensable components of sustainable design in educational buildings.
Their combined application, tailored to specific climatic and contextual factors, significantly reduces cooling energy demands while enhancing occupant comfort.
This integrated approach not only supports environmental sustainability but also contributes to the economic viability of educational infrastructure by lowering operational costs.
The findings advocate for early-stage incorporation of these passive design strategies in the architectural planning process and highlight the need for further research into dynamic and responsive shading technologies to address evolving climatic challenges.
Solar orientation is a fundamental passive design strategy that significantly influences the thermal performance and cooling demands of educational buildings.
The orientation of a building determines the amount of solar radiation it receives throughout the day and across Literature consistently shows that buildings oriented along the north-south axis in tropical and subtropical climates experience lower solar heat gain compared to east-west orientations.
This is primarily because east and west fayades receive intense low-angle sunlight in the morning and afternoon, which is more difficult to shade effectively and contributes to higher cooling loads.
In educational buildings, which often have large glazed areas to maximize daylight, improper orientation can lead to excessive heat gain, resulting in increased reliance on mechanical cooling systems.
Several studies emphasize that optimizing solar orientation can reduce cooling energy demand by minimizing direct solar exposure on the most vulnerable fayades.
For instance, research indicates that north-facing classrooms tend to maintain more stable and comfortable indoor temperatures, reducing peak cooling loads.
However, the effectiveness of orientation depends on local climatic conditions, including solar path, humidity, and prevailing winds.
In hot-arid climates, for example, eastwest orientation may be mitigated by other design features, but in humid tropical regions, north-south orientation is generally preferred.
Table 1.
Impact of Building Orientation on Cooling Energy Demand Impact of Solar Orientation on Cooling Loads in Educational Buildings Orientation Climate Type Effect on Cooling Demand Key Considerations North-facing Hot-arid.
Humid-tropical Reduces peak cooling loads.
stable indoor temperatures.
Minimizes direct solar exposure.
for classrooms or living spaces.
South-facing Temperate Moderate cooling demand.
balanced solar gain .
aries by hemispher.
Requires shading devices in summer to prevent overheating.
East-facing Hot-arid High morning solar gain, increasing cooling demand.
Needs shading .
, overhangs or vegetatio.
to mitigate early heat Yurika / Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 16 No 2 .
113-118 Orientation Climate Type Effect on Cooling Demand West-facing Humid-tropical High afternoon heat gain, leading to significant cooling needs.
Least preferred.
requires highperformance glazing or external shading.
North-South Humid-tropical Optimal.
reduces direct solar exposure while allowing cross-ventilation.
Preferred for passive cooling.
aligns with prevailing winds.
Hot-arid Can increase cooling demand but may be mitigated by deep shading or thermal Works if paired with reflective surfaces or insulated fayades.
East-West Despite its benefits, solar orientation alone cannot fully address cooling challenges in educational buildings.
The complexity of occupancy patterns, internal heat gains from equipment and occupants, and the need for natural daylight require a holistic approach.
Therefore, solar orientation should be integrated with other passive strategies, such as shading devices, natural ventilation, and thermal mass, to optimize overall building performance.
Moreover, the literature highlights the importance of early-stage design decisions regarding orientation.
Once the building footprint and orientation are fixed, retrofitting for improved solar control becomes costly and less Thus, architects and planners are encouraged to prioritize orientation in the conceptual design phase to maximize cooling load reductions and energy efficiency.
Case studies of educational buildings in various climatic zones demonstrate that proper solar orientation can contribute to energy savings ranging from 10% to 20% in cooling loads.
These savings translate into lower operational costs and reduced environmental impacts, aligning with sustainability goals.
However, the literature also cautions that orientation must be balanced with other factors such as site constraints, urban context, and functional requirements to achieve optimal outcomes.
In conclusion, solar orientation is a critical determinant of cooling loads in educational buildings.
Its strategic implementation, tailored to local climate and building use, forms the foundation for effective passive cooling and energy-efficient design.
Key Considerations Role and Effectiveness of Shading Devices in Reducing Cooling Loads Shading devices serve as a physical barrier that limits direct solar radiation from entering building interiors, thereby reducing heat gain and cooling requirements.
The literature identifies various types of shading devices, including fixed overhangs, vertical fins, louvers, screens, and dynamic shading systems.
Each type offers distinct advantages and limitations depending on orientation, solar angles, and climatic conditions.
Fixed external shading devices are widely favored for their simplicity, durability, and effectiveness in blocking high-angle summer sun while allowing low-angle winter sun to penetrate.
This characteristic is particularly beneficial in climates with seasonal temperature variations.
For educational buildings, overhangs and vertical fins are commonly used to shade windows and glazed fayades, which are significant sources of solar heat gain.
The literature reports that well-designed fixed shading can reduce cooling loads by up to 15%, contributing substantially to energy savings.
Dynamic or adjustable shading devices, such as operable louvers or automated blinds, offer enhanced flexibility by responding to changing solar conditions and occupant preferences.
These systems can optimize daylight penetration while minimizing glare and heat gain, improving both energy performance and indoor environmental quality.
However, their higher initial cost and maintenance requirements may limit widespread adoption in educational facilities, especially in budget-constrained contexts.
Binti.
Sarina Julien / Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 16 No 2 .
113-122 The effectiveness of shading devices depends heavily on their design parameters, including size, angle, material, and placement.
Studies recommend that shading dimensions be optimized based on solar path analysis to maximize shading during peak solar hours without excessively blocking natural light.
Excessive shading can lead to increased artificial lighting use, offsetting cooling energy savings.
In addition to reducing cooling loads, shading devices improve occupant comfort by minimizing glare and providing visual privacy.
In classrooms, this can enhance concentration and learning outcomes.
The literature also notes that integrating shading with other passive strategies, such as natural ventilation and reflective glazing, can amplify cooling load reductions.
Despite their benefits, shading devices must be carefully selected and tailored to the specific building For example, shading solutions effective on east and west fayades differ from those suitable for south-facing The literature stresses the importance of climateresponsive design and simulation tools to guide shading device selection and optimization.
Table 2.
Optimization of Shading Devices for Energy Efficiency and Occupant Comfort Factor Impact & Recommendations Considerations & Examples Design Parameters Size, angle, material, and placement must align with solar path analysis.
Over-shading reduces natural light, increasing artificial lighting demand.
Solar Path Analysis Optimize dimensions to block peak solar heat gain while permitting daylight.
Dynamic shading .
, louver.
adapts to seasonal sun angles.
Occupant Comfort Reduces glare and improves visual privacy, enhancing productivity in classrooms.
Horizontal shades for south fayades.
vertical fins for east/west fayades.
Integration Combine with natural ventilation, reflective glazing, or thermal mass for synergistic effects.
Light shelves can reflect daylight deeper indoors while shading.
ClimateSpecific Design East/West fayades need aggressive shading .
vertical fin.
South fayades require horizontal Hot-arid climates: Use high-reflectivity materials.
Humid climates: Prioritize ventilationcompatible designs.
Simulation Tools Energy modeling .
EnergyPlus.
Radianc.
ensures context-specific optimization.
Parametric design tools test multiple configurations pre-construction.
Trade-offs Excessive shading may increase lighting energy.
balance between cooling and daylighting.
Photocell-controlled shades adjust dynamically to daylight levels.
Overall, shading devices are indispensable in reducing cooling loads in educational buildings.
Their thoughtful design and integration with solar orientation can achieve significant energy efficiency and occupant comfort Synergistic Effects of Combining Solar Orientation and Shading Devices Yurika / Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 16 No 2 .
113-118 While solar orientation and shading devices independently contribute to cooling load reductions, their combined application produces synergistic effects that enhance building performance beyond the sum of individual strategies.
The literature underscores that integrating these passive design elements is essential for achieving optimal thermal comfort and energy efficiency in educational buildings.
Studies demonstrate that buildings with optimal north-south orientation and appropriately designed shading devices experience the lowest cooling loads.
Shading devices compensate for residual solar exposure on fayades that cannot be fully controlled by orientation alone, particularly on east and west sides.
This integrated approach ensures that solar heat gain is minimized throughout the day, reducing peak cooling demands and smoothing indoor temperature fluctuations.
Moreover, the combination of orientation and shading influences daylighting quality and distribution.
Proper orientation aligns windows to capture diffuse daylight, while shading devices control direct sunlight and This balance reduces the need for artificial lighting, further lowering energy consumption.
The literature highlights that integrating these strategies requires careful design coordination to avoid conflicts, such as shading that excessively blocks daylight or orientation that exposes fayades to unshaded solar radiation.
Simulation-based studies provide quantitative evidence of the synergistic benefits.
For example, research using building energy modeling tools shows that combining optimal orientation with fixed shading devices can reduce cooling energy consumption by up to 23%, compared to 1015% reductions when applied separately.
Such findings emphasize the importance of holistic design processes that consider multiple passive strategies simultaneously.
In educational buildings, where occupant comfort and learning conditions are paramount, the synergistic approach also enhances indoor environmental quality.
Reduced solar heat gain lowers indoor temperatures and humidity levels, while controlled daylighting improves visual comfort.
These factors contribute to healthier, more productive learning environments.
The literature also discusses challenges in implementing combined strategies, including site Nevertheless, the long-term benefits in energy savings and occupant well-being justify early integration of orientation and shading decisions in the design process.
In summary, the synergistic application of solar orientation and shading devices is a best practice in sustainable educational building design.
It maximizes cooling load reductions, energy efficiency, and occupant comfort, supporting environmental and educational Climatic and Contextual Considerations in Passive Cooling Design The effectiveness of solar orientation and shading devices in reducing cooling loads is strongly influenced by climatic and contextual factors.
The literature emphasizes that passive cooling strategies must be tailored to local climate conditions, including temperature ranges, solar radiation intensity, humidity, and prevailing winds.
In hot-arid climates, where daytime temperatures are high but nights are cooler, solar orientation focuses on minimizing solar exposure during peak hours while maximizing natural ventilation at night.
Shading devices in these regions are designed to block intense solar radiation while allowing airflow to dissipate heat.
Conversely, in humid tropical climates, high humidity levels limit the effectiveness of ventilation, making shading and solar control more critical to reduce radiant heat gain.
Contextual factors such as urban density, surrounding buildings, and site topography also affect solar access and shading opportunities.
In dense urban areas, shading from adjacent structures may reduce solar exposure, altering the effectiveness of orientation and shading devices.
The literature suggests that site analysis and microclimate assessment are essential to inform passive design decisions.
Educational buildings often have specific functional requirements and occupancy patterns that influence passive cooling design.
For example, classrooms require consistent daylight and thermal comfort during school hours, while auditoriums and laboratories may have different needs.
The literature highlights the importance of flexible and adaptive design solutions that respond to these diverse demands.
Material selection and building envelope characteristics further interact with orientation and shading High thermal mass materials can moderate Binti.
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113-122 indoor temperatures by absorbing and releasing heat, complementing shading devices.
Reflective surfaces and glazing technologies also play roles in controlling solar heat The literature advocates for integrated design approaches that consider climatic, contextual, and functional factors holistically.
Building performance simulation tools are increasingly used to model these complex interactions and optimize passive cooling strategies for specific sites and building types.
In conclusion, climatic and contextual considerations are vital to the successful application of solar orientation and shading devices.
Customized design solutions that respond to local conditions enhance cooling load reductions and occupant comfort in educational Challenges and Future Directions in Implementing Passive Cooling Strategies Despite the proven benefits of solar orientation and shading devices, several challenges hinder their widespread and effective implementation in educational The literature identifies barriers such as limited awareness among stakeholders, budget constraints, regulatory hurdles, and competing architectural priorities.
One major challenge is the lack of integration between architectural design and energy performance considerations during early project stages.
Often, orientation and shading decisions are made without comprehensive energy analysis, leading to suboptimal The literature stresses the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, engineers, and energy consultants to embed passive cooling strategies into design workflows.
Financial constraints also affect the adoption of advanced shading technologies, particularly in public educational institutions with limited funding.
While fixed shading devices are cost-effective, dynamic shading systems that offer greater adaptability remain underutilized due to higher costs and maintenance demands.
Regulatory frameworks and building codes may not sufficiently incentivize or mandate passive design strategies, limiting their adoption.
The literature calls for policy interventions and incentives to promote sustainable building practices, including orientation and shading Furthermore, uncertainties that complicate passive cooling design.
Increasing temperatures and changing weather patterns require adaptive and resilient design solutions.
Emerging technologies, such as smart shading systems integrated with building automation, offer promising avenues to address these challenges.
The literature also highlights gaps in research, particularly regarding long-term performance monitoring of shading devices and orientation strategies in educational More empirical studies and case analyses are needed to validate simulation results and refine design In summary, overcoming implementation Future research should focus on adaptive shading technologies, climate-responsive design, and integration with renewable energy systems to enhance the sustainability of educational buildings.
CONCLUSION
The assessment of solar orientation and shading and fins effectively block direct sunlight, reducing indoor devices in reducing cooling loads in educational buildings temperatures and the need for mechanical cooling by up to reveals that these passive design strategies are highly 23%, as supported by various empirical studies.
While fixed effective in enhancing energy efficiency and thermal shading devices provide reliable solar protection, dynamic Proper solar orientation, particularly favoring or a adjustable shading systems offer enhanced adaptability north-south axis in tropical and subtropical climates, to changing solar angles and occupant needs, although their significantly minimizes direct solar heat gain, thereby higher costs may limit widespread use in educational lowering cooling demands.
Complementing orientation.
The combined application of optimal orientation external shading devices such as fixed overhangs, louvers, and shading devices produces synergistic effects, resulting Yurika / Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 16 No 2 .
113-118 in more substantial cooling load reductions than when building design can substantially reduce cooling energy applied independently.
However, the effectiveness of these consumption, improve occupant comfort, and contribute strategies depends on careful design tailored to local to sustainable building practices, aligning with global efforts climatic conditions, building typologies, and functional to reduce energy use and environmental impact in the Challenges remain in integrating these education sector.
passive measures early in the design process, balancing daylighting needs, and addressing budgetary and regulatory Overall, incorporating solar orientation and shading devices as integral components of educational ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and all the experts who provided invaluable guidance and support throughout this research on solar orientation and shading devices in educational buildings.
Special thanks are extended to the academic community and institutions that made available the extensive literature and resources essential for this study.
I also appreciate the REFERENCE