Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109
ISSN: 1907-591X.
E-ISSN: 2442-3084
DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
19105/al-lhkam.
Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective Ali Imron Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia email: ali.
imron@uin-suka.
Anif Yuni Muallifah Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia, email: anif.
muallifah@uin-suka.
Ahmed Zaranggi Ar Ridho Universitas PTIQ Jakarta.
Indonesia email: zeranggi.
reza@gmail.
Muhammad Zaelani Universitas PTIQ Jakarta.
Indonesia email: muhammad.
zaelani1219@gmail.
Firdarini Universitas PTIQ Jakarta.
Indonesia email: firdarini.
mhs@ptiq.
Article history: Received: January 06, 2025.
Accepted: March 19, 2026.
Published: June 30, 2026 Abstract:
This study aims to explore the perspectives of Yogyakarta scholars on vaccines produced using MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidne.
cells derived from dog kidneys.
MDCK raises concerns among Muslims regarding its ualAl status, as dogs are considered impure .
in Islamic law.
Through in-depth interviews with five key informants from MUI.
LPH.
LBM PWNU, and UIN Sunan Kalijaga, this study examines their views based on the al-QurAoAn.
Ad, and juristic opinions.
The findings reveal diverse positions.
One informant emphasizes Author correspondence email: ali.
imron@uin-suka.
Available online at: http://ejournal.
id/index.
php/alihkam/ Copyright .
2026 by Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Ali Imron, et.
regulatory barriers rooted in the Shafi'i school, which requires istiuAlah .
erfect transformatio.
and rejects foreign ualAl Other informants invoke talfq .
by shifting to the Maliki or Hanafi schools, which consider dogs not impure.
They also highlight the concept of mujAwir .
rocess accompaniment.
, arguing that MDCK cells are effectively removed through purification, and that even in the Shafi'i school, impurity invisible to the naked eye is forgivable .
aAofuwwun Aoanh.
Clinical analogies, such as Enoxaparin, further support conditional permissibility.
The majority accept MDCK-based vaccines when no ualAl alternatives exist, purification ensures no cellular traces remain, and public health necessity .
justifies their use under uife an-nafs .
reservation of lif.
This study has limitations, namely that it only covers scholars from Yogyakarta and focuses only on MDCK cells.
Further research is needed for other regions and for other impure .
materials besides MDCK.
Keywords:
Vaccine.
MDCK Cell-line.
Unclean.
Dog.
alAlness Introduction Vaccination is one of the most effective measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.
1 However, the acceptance of vaccines among Muslim communities often faces challenges related to the ualAl status of the materials used in the vaccine production process.
One such concern is the use of the MDCK (MadinDarby Canine Kidne.
cell line, derived from dog kidneys, in the production of vaccines such as influenza vaccines.
The official authority, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the national public health agency, explicitly states on its official website that since the 2019Ae2020 flu season, all Candidate Vaccine Viruses (CVV.
provided to manufacturers for vaccine production .
n 1 Kabiru Goje.
AuImmunization and Quarantine in the Light of the Prophetic Traditions with Reference to the UAE Quarantine Policies for Fighting COVID-19,Ay AlBayan: Journal of QurAoan and Hadith Studies 20, no.
: 48Ae75, https://doi.
org/10.
1163/22321969-12340108.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective Americ.
have been derived from MDCK cells, rather than fertilized Although not as well-known as the issue of pork in vaccines, the controversy surrounding the use of dog elements in vaccines has actually been circulating in Indonesia.
In 2021.
Alfian Tanjung, a fairly popular preacher, claimed that vaccines are made from extracts of dogs, monkeys, and pigs.
AuWhy are there so many poor people, struggling people, nowadays? And why are their illnesses so strange? Because they have been corrupted through injections.
Vaccines that contain trypsin.
Trypsin, the extracts of dogs, monkeys, and pigs," said Alfian Tanjung.
A few years earlier, in 2015, a doctor named Puti Naindra Alevia, in her writing titled AuVaksin Halal.
Vaksin HaramAy .
lAl Vaccines, arAm Vaccine.
, wrote, "It turns out that, in addition to trypsin, vaccine production also uses other materials whose ualAl status is unclear, such as monkey kidney tissue, dog kidney cells, and human retina cells as a medium for virus cultivation for the development of the influenza vaccine.
"4 This presents a significant theological concern given that Islamic jurisprudence categorizes dogs as ritually impure .
, thereby problematizing the ualAl compliance of vaccines derived from MDCK cell lines.
A review of the literature pertinent to this study reveals a discursive divide that remains largely unbridged.
On one side, scholarship has concentrated on the technological and positive legal 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
AuCell-Based Flu Vaccines,Ay Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
August 25, 2023, https://w.
gov/flu/vaccinetypes/cell-based.
3 M Rodhi Aulia.
AuVideo Alfian Tanjung Sebut Vaksin dari Saripati Anjing.
Monyet dan Babi? Ini Faktanya,Ay Cek Fakta.
January 23, 2021, https://cekfakta.
com/focus/6175.
4 Puti Naindra Alevia.
AuVaksin Haram.
Vaksin Halal,Ay Klik Dokter.
January 22, https://w.
com/info-sehat/kesehatan-umum/vaksin-haramvaksinhalal?srsltid=AfmBoSXeMkC4LzoLZTrARa61InxWyNyVVIWttjp1xdYmB2wTO9n HlW.
5 Mujahidin Ahmad.
AuDeveloping Halal Vaccine Production in Indonesia:
Challenges and Future Opportunities,Ay El-Hayah:Jurnal Biologi 9, no.
: 18Ae30, https://doi.
org/10.
18860/elha.
Teguh Ifandi and Idaul Hasanah.
AuMaslahat (Benefit.
in Fiqh Awlywiyyt: A Comparison between Yysuf Al-QarydhawyAos View and Abdus Salam Aly Al-KarbulyAos,Ay Al-AoAdalah : Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum Islam 21, no.
: 1Ae24, https://doi.
org/10.
21111/tsaqafah.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
aspects of vaccine production.
Virological research, such as that by Hegde .
,6 Gregersen et al.
7, and Noh .
,8 convincingly demonstrates the technical advantages of the MDCK cell platform, from production efficiency to antigen .
accine see.
purity, yet it completely sidesteps the question of the religious permissibility .
of its substrate.
Concurrently.
Islamic legal scholarship, exemplified by the works of Zulkarnain et al .
,9 and Ahmad .
10 identify the use of animal cells as a serious concern.
However, its analysis of MDCK cells often culminates in a simplistic pronouncement of prohibition .
This approach neglects two critical dimensions: .
an in-depth discussion of relevant Islamic legal maxims .
awA'id fiqhiyya.
, such as istihAlah .
and darurah .
, and .
the contextual reasoning and voices of local Islamic scholars or intellectuals, for instance, in Yogyakarta, which possess a direct understanding of local Concurrently, a distinct body of scholarship has rigorously examined the socio-religious dynamics of vaccine acceptance within Muslim communities.
This literature provides valuable analyses of 6 Nagendra R.
Hegde.
AuCell Culture-Based Influenza Vaccines: A Necessary and Indispensable Investment for the Future,Ay Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 11, no.
: 1223Ae34, https://doi.
org/10.
1080/21645515.
7 Jens Peter Gregersen et al.
AuSafety of MDCK Cell Culture-Based Influenza Vaccines,Ay Future Microbiology .
143Ae52, https://doi.
org/10.
2217/fmb.
8 Ji Yun Noh and Woo Joo Kim.
AuInfluenza Vaccines: Unmet Needs and Recent Developments,Ay Infection and Chemotherapy 45, no.
: 375Ae86, https://doi.
org/10.
3947/ic.
9 Nurul Nadiah Zulkarnain et al.
AuCell-Based Influenza Vaccine: Current Production.
Halal Status Assessment, and Recommendations towards IslamicCompliant Manufacturing,Ay Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 17, no.
2158Ae68, https://doi.
org/10.
1080/21645515.
Sri Walny Rahayu and Syahrizal Abbas.
AuA Synergy of Halal Tourism Regulations and Tourism Rights Protection in Aceh: Pentahelix Model,Ay Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 8, no.
: 1454Ae75, https://doi.
org/10.
22373/sjhk.
10 Ahmad.
AuDeveloping Halal Vaccine Production in Indonesia: Challenges and Future OpportunitiesAy.
Abdul Hamid et al.
AuMisconception about Halal Certification Placement on Non-Food Commodities : State Coercion over the Territory of Ijtihad,Ay Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 19, no.
: 271Ae88, https://doi.
org/10.
24090/mnh.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective institutional fatwas, e.
by Atabik .
,11 Hasyim .
12, and Sholeh .
,13 elucidating how the framework of maqAid asysyarAoah.
he higher objectives of Islamic la.
is operationalized in public health.
Nonetheless, these inquiries remain generalized in scope, failing to grapple with the specific juridical problem posed by biologics derived from ritually impure sources, such as porcine trypsin or canine MDCK cells.
Parallel sociological investigations, e.
Padmawati et al.
14 and Machmud et al.
,15 convincingly establish the pivotal role of religious authorities in shaping local community behavior.
However, they predominantly map psychosocial determinants rather than deconstruct the substantive theological and jurisprudential reasoning underpinning the scholars' positions.
Consequently, a salient interdisciplinary gap is evident: the absence of a dedicated fiqh inquiry into the specific case of MDCK cells.
This study addresses critical gaps in the existing literature by conducting a focused Islamic legal analysis of vaccines utilizing MadinDarby Canine Kidney (MDCK).
Furthermore, while prominent voices from various regions, such as Mujahidin Ahmad (Malang.
Indonesi.
,16 11 Ahmad Atabik and Muhammad R.
Muqtada.
AuMaqashid QuranAos Critical View on Indonesian Ulema CouncilAos Fatwa on Halal Certification of COVID-19 Vaccine,Ay HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 80, no.
1 (March 2.
: 6, https://doi.
org/10.
4102/HTS.
V80I1.
12 Syafiq Hasyim.
AuPrioritizing Life over Religion in IndonesiaAos Covid-19 Fatwas: The Fatwas of NU.
Muhammadiyah, and MUI,Ay Studia Islamika 30, no.
(September 2.
: 407, https://doi.
org/10.
36712/SDI.
V30I3.
Muhammad Taufiq.
Muhammad Fauzinuddin Faiz, and Ziyad Ravadeh.
AuBetween Sharia and State : Fatwa Authority and Pandemic Responses in Indonesia .
Turkey , and Morocco,Ay De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan SyarAoiah 17, no.
: 377Ae94, https://doi.
org/10.
18860/jfsh.
13 Muhammad Asrorun Niam Sholeh.
AuFatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and Its Contributions to the Halal and Holy Status of COVID-19 Vaccine in Indonesia,Ay Journal of Positive School Psychology 6, no.
: 6961 Ae 6972.
14 Retna Siwi Padmawati et al.
AuReligious and Community LeadersAo Acceptance of Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Yogyakarta.
Indonesia: A Qualitative Study,Ay BMC Public Health 19, no.
: 1Ae6, https://doi.
org/10.
1186/s12889-019-6706-4.
15 Putri Bungsu Machmud et al.
AuBarriers to and Facilitators of Hepatitis B Vaccination among the Adult Population in Indonesia: A Mixed Methods Study,Ay Vaccines 11, no.
: 398, https://doi.
org/10.
3390/VACCINES11020398/S1.
16 Ahmad.
AuDeveloping Halal Vaccine Production in Indonesia: Challenges and Future OpportunitiesAy.
Khusniati Rofiah et al.
AuLegal Awareness of Halal Products Certification among East Java Business Operators and Society,Ay Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah 23, no.
: 55Ae65, https://doi.
org/10.
31958/juris.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
Alfian Tanjung (Jakarta.
Indonesi.
,17 and Nurul Nadiah Zulkarnain (Malaysi.
18 have consistently opposed the permissibility of canine cell-based vaccines on religious grounds.
Islamic scholars (AoulamAA.
in Yogyakarta present notably divergent perspectives.
This localized approach provides new insights into ualAl vaccine discourse.
The objective of this research is to seek answers to the following questions: .
How can the vaccine production process involving the MDCK cell line derived from canine kidneys be comprehensively explained, and what is the critical role of MDCK in this vaccine production process? .
How are the global perspectives from the QurAoan.
Hadith, and Islamic jurists regarding dogs viewed? .
How do the local scholars in Yogyakarta view vaccines produced using this MDCK cell line? Methods This study employs a qualitative field research design structured to facilitate a deep, interdisciplinary fiqh inquiry.
The primary empirical data consists of semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted with key informants in Yogyakarta (January-February 2.
, selected for their authoritative expertise at the nexus of Islamic jurisprudence and biomedical science.
These interviews are designed specifically to elicit the hermeneutical processes and contextual reasoning these scholars employ when navigating the classical legal texts on impurity .
ajAsa.
in light of modern biotechnology.
Several key informants were selected based on their specific expertise relevant to this study, as displayed in Table 1.
Table 1.
List of Key Informants 17 M Rodhi Aulia.
AuVideo Alfian Tanjung Sebut Vaksin dari Saripati Anjing.
Monyet dan Babi? Ini Faktanya.
Ay 18 Nurul Nadiah Zulkarnain et al.
AuCell-Based Influenza Vaccine: Current Production.
Halal Status Assessment, and Recommendations towards IslamicCompliant Manufacturing,Ay Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 17, no.
2158Ae68, https://doi.
org/10.
1080/21645515.
Diky Faqih Maulana.
Makhrus, and Hamidatul Hasanah.
AuThe Urgency of MUI Halal Fatwa about Food .
Beverage .
Medicine and Cosmetic Products for the Consumer Protection,Ay Volksgeist:
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Konstitusi .
199Ae214, https://doi.
org/10.
24090/volksgeist.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective Key Informant Ahmad Baidowi Abdul Mustaqim Dian Aruni Kumalawati Anis Masduqi Lukluk Al Ulya Position / Affiliation Head of the alAl Assurance Agency (LPH) at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Head of Information and Communication.
Yogyakarta
Provincial Indonesian Ulema
Council
(MUI
Yogyakart.
Head Biomedical Science Program.
UIN Sunan Kalijaga Chair Nahdlatul Ulama Regional Institute for Research Development (LBM PWNU).
Yogyakarta General Doctor at the Sunan Kalijaga Health Center Area of Expertise Professor of Qur'anic Exegesis (Tafs.
UIN Sunan Kalijaga Expert in Exegesis of Legal Verses (Tafsr AyAt al-AukA.
Expert in Biomedical Science Expert Hadith AukA.
Legal (Ad al- Medical Practitioner.
In addition to utilizing primary data from the key informants in Table 1, this study also employs secondary data derived from relevant library sources pertaining to the research theme, encompassing both vaccine science and Islamic law perspectives.
Data obtained from primary and secondary sources were processed through qualitative thematic analysis.
This process involved systematically coding the data, categorizing it based on emergent themes relevant to the research questions, reducing less relevant data, and critically analyzing these categories to construct a coherent The research findings are presented in the form of a criticaldescriptive narrative.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
Result and Discussion Definition.
Origin, and Critical Role of MDCK in Vaccine Manufacturing MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidne.
is a cell line derived from the kidneys of healthy female Cocker Spaniel dogs.
This cell line was discovered in 1958 by S.
Madin and N.
Darby.
The existence of MDCK has proven to be important in the fields of cell biology and To analyze the permissibility of a vaccine produced using MDCK cells, it is essential to understand the vaccine manufacturing process itself, as it is within these technical stages that critical points of inquiry are often overlooked.
The following outlines the influenza vaccine production protocol employed by Merck & Co.
, a multinational pharmaceutical corporation and leading global vaccine producer whose products are utilized worldwide.
Figure 1.
Influenza vaccine manufacturing process using the MDCK cell line.
BiologyInsights Team.
AuMDCK Cell Line in Vaccine Production:
Characteristics & Processes - BiologyInsights,Ay October 2024.
20 Merck.
AuEgg-Based and Cell-Based Influenza Vaccine Manufacturing Methods,Ay n.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective It can be seen in Figure 1 that stage .
is media preparation.
this stage, four key components are prepared: dry powder cell culture media, liquid cell culture media, pre-filtration equipment and materials, and media sterilization.
The .
stage is bioreactor suspension cell culture.
It is at this stage that cell lines like MDCK are used as hosts for the antigen .
, which later becomes the vaccine Once the cell culture is complete, the vaccine seed virus is The .
stage is primary clarification, where the harvested antigen .
accine see.
is filtered.
This step involves purifying the vaccine seed from debris, including remnants of the MDCK host cells.
The .
stage is secondary clarification, which repeats the primary clarification process to further clean the viral solution from smaller and finer contaminants.
The .
stage is bioburden reduction, where antibiotics are added, followed by sterile filtration using a fine-pored filter .
22 micrometer.
to remove any remaining microbes.
The .
stage is nucleic acid digestion, where nucleases .
uch as DNase and RNas.
are used to eliminate residual DNA and RNA from the host cells .
MDCK) that may remain in the solution.
The .
stage is ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF/DF), which removes residual enzymes from the previous bioburden reduction During diafiltration, water as buffer is continuously added to wash away the chemical residues.
The .
stage is virus inactivation, where the virus is deactivated using chemicals such as formaldehyde or ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which destroys the virus's genetic material, rendering it incapable of causing disease.
The .
stage is UF/DF chemical removal.
Here, the inactivated vaccine seed virus is filtered again to ensure the solution containing the virus is free from molecular contaminants and chemical residues.
The .
stage is virus capture chromatography and sucrose gradient These two steps are part of a single process.
Although the previous nine stages have removed many contaminants, some host cell proteins, nucleic acids, and other small particles may still remain.
This stage is designed to eliminate all remaining residues.
The .
stage is virus splitting, where the virus's structure is broken down into smaller components.
This process uses chemicals, typically specialized detergents, which disrupt the virus's lipid membrane and proteins, breaking it into smaller.
The .
stage is Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
UF/DF chemical removal, which eliminates residual chemicals using a specialized membrane.
A clean buffer solution is added at this stage.
The equipment and materials used include: .
a semi-permeable membrane with small pores that can retain the virus while allowing residual chemical molecules to pass through.
buffers such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
Tris-buffered saline (TBS), or HEPES .
deionized water used to prepare the buffer and wash the membrane during the process .
n the vaccine industry, thousands of liters of water may be use.
pumps and circulation systems to pump the solution through the membrane and maintain a stable flow.
devices to control pressure, flow, and temperature throughout the The .
stage is polishing chromatography.
This is the second chromatography step, following the chromatography in stage 10.
Here, the vaccine seed virus is filtered through a chromatography column using specialized resin or filters to separate the virus from contaminants such as proteins.
DNA, or other residual chemicals.
The .
stage is another round of ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF).
While similar to stage 12, this step has a different purpose, requiring adjustments in conditions and technical settings.
The UF/DF in stage 12 aims to remove residual chemicals from the virus splitting process, whereas the UF/DF in stage 14 focuses on increasing the concentration of the virus in the solution by reducing its water content.
The .
stage is monovalent bulk, which involves collecting the purified virus.
The term "monovalent" indicates that only one type of virus is gathered for further processing in the subsequent stages.
22 The .
stage is final formulation, where the purified vaccine is mixed with adjuvants and excipients.
Adjuvants are substances added to enhance the body's immune response to the antigen.
One commonly used adjuvant is MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion.
Influenza vaccines enriched with MF59 show increased effectiveness in elderly patients.
Excipients, on the other hand, are additives used to stabilize the vaccine 21 Jieun Lee.
Jiwon Na, and Youngbin Baek.
AuEffects of Impurities from Sugar Excipient on Filtrate Flux during Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration Process,Ay Membranes 11, no.
: 775, https://doi.
org/10.
3390/MEMBRANES11100775/S1.
22 Diyna Knipl and Seyed M.
Moghadas.
AuComparative Dynamics of Monovalent and Bivalent Vaccination for Immunologically Unrelated Pathogens,Ay https://doi.
org/10.
1142/S0218339016500054 24, no.
1 (April 3, 2.
: 91Ae115, accessed December 31, 2024, https://w.
com/worldscinet/jbs.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective and ensure its durability during delivery.
The .
stage is sterile filtration, the final step before filling and packaging the vaccine.
This step ensures the final product is free from microbial contaminants such as bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms.
Sterile filtration is crucial as it ensures the absence of pathogens without compromising the integrity of the vaccine product.
The .
stage is final fill, where the vaccine product is packaged into vials or syringes ready for use.
Filling is performed using automated machines to minimize contamination risks and ensure dosage accuracy.
From the above explanation, it can be seen that the MDCK cell line plays a crucial role in the second stage, serving as the host for the influenza virus to grow and replicate.
Since viruses cannot survive or reproduce independently without attaching to a living host cell, the presence of the MDCK cell line is a prerequisite for the existence of the influenza virus.
Once separated from its host cell, the virus will gradually die unless it finds another living host to attach to.
The same point was also stated by Dian Aruni.
Head of the Biomedical Science Study Program at UIN Sunan Kalijaga:
AuVaccines manufactured to prevent virus-induced diseases must be produced using materials derived from the virus The influenza virus serving as the vaccine seed cannot replicate on its own.
It must reside within a living cell, such as MDCK.
without this host cell, the virus will degrade and lose its infectivity in less than a day.
Consequently, vaccine production would failAy23 The statement affirms an undeniable scientific fact: the influenza virus is an obligate intracellular parasite, thus absolutely requiring a living host cell to replicate.
In the context of vaccine production.
MDCK becomes a technical prerequisite for the existence of the virus itself, which is then used as the vaccine seed.
General Perspectives of the al-QurAoAn, ad, and Islamic Jurists on the Use of Dogs as a Source for MDCK 23 Dian Aruni Kumalawati.
Head of the Biomedical Science Study Program at UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Interview.
January 13, 2025.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
As previously explained.
MDCK, commonly used in influenza vaccine production, originates from the kidney cells of female Cocker Spaniel dogs.
Therefore, to determine the Islamic legal ruling on MDCK, it is necessary to comprehensively examine Islamic texts, including the QurAoan.
Hadith, and the opinions of Islamic scholars, regarding dogs.
Table 2 below shows relevant QurAoanic verses about Table 2.
QurAoanic References to Dogs and Their Jurisprudential Relevance Surah/ Translation Verse Al-Kahf Some will say, 'They were three, their dog being the .
:22 fourth,' while others will say, 'They were five, their dog being the sixth,'Aionly guessing blindly.
And others will say, 'They were seven, their dog being the ' Say, 'My Lord knows best their number.
None knows them except a few.
al-MAAoidah Say, 'What is good and lawful for you is what is .
:4 caught by hunting animals .
you have trained as Allah has taught you.
So eat what they catch for you, and mention AllahAos name over it.
Al-A'raf "We willed.
We could have elevated him through .
:175-177 Our signs, but he clung to the worldly life and followed his desires.
His likeness is that of a dog: if you chase it, it pants with its tongue out, and if you leave it, it still pants with its tongue out.
Such is the example of those who deny Our signs.
Sources: ResearchersAo document analysis From these three verses in Table 2, it is clear that two verses portray dogs positively: the dog of the People of the Cave (QurAoan.
AlKahfi: .
and the trained hunting dog .
l-QurAoAn, al-MAAoidah: .
Meanwhile, one verse uses the dog as a negative metaphor for humans with bad behavior, not as a literal judgment on the physical nature of In contrast to the Qur'anic normative framework discussed above.
Hadith provides more detailed and diverse legal rulings Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective concerning the status of dogs and human interaction with them.
The spectrum of these rulings, summarized in Table 3.
Table 3.
Key Prophetic Traditions (A.
on Dogs and Their Jurisprudential Implications Hadith Reference al-BukhAr: 172 al-BukhAr: 175 Muslim: 4015 Muslim: 4010 al-BukhAr: 492 al-BukhAr: 172 al-BukhAr: 173 Translation The purification of the vessel of one of you, if a dog has licked it, is that he should wash it seven times, the first of which is with clean soil.
If you release your trained dog .
or huntin.
and mention the name of Allah, then eat .
hat it " 25 Whoever keeps a dog that is not for herding livestock, hunting, or guarding farmland, will lose one qirA from his reward every day.
Indeed, we .
do not enter a house in which there is a dog or images.
The prayer is nullified by a woman, a donkey, and a black dog.
and a prostitute was forgiven who passed by a dog panting near a well.
so she drew water for it with her shoe, and she was forgiven.
"29
Dogs used to urinate, come and go in the mosque during the time of Allah's Messenger (A)A, and they would not sprinkle anything .
because of "30 Sources: ResearchersAo document analysis 24 Shalih Al-Utsaimin.
Syarah Shahih Al-Bukhari 1 (Jakarta: Darus Sunnah, 2.
25 Ahmad Sunarto.
Tarjamah Shahih Al-Bukhari 1 (Semarang: CV Asy-Syifa, 1.
, 337.
26 Muslim bin Hajjaj.
English Translation of Sahih Muslim Arabic-English.
Vol 4 (Transl.
Nashiruddin Al-Khatha.
(Riyadh: Darussalam, 2.
, 288.
27 Hajjaj.
28 Ahmad Sunarto.
Tarjamah Shahih Al-Bukhari 1 (Semarang: CV Asy-Syifa, 1.
, 337.
29 Sunarto, 134.
30 Sunarto.
Tarjamah Shahih Al-Bukhari 1.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
Table 3 reveals that the hadith corpus encompasses a broad spectrum of perspectives on the legal rulings pertaining to dogs.
Certain hadiths present detailed, restrictive viewsAifor instance, mandating a seven-fold purification for a dog's lick, permitting ownership only for specific utilitarian purposes .
ike guardin.
, and citing dogs as nullifiers of prayer.
Conversely, other hadiths establish remarkably positive or neutral legal precedents, such as affirming the permissibility of game caught by trained dogs and documenting the commonplace, uncontested presence of dogs in the vicinity of the Prophet's mosque.
This internal dialectic within the prophetic tradition itself signifies that the legal status of the dog is not a rigid or monolithic decree but rather a dynamic, multi-textured issue that has sustained rigorous scholarly debate from the classical era to the present day.
Due to this seemingly ambiguous positioning of dogs in the QurAoan and Hadith.
Islamic scholars have differing opinions on the detailed rulings regarding dogs, as explained in Table 4.
Table 4.
Differences of opinion among Islamic jurists on the ruling regarding dogs Opinion on the Mazhab Evidence and Arguments Used Impurity of Dogs Hanafi Dogs not Based on QurAoan.
Al-AnAoam: 145, inherently impure.
dogs are not mentioned as uarAm only their mouth, or impure animals, and they are saliva, urine, and beneficial for hunting as stated in feces are impure.
QurAoan.
Al-Maidah: 4.
However, the mouth, saliva, urine, and feces are considered impure, as per the hadith narrated by Muslim.
Maliki Dogs are considered Imam Malik argued that all pure in their entirety, animals are inherently pure, their including dogs.
Only their saliva 31 Wahbah Zuhaily.
Al-Fiqh Al-Islam Wa Adillatuh .
, 3rd ed.
(Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr, 1.
, 153.
Abd Ar--Rahman Al-Jazairi.
Kitab al-Fiqh Ala Madzahib al-Arbaah, 1st ed.
(Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 2.
, 13Ae14.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective Mazhab ShafiAoi Hanbali Opinion on the Impurity of Dogs Dogs are considered .
ajis mugallaea.
their entire body is Dogs are considered severely impure.
their entire body is Evidence and Arguments Used something is licked by a dog, it must be washed as a form of ritual purification .
aAoabbu.
Based on the ProphetAos (SAW) hadith that orders washing a vessel licked by a dog seven times, one of which should include rubbing it with soil.
Similar to the ShafiAoi School, based on the hadith about washing a vessel licked by a dog Sources: ResearchersAo document analysis Table 4 implies significant jurisprudential divergence .
khtilAf fiq.
regarding canine impurity, reflecting distinct interpretive methodologies among the madhAhib.
As evidenced in the Hanafi school, dogs are not considered impure due to their usefulness as guards and hunters, as acknowledged in the QurAoan (Al-Maidah: .
35 Dogs are deemed pure because the QurAoan (Al-AnAoam: .
does not classify them as impure .
or forbidden animals.
However, the mouth, saliva, urine, and feces of dogs are still considered impure.
Items licked by a dog must be washed seven times, as reported in the hadiths narrated by Ahmad and Muslim.
In the Maliki School, all living animals are considered pure, including dogs.
However, vessels licked by a dog must be washed seven times as a form of compliance with Islamic law.
In the book Asyiyah a-Aw AoalA asy-Syaru a-agr.
Imam al-Shawi explains:
32 Al-Jazairi.
Kitab Al-Fiqh Ala Madzahib Al-Arbaah.
33 Al-Jazairi.
34 Zuhaily.
Al-Fiqh Al-Islam Wa Adillatuh .
35 Amira Sonbol.
AuDiscourses on and Realities of the Life of Canines among Arabs Muslims,Ay Hawwa .
101Ae20, https://doi.
org/10.
1163/15692086-12341256.
36 Kurniawan.
AuIni Pandangan Ulama Perihal Najis Anjing,Ay NU Online.
July 2, https://nu.
id/bahtsul-masail/ini-pandangan-ulama-perihal-najis-anjingE7H5d.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
"Purity applies to living animals, their sweat, tears, mucus, saliva, and eggs, except for rotten eggs and what comes out after their death.
The default state of all things is purity.
The entire earth and what emerges from it are pure, and impurity is a secondary consideration.
Every living creature, even dogs or pigs, is pure, as are their sweat and other bodily fluids, except for rotten eggs.
"37
In contrast, the ShAfi and anbal schools maintain that dogs .
anis lupus familiari.
and all their bodily derivatives are ritually impure .
ajis mugallaea.
According to these juridical views, objects contaminated by such substances require seven purification washes .
, one of which must incorporate soil .
This position carries significant pharmaceutical implications, particularly regarding the impermissibility .
of dog-derived medical components.
For instance, the encapsulation of insulin-producing cells derived from dog adipose tissue for diabetes therapeutics would be considered religiously proscribed .
under these schools' rulings, notwithstanding potential.
Yogyakarta Ulamas View on Vaccines Produced Using Dog Cells (MDCK) With regard to the development of vaccine technology produced using MDCK, the AoulamAAo in Yogyakarta hold a particularly noteworthy perspective.
Informan .
, a professor of Quranic Commentary .
at UIN Sunan Kalijaga and the head of the alAl Assurance Agency (LPH/Lembaga Penjaminan Hala.
at the same institution,39 stated that in 37 Syihabuddin ahmad bin Muhammad As-Shawi.
AuKitAb Asyiyah a-Aw AoalA asy-Syaru a-agr = Bulgah as-SAlik li Aqrab al-MasAlik,Ay Shamela WS Book, 2025, https://shamela.
ws/book/21607/42.
38 Quynh Dang Le et al.
AuIn Vitro Generation of Transplantable InsulinProducing Cells from Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells,Ay Scientific Reports 12, no.
: 1Ae18, https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41598-022-13114-3.
39 LPH UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
AuLPH UIN Sunan Kalijaga Naik Status Menjadi LPH Utama.
Perluas Cakupan dan Jangkauan Pemeriksaan Halal Hingga Kancah Internasional,Ay LPH UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
January 18, 2024, https://uin2024.
id/id/berita/detail/1351/blog-post.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective Indonesia.
LPH follows the ShafiAoi school of thought.
Therefore, vaccines produced using MDCK cells would face challenges in obtaining ualAl certification from the alAl Product Assurance Agency (BPJPH/ Badan Penyelenggaraan Jaminan Produk Hala.
He states:
"To my knowledge, the guidelines used by LPH, as an extension of BPJPH under the Ministry of Religious Affairs, are still based on the fatwas issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), which adhere to the ShafiAoi school.
Any product, including vaccines from abroad, must obtain certification from BPJPH to enter and circulate in Indonesia.
Thus, vaccines developed using dog cells like MDCK will find it difficult to receive ualAl certification from MUI.
For example, if a vaccine lists MDCK as one of its ingredients and has already received certification from Morocco, it would still need to undergo recertification in Indonesia.
"40
Informan .
statement reveals two main obstacles to the ualAl certification of MDCK-based vaccines in Indonesia.
The Indonesian ualAl certification system adheres strictly to the Shafi'i school of thought, which prohibits all derivatives of dogs unless a perfect istiuAlah .
Even extensive processing of MDCK may not necessarily meet the stringent standards of the Shafi'i school, making it difficult for such vaccines to obtain certification.
alAl certificates from other countries that follow the Maliki school .
Morocc.
or the Hanafi school .
Turke.
are not recognized.
Consequently, even imported vaccines must be recertified in Indonesia, creating a dilemma between global production efficiency and compliance with domestic regulations.
From this, it can be seen that the main obstacle is not purely a matter of Islamic jurisprudence, but rather the binding regulatory However.
Informan .
added that there is still a possibility for vaccines involving MDCK to be used in Indonesia, particularly in emergency situations in cases where no alternative is available, such as 40 Ahmad Baidhowi, a professor of Quranic Commentary .
at UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Interview.
January 16, 2025.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
Flubio,41 Fluzone,42 Vaxigrip.
Fluad.
Flucevax.
Afluria Vaccine, and others, which are developed using egg-based technology.
In such cases, the argument of sarrah .
could justify their use.
"It is possible that such vaccines could be permitted for use if the situation is urgent and no other alternatives are "43 Accordingly, informan .
, the Head of Information and Communication at the Yogyakarta Provincial Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI Yogyakart.
,44 stated that the use of vaccines involving MDCK cells could be permissible if it is necessary for public health.
Vaccines, as modern technological products, are fundamentally designed for the benefit of humanity .
i malauah al-umma.
"The benefit .
derived from vaccines is the preservation of life .
ife an-naf.
, which aligns with the objectives of Islamic law .
aqAid asy-syarAoa.
, one of which is to protect human life and health.
Moreover, according to Imam Malik, the body of a dog is not impure.
Regarding the impurity of dogs as held by ShafiAoi and Hanbali scholars, we can shift to the Maliki or Hanafi schools for health-related matters like this.
Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-JamAAoah is not strictly tied to the ShafiAoi school.
Religion should not be used to hinder technology that clearly brings benefits to human life.
Instead, religion 41 Maria Cicilia Galuh Prayudhia.
AuBio Farma Siap Membangun Pabrik Baru untuk Meningkatkan Kapasitas Produksi Vaksin,Ay Antara Jabar.
November 1, 2024, https://jabar.
com/berita/554569/bio-farma-siap-membangun-pabrikbaru-untuk-meningkatkan-kapasitas-produksi-vaksin.
42 Sanofi.
AuNewly Licensed US Manufacturing Facility to Increase Availability of FluzoneA High-Dose Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccin.
,Ay WR Newswire.
June 17, 2021, https://w.
com/news-releases/newly-licensed-usmanufacturing-facility-to-increase-availability-of-fluzone-high-dose-quadrivalentinfluenza-vaccine-301314610.
43 Sanofi.
44 MUI Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
AuMUI DIY Gandeng Media Keislaman,Ay MUI DIY Press.
December 5, 2022, https://muidiy.
id/mui-diy-gandeng-mediakeislaman/.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective should be utilized to achieve the greatest common good .
alauah AoAmma.
"45
The statement of Informant .
offers a fundamentally different perspective by advancing three arguments: the priority of maqAid asysyarAoah .
ife an-naf.
, the shifting of legal schools to the Maliki or Hanafi schools, which consider dogs not impure, and the principle that religion should serve as a means to realize public benefit .
, not as an obstacle to technology.
In contrast to Informant .
, who emphasized regulatory barriers based on the Shafi'i school.
Informant .
opens the door to flexibility because vaccines are proven to save lives, thus darurah .
and mashlahah take precedence.
He also affirms that Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-JamAAoah is not rigidly bound to a single mahab, and that Muslims may shift to another school that offers more leniency for public health issues.
This difference reflects the tension between an institutional position tied to MUI fatwas (Shafi'.
and a progressive position that prioritizes maqAid over a particular madhhab's texts, thereby providing a note for BPJPH and MUI to reconsider the ualAl certification standards for MDCK-based vaccines, at least in emergency conditions such as a pandemic.
A more straightforward statement was given by informant .
, the Chair of the Nahdlatul Ulama Regional Institute for Research and Development (LBM PWNU) Yogyakarta,46 who expressed his support for the use of vaccines developed with dog cells like MDCK.
He argued that the Maliki school, recognized as one of the authoritative schools within NU, allows laypeople to follow any of the four major schools of Furthermore, in the final vaccine product injected into patients, dog cells are no longer present.
According to him, even in the ShafiAoi school, najis Aoainiyyah .
hysical impurit.
that is extremely small and invisible to the naked eye is considered forgivable.
"In the ShafiAoi school, najis Aoainiyyah that is not visible to the naked eye .
aerat al-Aoai.
falls under the category of 45 Abdul Mustaqim, the Head of Information and Communication at the Yogyakarta Provincial Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI Yogyakart.
Interview.
January 13, 2025.
46 Ahmad Amnan.
AuSusunan Lengkap Pengurus LBM PBNU 2022-2027,Ay NU ONline.
March 24, 2022, https://nu.
id/nasional/susunan-lengkap-pengurus-lbmpbnu-2022-2027-QPNa5.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
forgivable or tolerable impurity.
Moreover, if laboratory tests confirm that dog DNA is no longer present in the final vaccine product, it is likely that the dog cells were only involved in the vaccine production process .
ujAwi.
and not mixed with the final product injected into patients .
They only come into contact during a specific stage and are subsequently purified with thousands of liters of water.
Therefore, there is no issue with using such vaccines in the Muslim community, especially if the situation demands it.
"47
This statement provides a clear justification for the use of MDCKbased vaccines through three main arguments: .
within the NU tradition, the Maliki school, which considers dogs not impure, is recognized as an authoritative school.
thus, laypeople may shift to that school for this vaccine issue.
MDCK cells only play a role as mujAwir .
rocess accompanier.
that do not permanently mix with the final product, as they undergo extensive purification through 18 stages with washing using thousands of liters of water.
Even within the Shafi'i school itself, physical impurity .
ajis 'ainiyya.
that is extremely small and invisible to the naked eye .
aerat al-Aoai.
falls into the category of forgivable impurity .
aAofuwwun Aoanh.
Therefore, in his view.
MDCK vaccines are permissible for use in Muslim communities, especially in urgent situations, particularly if laboratory tests have confirmed the absence of dog DNA in the final product.
A slightly different perspective was offered by informant .
, a general doctor .
at the Sunan Kalijaga Health Center.
She compared the case of MDCK in vaccine production to the non-ualAl catalyst present in the heart medication.
Enoxaparin.
AuIn clinical practice, we face dilemmas such as the use of Enoxaparin for heart attack patients.
It is more practical than Heparin, but it is produced using a catalyst whose ualAl status is questionable.
MUI has not declared it ualAl.
Nevertheless, due to its effectiveness and ease of use, doctors still choose Enoxaparin.
This is analogous to 47 KH Anis Mashduqi, the Chair of the Nahdlatul Ulama Regional Institute for Research and Development (LBM PWNU) Yogyakarta.
Interview.
January 13, 2025.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective MDCK-based vaccines.
In urgent situations, the key consideration is whether a truly effective alternative exists.
If the alternative is significantly less effective, medical necessity takes precedence.
In practice, we explain this to patients: that the product's ualAl status has not been confirmed by MUI, but its use is pursued for the patient's greater benefit.
Ay48 The statement of Informant .
presents the perspective of a medical practitioner, which differs from those other informants.
Using the analogy of Enoxaparin .
heart medication that uses a non-ualAl catalyst yet remains in use because it is more practical than Hepari.
, she reinforces the argument of sarrah .
, namely that uife annafs .
reservation of lif.
may override unresolved legal considerations as long as no ualAl alternative with equal efficacy exists.
He also highlights the importance of transparency and informed consent, explaining that doctors inform patients that the product's ualAl status has not been confirmed by MUI, yet its use is pursued for the patient's greater benefit.
Thus, this perspective bridges the gap between MUI's cautious fatwas .
utiyA) and the reality of urgent medical needs, aligning with maqAid asy-syarAoah, which prioritizes the preservation of The data from these five informants reveal that the legal debate over MDCK-based vaccines in Yogyakarta is not merely theological but rather a tension between institutional adherence to the Shafi'i school (Informant .
and methodological flexibility that prioritizes maqAid asy-syarAoah as well as clinical realities (Informants 2, 4, and .
Informant 1 represents a rigid regulatory position: Indonesia's ualAl certification system is bound to the Shafi'i school, which requires istiuAlah .
erfect transformatio.
and does not recognize certificates from countries following the Maliki or Hanafi schools, rendering MDCK vaccines difficult to certify as ualAl except in emergency situations with no alternatives.
In contrast.
Informant 2 opens the door to flexibility by emphasizing uife an-nafs .
reservation of lif.
and permitting talfq .
clectic adherenc.
by following the Maliki or Hanafi schools on this specific issue for public benefit .
alauah AoAmma.
, 48 Lukluk Al Ulya, a general doctor .
at the Sunan Kalijaga Health Center Yogyakarta.
Interview.
January 6, 2026.
Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Ali Imron, et.
asserting that religion should not obstruct life-saving technology.
Informant 4 reinforces this argument on three grounds: .
the authority of the Maliki school within the NU tradition.
the status of MDCK cells as mujAwir .
rocess accompaniment.
that are purified through extensive processing until no longer present in the final and .
the concept within the Shafi'i school itself that physical impurity .
ajis 'ainiyya.
, which is invisible to the naked eye .
aerat alAoai.
, falls under forgivable impurity .
aAofuwwun Aoanh.
Meanwhile.
Informant 5 offers a practical medical perspective through the analogy of Enoxaparin .
medication produced with a nonualAl catalyst yet still used due to its effectiveness and the lack of equally effective alternative.
while maintaining transparency with The analytical conclusion is as follows: although national ualAl regulations remain predominantly shaped by the Shafi'i school, there exist strong jurisprudential pathways, namely sarrah .
, istiuAlah .
, talfq .
clecticism between school.
, and the concept of forgivable impurity.
All of these arguments render MDCKbased vaccines permissible, particularly in pandemic emergencies or when no alternative ualAl vaccine of comparable efficacy is available.
From such data, it is evident that, in general.
Yogyakarta scholars accept vaccines produced using MDCK cells, with two opinions stating that their use is permissible under emergency Conclusion In conclusion, the use of MDCK cells in vaccine production, though derived from canine kidneys deemed impure .
by some scholars, is conditionally permissible when: .
no ualAl alternatives exist, .
purification processes ensure no cellular traces remain in the final vaccine product, and .
public health necessity .
justifies their use under uife an-nafs .
reservation of lif.
The Yogyakarta ulamas' stances vary: Informant 1 highlights regulatory barriers within the Shafi'i system, while Informants 2, 4, and 5 invoke talfq .
hifting to the Maliki or Hanafi school.
, the concept of mujAwir .
rocess accompaniment.
, and forgivable impurity .
aAofuwwun Aoanh.
, and clinical analogies such as Enoxaparin to justify permissibility.
This pragmatic balance prioritizes communal benefit over theoretical impurity concerns.
However, the findings are limited by their narrow geographic scope (Yogyakarta-onl.
and exclusion of other contentious Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 21 .
, 2026: 83-109 Dog Components in Vaccines.
Jurisprudential Verses.
Ad and AoUlamAAo Distinctive Perspective cell lines .
, porcine-derived material.
, necessitating broader interdisciplinary research to standardize Islamic vaccine ethics.
Acknowledgment The authors express sincere gratitude to the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP).
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia, for the financial support that made this research possible.
We are also deeply indebted to Saifuddin Zuhri Qudsy for his invaluable insights and steadfast encouragement throughout this Furthermore, our sincere appreciation goes to all individuals and institutions who generously shared their expertise and time for the research interviews central to this study: The Institute for alAl Studies (LPH).
UIN Sunan Kalijaga (Ahmad Baidhow.
The Biomedical Science Program.
UIN Sunan Kalijaga (Dian Aruni Kumalawat.
The Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) of Yogyakarta (Kyai Abdul Mustaqi.
and Pondok Pesantren al-Hadi Yogyakarta and the Faculty of SyariAoa and Law.
UIN Sunan Kalijaga (Kyai Anis Mashduq.
Luklul Al Ulya .
eneral doctor at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Polyclini.
Bibliography