Al Ushuliy: Jurnal Mahasiswa Syariah dan Hukum Vol.
3 No.
2, 2024, 113-123
P-ISSN: 3025-1060.
E-ISSN: 3025-1001
DOI: 10.
31958/alushuliy.
INTEGRATION OF IJARAH AND MUKHABARAH: A STUDY ON
AGRICULTURAL LAND COOPERATION IN NAGARI PAKAN RABAA,
KOTO PARIK GADANG DIATEH DISTRICT.
SOUTH SOLOK REGENCY
Nova Linda1*.
Yustiloviani2.
Zainuddin3.
Alfi Husni4 1Universitas Islam Negeri Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar 2Universitas Islam Negeri Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar 3Universitas Islam Negeri Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar 4Universitas Islam Negeri Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar *Corresponding Author: novalinda0101@gmail.
Abstract: This thesis examines the integration of ijarah and mukhabarah practices in agricultural land cooperation in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh District.
South Solok Regency.
The study aims to analyze and explain the implementation of mukhabarah and ijarah practices and their integration in agricultural land cooperation in the community.
A qualitative field research approach was adopted, with data collected through interviews with landowners and cultivators.
Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman framework, involving data reduction and presentation, with validity ensured through source The primary data sources included six informants: three landowners and three cultivators in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Secondary data sources comprised information from a local religious leader .
, as well as references from the QurAoan.
Hadith, scholarly opinions, journals, and articles.
The findings reveal that mukhabarah cooperation is practiced by landowners transferring land to cultivators, with seeds, fertilizers, and land preparation costs borne by the cultivators.
The harvest is then divided, with 40% allocated to the landowner and 60% to the cultivator.
Meanwhile, ijarah practices involve cultivators directly renting land from the landowners.
In this system, the cultivators bear all farming costs, and rental payments are made annually at the end of the lease, either in cash (Rp.
2,000,.
or as rice .
The integration of mukhabarah and ijarah occurs when landowners offer land to cultivators, who then manage all farming expenses.
An agreement is established that the harvest will be shared .
% for the landowner, 60% for the cultivato.
, and cultivators must also pay an annual land rent at the end of the This integrated practice reflects the communityAos adaptive approach to balancing traditional Islamic principles with local agricultural needs.
Keywords: Integration.
Ijarah.
Mukhabarah.
Farmland Cooperation Introduction The phenomena of mukhabarah and ijarah have always been significant issues in agricultural land cooperation, occurring in various traditional community settings with different models.
For example, these practices can be observed in the communities of Pebenaan Village (Yana Putri, 2.
Wanasaba Lauk Village (Hajar, 2.
Tanjungan Village (Aryanto, 2.
Tanah Rekah Village (Pratomo, 2.
, and Huta Dolok Village (Sari Hasibuan, 2.
the agricultural land cooperation practices of these regions, landowners typically hand over their land to cultivators, and the harvest is divided according to mutually agreed-upon terms.
This practice is also prevalent in West Sumatra, particularly within the Minangkabau In Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh District.
South Solok Regency, 114icAl Ushuliy: Jurnal Mahasiswa Syariah dan Hukum, 3 .
, 2024,113-123 cooperation between landowners and cultivators is carried out using a profit-sharing system involving ijarah and mukhabarah.
An initial agreement sets the rental fee at 90 bushels of rice, while the harvest is shared between the landowner and cultivator according to a predetermined percentage.
Profit-sharing in agriculture is a form of land utilization in which both capital and labor as production inputs are allocated according to a specific ratio derived from the land's yield.
In addition to the cooperation between landowners and cultivators in Nagari Pakan Rabaa, another form of collaboration involves renting rice fields or land.
From the perspective of Islamic contract law, such rental arrangements are permissible, whether the land is used for agriculture, construction, or other purposes.
In Nagari Pakan Rabaa, land rental is conducted using various systems.
One of the most favored systems is renting with payment deferred until the end of the lease period, often referred to locally as "bayar kari" .
aying at the en.
This payment system provides financial flexibility for the tenant, allowing them to use the funds as capital for cultivating the land first.
This arrangement significantly alleviates the financial burden on the tenant (Hendri, 2.
Based on preliminary surveys conducted with a local resident of Nagari Pakan Rabaa, a landowner who leased their land to a farmer, it was found that the harvest is shared between the landowner and farmer based on an agreed percentage.
The agreement is made orally and stipulates that the farmer is responsible for providing seeds for the cultivation during the oneyear period.
The farmer also agrees to pay the land rent at the end of the lease term, with the payment set at 90 bushels of rice as requested by the landowner.
Mukhabarah refers to a cooperative farming arrangement where the landowner hands over their land to a cultivator to manage, plant, and maintain.
The seeds are provided by the landowner, and the harvest is shared based on a predetermined percentage (Ilman, 2.
mukhabarah, the seeds are usually supplied by the cultivator.
Meanwhile, renting .
is a common form of transaction in society and is defined in Arabic as ijarah.
It is a contract to gain benefits in exchange for compensation.
For those without land, renting is often a way to meet daily needs (Agus, 2.
Typically, mukhabarah and ijarah are practiced separately.
However, in some areas, these two systems are combined, beginning with mukhabarah and concluding with ijarah.
This is evident in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh District.
South Solok Regency, where an integration of the two systems occurs.
In this community, agricultural cooperation starts with mukhabarah but transitions into ijarah, illustrating a unique form of collaboration within the Minangkabau community.
Literature Review Contract (Aka.
In Islamic law, akad .
is synonymous with agreements in Indonesian law.
The word akad originates from the term al-'aqd, meaning a bond, connection, or link .
r-rab.
(Moghul, n.
A bond refers to gathering or tying together two ends of a rope so that they connect and form a single, unified rope (Moghul, n.
The terminological definition of akad in Islamic jurisprudence .
is the union of an offer .
and acceptance .
in a manner sanctioned by Islamic law .
yara'), signifying mutual consent between the parties (Farooqi, 2.
Islamic legal scholars (Jumhur Ulam.
define akad as the lawful combination of ijab and qabul that produces legal consequences for its object (Anwar, 2.
Akad involves the meeting of ijab and qabul as a declaration of the intent of two or more parties to establish legal consequences for the object of the contract (Mas'adi.
It reflects the linkage between the desires or statements of two parties, authorized by syara', that result in specific legal implications (Ash-Shiddieqy, 1.
From the definitions above, several key points can be drawn:
Integration Of Ijarah And Mukhabarah: A Study On Agricultural Land Cooperation In Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh District.
South Solok Regency ic115 Akad is the connection between ijab .
and qabul .
that results in legal An akad is not valid if the intentions of both parties are not aligned, as the contract requires a meeting of wills expressed through ijab and qabul.
Akad involves bilateral legal actions, requiring both ijab and qabul.
Unilateral legal actions, such as promises to give gifts, wills, or endowments, do not constitute akad, as they do not involve mutual consent.
The purpose of akad is to create specific legal outcomes.
For instance, in a sales contract, the transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer with corresponding payment is the legal outcome intended by the parties.
Mukhabarah Etymologically, mukhabarah and muzara'ah both refer to agriculture.
According to Rasyid Sulaiman .
4: .
, based on Taqiyyudin's interpretation of Al-Qadhi Abu Thayib's view, muzara'ah and mukhabarah share the same meaning.
Although they share a similar meaning, these terms imply tharh al-zur'ah .
lanting crop.
, which refers to investment .
However, mukhabarah and muzara'ah have different meanings, as argued by Al-Rafi and Al-Nawawi.
According to the terminology used by Islamic scholars, as explained by Abd alRahman al-Zaziri, their definitions also differ.
Sheikh Ibrahim al-Bajuri mentions various scholarly interpretations of mukhabarah, including: Maliki scholars define it as a partnership in Hanbali scholars define it as the delegation of agricultural land to a farmer to cultivate, with the profits shared equally between the two parties.
The form of cooperation between landowners and cultivators is carried out through a contractual agreement in which the yield will be divided according to mutual agreement (Rachmat Syafe'i, 2000: .
Mukhabarah refers to employing someone to work on a piece of land with the profit shared at a ratio of 1/2, 1/3, or 1/4 of the agricultural produce.
Imam Shafi'i defines mukhabarah as the cultivation of land in exchange for a share of the agricultural yield, where the seeds are provided by the cultivator.
From the various definitions mentioned above, it can be concluded that mukhabarah is a cooperative agreement between the owner of a rice field or farmland and the cultivator .
, where the seeds are provided by the cultivator.
According to Rachmat Syafe'i .
, the yield is distributed fairly based on an agreement between both parties.
The difference between muzara'ah and mukhabarah lies in the source of the seeds.
In muzara'ah, the seeds are provided by the landowner, whereas in mukhabarah, the seeds are provided by the cultivator.
Muhammad Fuad .
3: .
states that the legal basis used by scholars to establish the permissibility of the mukhabarah contract is based on a hadith of the Prophet .
eace be upon hi.
, which means:
"Indeed, the Prophet handed over land to the people of Khaibar to be cultivated and maintained, with the agreement that they would be given a share of its produce.
" (Narrated by Muslim from Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with hi.
The hadith narrated by Muslim from Ibn Umar .
ay Allah be pleased with hi.
is as a AA A a aUaea aOaa aUa aea ae aa caaea aa aueaa aea ae aas aeOaesA a AA ca AUe ce UaI A The meaning: "From Ibn Umar, 'Indeed, the Prophet .
eace be upon hi.
gave his garden to the people of Khaibar to be maintained by them, with the agreement that they would be given a portion of the produce, whether from fruits or agricultural crops.
'" (Narrated by Musli.
According to Ahmad .
: .
, citing an opinion from the book Al-Minhaj, mukhabarah refers to working the land .
ultivating fields or rice paddie.
by taking a portion of the yield, with the seeds provided by the worker.
It is not permissible to engage in muzara'ah, which involves cultivating the land using seeds provided by the landowner.
This opinion is based on 116icAl Ushuliy: Jurnal Mahasiswa Syariah dan Hukum, 3 .
, 2024,113-123 authentic hadiths, including the hadith of Tsabit Ibn Adh-Dhahak, due to the negative outcomes that often arise when the arrangement is altered.
Ijarah The term Al-Ijarah originates from the word al-ajru, which linguistically means al-iwadh, or in Indonesian, it translates to "compensation" or "wage.
" According to M.
Tihami.
AlIjarah .
easing or rentin.
is a contractual agreement .
related to the use or benefit of something specific, making it lawful to utilize that benefit in exchange for a predetermined payment .
According to Rachmat Syafi'i.
Ijarah in linguistic terms is defined as: A( eaeiaUaaoeaOAselling In practice, leasing involves granting a tenant or farmer the right to utilize a plot of land that they do not own, based on an agreement signed between the landowner and the This agreement grants the tenant the right to continue cultivating the land as long as they fulfill the obligation of paying rent to the landowner and adhering to the agreed-upon The legal foundations or references for ijarah are the Qur'an.
Hadith, and ijma' .
onsensus of scholar.
The legal basis for ijarah in the Qur'an is:
auA a o aueAo a Oaau Oa aO A a ao Uaa OaeI au aOA An aes eaeaiaoeA AoA a e a a e e e c ea a a ea e a ea e a e a e co s AUaa AU aao eaeI aU aau ea a OeaaO cau aaUOA AA aOaeI aUaaeaeaA a e a ea a ca e a e a e e ea e a a a a e a a e e a e a e Aeaa aeaaO a aeOA The meaning: AuHouse them .
our divorced wive.
where you dwell, according to your means, and do not harm them to oppress them.
And if they are pregnant, then spend on them until they give And if they breastfeed .
our childre.
for you, give them their due payment.
And consult with each other in a reasonable manner.
But if you find it difficult, then another woman may breastfeed the child for him.
Ay (Surah At-Talaq, verse .
From Hadith:
Hadith narrated by Ibnu Majah AaeUEa ac aeaa aAeea aeI ao A aAe aUa The meaning: "Pay the worker their wages before their sweat dries.
Hadith narrated by Imam Baihaqi a eoaEeaa a e Uc eaAeaAeUea aeaA The meaning: "Whoever employs a worker, inform them of their wages.
From IjmaAo During the time of the companions.
Muslims unanimously agreed that ijarah .
easing or hirin.
is permissible because it is beneficial to people.
Method The type of research used by the author is field research with a qualitative approach.
In this study, the researcher describes the information provided by landowners and cultivators regarding the practices of mukhabarah and ijarah cooperation.
Data for the study was collected through interviews.
The data collection technique involved interviews, while data analysis employed Miles and Huberman's theory, which includes data reduction and data display.
ensure data validity, the researcher used source triangulation theory.
Integration Of Ijarah And Mukhabarah: A Study On Agricultural Land Cooperation In Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh District.
South Solok Regency ic117 The data sources in this study include both primary and secondary sources.
The primary data sources or informants for this study are 3 landowners and 3 cultivators in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency.
Meanwhile, the secondary data sources consist of additional information from a religious figure .
, as well as supplementary data from the QurAoan.
Hadith, books containing scholars' opinions, journals, and articles.
Results and Discussion The Practice of Mukhabarah Cooperation in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency Based on the information gathered during the research, the practice of mukhabarah in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency, takes various forms of cooperation, including landowners handing over their land to cultivators, profit-sharing agreements, the object of the cooperation, and the terms of the agreement.
The community engages in cooperative relationships between landowners and cultivators.
In the mukhabarah cooperation, the landowner hands over their land to the cultivator to be planted, while the seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and operational costs are borne entirely by the The profit-sharing ratio is agreed upon in advance between the landowner and the After each harvest, the cultivator pays the agreed-upon share to the landowner.
From the research findings, the mukhabarah practice was observed between the landowner, "Lina," and the cultivator, "Masriadi.
" As indicated in the interview with the cultivator.
Masriadi:
AuSaya selaku penggarap lahan awalnya didatangi oleh pemilik lahan, pemilik lahan menanyakan kepada saya apakah saya mau menggarap lahannya.
Dikarenakan saya juga membutuhkan lahan makanya saya menyetujui kerja sama ini, kemudian pada saat itu juga kami membicarakan terkait pengerjaan lahannya, pemilik lahan mengatakan bahwa bibit, pupuk, racun dan biaya-biaya pengerjaan lahan diserahkan sepenuhnya kepada saya sebagai Ay (Masriadi.
Interview.
July 14, 2.
From the interview above, it is evident that a mukhabarah agreement exists between the landowner and the cultivator.
The landowner hands over the land to the cultivator, while the responsibility for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and operational costs lies with the cultivator.
In an interview with the landowner.
Lina, she provided similar information:
AuSaya dan Masriadi melakukan kerja sama ini kurang lebih sudah 3 tahun, awalnya saya mendatangi kediaman Masriadi untuk menawarkan lahan yang saya punya.
Dikarenakan lahan tersebut sudah lama tidak digarap dan saya sudah tidak kuat lagi menggarapnya.
Ternyata Masriadi menyepakati hal ini, dan untuk bibit, pupuk, racun dan biaya pengerjaan lahan saya serahkan sepenuhnya kepada pemilik lahan.
Ay (Lina.
Interview.
July 14, 2.
The landowner and the cultivator also discussed the profit-sharing arrangements.
The cooperation was carried out verbally, and they agreed on the duration for which the land would be worked.
This was reflected in an interview with Masriadi:
AuUntuk pembagian hasil pemilik lahan meminta kepada saya untuk hasil dari lahan dibagi sebanyak 40% untuk pemilik lahan dan 60% untuk penggarap.
Kerja sama ini kami lakukan secara lisan, karena di masyarakat sudah biasa melakukannya secara lisan saja secara kekeluargaan dan tolong menolong.
Kerja sama ini dilakukan tanpa adanya batas waktu berapa lama lahan ini akan saya garap, saya diperbolehkan menggarap sawah sampai kapan saya sanggup mengelolanya.
Tetapi diawal sudah disepakati bahwa setiap kali panen hasilnya akan dibagi bersama pemilik lahan dan penggarap.
Pemilik lahan memperbolehkan saya untuk menanam apa saja tanaman yang ingin saya tanami.
Ay (Masriadi.
Interview.
July 14, 2.
From the interview, it is clear that the profit-sharing ratio is 40% for the landowner and 60% for the cultivator, distributed after each harvest.
The cooperation is based on mutual trust, 118icAl Ushuliy: Jurnal Mahasiswa Syariah dan Hukum, 3 .
, 2024,113-123 without a written agreement, as such verbal agreements are customary in the community.
This practice relies on trust between the parties involved.
The Practice of Ijarah Cooperation in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency Based on interviews conducted with two informants, namely a landowner and a cultivator in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency, it was revealed that most of the community engages in agricultural cooperation through a leasing system .
The cultivator requests permission from the landowner to work on their land, and the payment is made in the form of rent, which can be paid with 90 gantangs .
of rice or a cash payment of Rp.
2,000,000 at the end of the lease term.
Similar to the mukhabarah system, the landowner hands over the responsibility for the landAi including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and operational costsAientirely to the cultivator.
Two key informants for this research are Ijas and Gadih.
From an interview with the landowner "Ijas," evidence of an ijarah practice was found.
This is demonstrated in the following statement:
AuAwalnya penggarap datang kepada saya, lalu beliau menanyakan lahan yang saya punya untuk beliau garap.
Berhubung saya mempunyai lahan berupa sawah yang terbengkalai, makanya saya juga menawarkan kepada penggarap untuk mengolah lahan tersebut.
Dan penggarap menyetujui hal itu, penggarap mengatakan beliau ingin menyewa lahan tersebut.
Saya menyerahkan lahan berupa sawah kepada penggarap untuk digarap, dengan perjanjian secara lisan.
Kerja sama ini saya lakukan tanpa adanya batas waktu berapa lama lahan ini disewakan kepada penggarap, saya selaku pemilik lahan menyerahkan lahan kepada penggarap dan penggarap mengolah lahan tersebut sampai mana penggarap sanggup menggarap sawah.
Ay (Ijas.
Interview.
July 12, 2.
From this interview, it can be seen that a leasing agreement .
was established between the landowner and the cultivator.
The cultivator requested to lease the land, and the agreement was based on a rental system.
Furthermore, the landowner and the cultivator also discussed profit-sharing arrangements, which included details about seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and operational costs.
As described by the landowner "Ijas":
AuSaya sudah menjelaskan kepada penggarap terkait bibit, racun, pupuk, serta sarana pengerjaan lahan saya menyerahkan sepenuhnya kepada penggarap lahan.
saya menyerahkan sepenuhnya sawah kepada penggarap dan di perbolehkan menanam apa saja tanaman yang ingin diolah oleh Dengan perjanjian diawal penggarap harus membayarkan sewa lahan kepada saya diakhir setelah sewa berakhir sebesar 90 gantang beras, penggarap juga boleh membayarkan dengan uang sebesar 2.
000 saya memberikan keringanan kepada penggarap untuk membayarnya diakhir panen dikarenakan penggarap belum mempunyai uang untuk membayarnya diawal.
Ay (Ijas.
Interview.
July 12, 2.
From this interview, it is understood that the landowner left the responsibility for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and operational costs entirely to the cultivator.
The payment for the lease is set at 90 gantangs of rice or Rp.
2,000,000, which is paid at the end of the cooperative The agreement was made verbally, reflecting a system of familial trust and mutual understanding, as such informal agreements are a common and accepted practice within the community, provided there is mutual trust between the parties involved.
Integrated Forms of Agricultural Land Cooperation Practices in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency Based on information obtained from landowners, it was revealed that agricultural land cooperation in this region is conducted through two integrated systems: mukhabarah and ijarah.
These agreements are based on mutual consent between the landowners and the cultivators.
Additionally, many community members in Nagari Pakan Rabaa practice these systems Integration Of Ijarah And Mukhabarah: A Study On Agricultural Land Cooperation In Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh District.
South Solok Regency ic119 individually, either mukhabarah or ijarah.
Among them are Masriadi.
Lina.
Ijas, and Gadih, who also served as informants for this research.
From the interview with landowner "Pismawati," an integrated agricultural land cooperation involving ijarah and mukhabarah was evident.
The informant shared:
" Saya selaku pemilik lahan sudah lama melakukan kerja sama lahan pertanian ini dengan Syafrizal, awalnya saya menemui langsung syafrizal untuk menawarkan lahan yang saya punya kepada beliau tersebut untuk digarap, karena lahan tersebut sudah lama tidak digarap dan saya juga tidak menetap di kampung.
Ternyata Syafrizal mau menerima tawaran yang saya berikan, pada saat dilakukannya kesepakatan antara saya dengan penggarap saya mengatakan untuk setiap kali panen penggarap harus membagi hasil panen bersama saya dan di akhir setelah kerja sama ini berakhir penggarap juga membayar sejumlah uang sebesar 2.
" (Pismawati.
Interview.
July 13, 2.
From this statement, it is clear that the agreement involves both a rental system and a profit-sharing arrangement after each harvest.
The landowner offered the land for cultivation because they were unable to manage it themselves and lived outside the village.
During the cooperation agreement, the landowner and the cultivator discussed responsibilities for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and operational costs, as well as profit-sharing arrangements at harvest and the rental payment at the end of the cooperation.
This is reflected in the following statement from Pismawati:
"Saya mengatakan kepada penggarap lebih awal bahwa untuk bibit, pupuk, racun dan pengerjaan lahan ditanggung oleh penggarap.
Sedangkan untuk pembagian hasil saya meminta kepada Syafrizal sebesar 40% dan 60% untuk penggarap.
Dan di akhir setelah kerja sama berakhir penggarap juga harus membayarkan sebesar Rp.
000 atau boleh dengan hasil panen sebanyak 90 gantang beras.
Kesepakatan ini sudah disepakati bersama antara saya dengan penggarap.
Kerja sama ini sudah berjalan selama lebih kurang 6 tahun.
Saya sudah menyepakati bersama Syafrizal bahwa kerja sama ini akan dilakukan dengan 2 sistem kerja sama secara bersamaan dan penggarap juga sepakat atas kerja sama ini.
" (Pismawati.
Interview.
July 13, 2.
From the above interview, it can be concluded that the landowner and the cultivator reached an agreement regarding profit-sharing, wherein the cultivator bears the costs for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and land operations.
Additionally, at the end of the cooperation, the cultivator is required to pay a set rental fee, either in cash or in the form of harvest yields.
Discussion In the practice of mukhabarah agricultural cooperation in Nagari Pakan Rabaa, there is a collaborative agreement between landowners and cultivators.
The landowner entrusts their land to the cultivator to be worked on because the landowner is no longer able to manage it.
However, the cost of seeds, fertilizers, and other farming expenses is borne by the cultivator.
The division of yields has been agreed upon at the beginning of the cooperation: the cultivator must share the harvest yield with the landowner, allocating 40% to the landowner and 60% to the cultivator.
This agreement is made orally between the landowner and the cultivator.
This constitutes a mukhabarah contract between the landowner and the cultivator, in line with the legal basis established by scholars, which permits mukhabarah based on the Hadith of the Prophet .
eace be upon hi.
: "Indeed, the Prophet entrusted land to the people of Khaibar so that they would cultivate and maintain it, under the agreement that they would be given a portion of its yield.
" (Narrated by Muslim from Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with hi.
Further, when viewed from the perspective of scholars on the type of contract used in such cooperation, the practice of the people of Nagari Pakan Rabaa aligns with the opinion of Imam Shafi'i, which stipulates that the ijab .
and qabul .
must be verbally articulated before the land is worked on.
However, there is a difference of opinion among fiqh For instance.
Imam Malik holds that the contract remains valid even if acceptance .
is performed through action without verbalization (Yusuf, 2.
120icAl Ushuliy: Jurnal Mahasiswa Syariah dan Hukum, 3 .
, 2024,113-123 Generally, rural communities engage in unwritten or oral agreements without witnesses, relying on mutual trust since the parties involved often know each other or are even related.
However, such verbal agreements do not protect the rights of either party nor provide legal strength in case of misunderstandings.
Unwritten agreements can lead to issues such as dishonesty in dividing the harvest or risks of riba .
, maysir .
, and gharar .
(SyafeAoi, 2.
The capital in a mukhabarah contract includes the costs discussed between the landowner and the cultivator.
In this case, the capital consists of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other expenses related to land cultivation.
The cooperative practices of the people in Nagari Pakan Rabaa align with Imam Malik's opinion, which states that the seeds to be planted on a piece of land must come from both the landowner and the cultivator to ensure an equitable division of the yield (SyafeAoi, 2.
In the ijarah practice in Nagari Pakan Rabaa, the cultivator rents agricultural land from the landowner.
The landowner hands over their land to the cultivator to work on, with the agreement being made orally, as the community often uses a family-based and mutual assistance system.
The costs of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other farming expenses are borne by the cultivator.
The landowner allows the cultivator to pay the rent at the end of the year, amounting to 90 gantang .
traditional measuremen.
of rice.
The cultivator may pay this rent in the form of either cash or harvested rice.
However, in the practice of ijarah in Nagari Pakan Rabaa, the landowner does not set a specific duration for the lease, leaving it up to the cultivator to decide how long they can manage the land, as the landowner is no longer capable of working on it.
This agreement fulfills the conditions and pillars of ijarah, including the presence of a muAojir .
and mustaAojir .
, the sighat .
erbal offer and acceptanc.
, a fee .
, and the leased object or service being compensated.
According to the Hanafi scholars, the only pillar of ijarah is the ijab .
xpression of leasin.
and qabul .
cceptance of leasin.
However, the majority of scholars argue that ijarah has four pillars: the contracting parties, the compensation, the benefit, and the sighat.
Hanafi scholars consider the contracting parties, compensation, and benefit as conditions rather than pillars.
This shows that if one of the pillars is missing, the ijarah contract is deemed invalid (Wahid, 2.
In the mukhabarah and ijarah practices of Nagari Pakan Rabaa, the community combines these two contracts into a single cooperative arrangement.
The landowner offers their land to the cultivator for cultivation.
At the beginning of the cooperation, the landowner and cultivator agree on the profit-sharing arrangement: the cultivator will share 40% of each harvest yield with the landowner and retain 60%.
Additionally, at the end of the year, the cultivator must pay rent of 90 gantang of rice to the landowner.
The land is handed over entirely to the cultivator, who bears the costs of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and farming The cultivator is also free to decide which crops to plant.
This cooperative arrangement is carried out orally, as the community views it as a form of family and mutual From the above explanation, it is evident that there is an integration or interconnection between the two contracts: mukhabarah and ijarah.
This integration results in a multi-contract .
l-Aouqud al-murakkaba.
, where both contracts are interrelated and complement one another.
According to Muslim scholars, multi-contracts involve an agreement between two parties that encompasses two or more contracts, such as buying and leasing, gifting, agency .
, lending .
, sharecropping .
uzaraAoa.
, currency exchange .
, partnership .
, or profit-sharing .
(Susamto, 2016:.
This integration treats all obligations and rights as a unified whole that cannot be separated (Wahab, 2020:.
Regarding ijarah, all its pillars and conditions are fulfilled, including the contracting parties, compensation, benefit, and sighat (Manan, 2.
In this arrangement, the landowner serves as the provider of the rented object, ensuring that the object .
benefits the lessee Integration Of Ijarah And Mukhabarah: A Study On Agricultural Land Cooperation In Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh District.
South Solok Regency ic121 and complies with Islamic law.
When paying the rent, the cultivator must provide a nominal payment, not a percentage (Khasanah, 2.
In summary, both parties in this cooperative arrangement have the potential to hold three roles within a single transaction.
The collaboration begins with the division of land roles between the owner and cultivator.
This leads to the execution of two integrated contracts, demonstrating a clear connection between the two.
In this integration, the ijarah contract serves as the core, with the mukhabarah contract being linked to it.
However, this dual-contract arrangement has potential drawbacks, including the possibility of one party incurring losses, such as the cultivator facing failed harvests and the inefficiency of executing two contracts simultaneously, as traditional cooperatives typically involve only a single contract, making this practice rare.
Conclusion Based on the research results that have been conducted, the conclusions of this study are as follows:
The Practice of Mukhabarah Cooperation in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency The mukhabarah cooperation practiced by the community in Nagari Pakan Rabaa is a form of cooperation where the landowner entrusts their land to the cultivator because they are no longer able to manage it.
The cultivator is responsible for the seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and the costs of land cultivation, and the cultivator has the freedom to choose what to plant.
The harvest will then be divided between the landowner and the cultivator based on the agreed percentage: 40% for the landowner and 60% for the cultivator, with the division occurring after each harvest.
The Practice of Ijarah Cooperation in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency In the ijarah practice in Nagari Pakan Rabaa, the cultivator rents agricultural land from the landowner for cultivation.
The cultivator bears the costs of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and land cultivation.
This practice is often conducted orally due to the communityAos family-based and mutual assistance system.
The landowner rents out the land to the cultivator without setting a specific time limit for how long the cultivator can manage the land.
The cultivator may continue to manage the land as long as they are able.
The rent payment is made at the end of the year, amounting to 90 gantang .
traditional measuremen.
of rice, or alternatively, 2,000,000 IDR.
The cultivator must pay the rent according to the initial agreement, even if the harvest is minimal.
The Integration of Agricultural Land Cooperation Practices in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
Koto Parik Gadang Diateh Subdistrict.
Solok Selatan Regency This form of cooperation is rare in the community, but the researcher found this integrated cooperation in Nagari Pakan Rabaa.
In this case, the landowner and the cultivator engage in two forms of cooperation simultaneously: mukhabarah and ijarah.
The integration of the ijarah and mukhabarah practices begins when the landowner offers the land to the cultivator because the landowner is no longer able to manage it.
Once both parties agree to the cooperation, the landowner hands over the land to the cultivator, who is also responsible for the costs of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other farming expenses.
The cultivator is free to choose what crops to plant.
The profitsharing agreement stipulates that the cultivator will give 40% of the harvest to the landowner and keep 60%.
At the end of the year, after the cooperation concludes, the cultivator must pay a rent of 90 gantang of rice, or 2,000,000 IDR if paid in money.
This agreement is made orally between the landowner and the cultivator.
122icAl Ushuliy: Jurnal Mahasiswa Syariah dan Hukum, 3 .
, 2024,113-123 References