Number 6 Meditory (The Journal Of Medical Laborator.
CORRELATION BETWEEN BLOOD LEAD EXPOSURE.
BLOOD PRESSURE.
AND HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS
AMONG ONLINE MOTORCYCLE TAXI WORKERS
Diah Prihatiningsih1*.
I Gusti Putu Agus Ferry Sutrisna Putra1 STIKES Wira Medika Bali Jalan Kecak No 9A Gatot Subroto Timur Denpasar, 0361-427699 *Corresponding author, e-mail: diahciprik@gmail.
Article history Posted.
May 16th, 2023 Reviewed.
Nov 11th, 2023 Received.
Nov 29th, 2023 Abstract Background: Lead or Pb is a byproduct of fuel combustion in vehicle engines used as an anti-knock Lead exposure can worsen the quality of air contaminated by motor vehicle emissions, which can affect the performance of online motorcycle taxi drivers.
Aims: This study assesses the relationship between blood lead levels, blood pressure, and hemoglobin levels in online motorcycle taxi drivers in Dauh Puri Kelod Village.
Methods: This study is an observational study using a cross-sectional design.
The sample consisted of 30 respondents selected based on their length of work, age, and daily cigarette Data were collected through questionnaires, direct measurements, and lead examinations using the AAS method.
The data were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation and multiple linear The results The results showed a significant relationship between age and blood lead levels .
=0.
000 and r=0.
there was a significant relationship between the length of work and blood lead levels .
=0.
000 and r=0.
there was a relationship between the number of cigarettes consumed and blood lead levels, although the relationship was not very strong with a correlation of .
=0.
038 and r=0.
there was no significant relationship between blood lead levels and hemoglobin levels in online motorcycle taxi drivers .
=0.
369 and r=-0.
there was a significant relationship between blood lead levels and systolic blood pressure .
=0.
000 and r=0.
and diastolic blood pressure .
=0.
000 and r=0.
Conclusions: It is recommended to use personal protective equipment .
when working in gas stations and to monitor health at least once a year regularly.
Keywords: Lead.
Online Motorcycle Taxi.
Hemoglobin.
Blood Pressure Introduction vehicle engines.
However, not all lead Lead or Pb is one of the byproducts compounds burn during the operation of the formed during the combustion process in vehicle engine, so the amount of lead internal combustion engines.
Its primary released into the air through vehicle exhaust function is to boost the octane rating of the gases can be very high.
Most of the heavy fuel and is used as an anti-knock additive in metal lead, approximately 75%, pollutes the air as exhaust fumes, while the remaining 25% is still inside the vehicle engine .
Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers Lead emissions from motor vehicles The process of lead removal from the can cause air pollution in various locations.
human body is slow, with a half-life of Approximately 10% of lead emissions will about 25 days in soft tissues and 40 days in contaminate areas within a distance of less Therefore, lead tends to accumulate than 100 meters from the vehicle, 5% will in the human body, whether related to pollute areas within a 20-kilometer range, and the remaining 35% will be carried by accumulation can lead to lead poisoning the atmosphere, contaminating places far due to continuous exposure over several from the vehicles .
Lead oxide dust months to years.
Continuous exposure to particles released by motor vehicle exhaust organic or inorganic lead can affect the can be inhaled by humans and enter the hematopoietic or blood-forming system in Premium gasoline used in motor the human body.
This condition can impact vehicles contains Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) a decrease in hemoglobin levels, which or tetraethyl-Pb and Tetra Methyl Lead or should normally range between 13-16 g/dL tetramethyl-Pb, which can release lead .
in men and 12-14 g/dL in women6.
Lead exposure can have chronic effects due hemoglobin levels fall below the normal to the progressively increasing cumulative range, it can cause anemia characterized by dose over time.
Rahayu noted that in 2012, symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, the U.
Centers for Disease Control and dizziness, difficulty concentrating, and Prevention (CDC) set a normal limit for vision problems .
lead levels in adults that should not exceed 10 g/dL .
Chronic Mulyadi states that according to the WHO, lead is one of the hazardous metals Exposure to lead in the air can have as a pollutant because it can accumulate in serious implications for human health.
This the human body and cause damage to vital is due to the air pollution capability of lead, organs such as blood, nerves, and kidneys which can be inhaled and spread throughout .
One of the impacts of chronic lead the human body via the respiratory system.
exposure is a disruption in hemoglobin The higher the lead content in the air, the production that can affect the red blood cell greater the risk of various health issues, formation system.
Continuous exposure to such as brain damage, kidney damage, and lead can interfere with enzyme synthesis in even death.
Therefore, it is crucial to take the hemoglobin formation pathway, leading to an increase in protoporphyrin levels in emissions and minimize their adverse environment .
red blood cells.
Although several previous studies have investigated the relationship between lead levels and hemoglobin in workers Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers exposed to heavy metals, no significant The number of motor vehicles, correlation was found between blood lead especially private vehicles used for online levels and hemoglobin levels in employees of PT PLN Gresik .
On the other hand, passengers and drivers, has significantly Khairunisa found that the majority of This can elevate the risk of lead respondents at gas stations in Pekanbaru exposure, especially for online motorcycle had low hemoglobin levels, although there taxi drivers operating on high-traffic roads was no direct influence from lead levels such as Jalan PB Sudirman.
Jalan Dewi .
In the study it was reported that long- Sartika, term exposure to gasoline could affect exposure can worsen the air quality hemoglobin parameters in gas station contaminated by motor vehicle emissions, attendants in the city of Mekelle .
The leading to the accumulation of lead in the Sysmex XP-300 instrument was used to body and affecting the physical activity and measure hemoglobin levels in this research, performance of online motorcycle taxi while purposive sampling technique and lead level testing with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) were employed to between lead levels in the blood and blood collect and analyze data.
pressure, as well as hemoglobin, in online The lead level in the air at the car painting facility reached 0.
065372 ppm, .
Jalan Diponegoro.
Therefore.
Lead motorcycle taxi workers operating in the Dauh Puri Kelod Village.
while the average lead level in the blood of the workers reached 11.
20 ppm .
relatively low lead level, between 5-35 Research Methods This g/dL, can affect blood pressure and cause research with an analytical approach and a damage to the kidney channels .
This is cross-sectional because lead dissolved in the blood can involves blood sample collection and spread throughout the body, including the examination, interviews, and observations.
The kidneys themselves play a It was conducted in Dauh Puri Kelod crucial role in regulating blood pressure Village and in the Chemistry Laboratory, through the renin-angiotensin system.
"In a which serves as the location for blood study conducted by Fenga et al.
in 2006 on sample examination and collection.
The battery industry workers in Messina.
Italy, study took place from January to April it was found that continuous exposure to 2023, with a sample size of 30 individuals.
low levels of lead could increase blood Respondents were purposively selected to pressure in workers .
ensure information richness.
Thus, the The researchers aimed to obtain sufficient Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers information about the analysis of lead The samples in this study are exposure in the blood concerning blood homogenous, consisting of male individuals pressure and hemoglobin levels in online working as online motorcycle taxi drivers motorcycle taxi workers.
who willingly participated as respondents.
The sampling technique considered The age range of the respondents is factors such as the willingness of online between 28 and 50 years, with an average motorcycle taxi workers to participate by age of 40 years.
The youngest respondent is signing informed consent, respondents aged 28 years old, while the oldest respondent is 25 and above potentially exposed directly 50 years old.
On average, respondents have to lead, and having work experience of been working for 5 years, with the shortest more than 1 year.
Data obtained from blood work experience being 4 years and the longest being 6 years.
Regarding cigarette consumption, the majority of respondents The Spearman consume 10 cigarettes per day, while the correlation and multiple linear regression to least consume 5 cigarettes per day, with an exposure analysis in the blood and blood cigarettes per day.
pressure and hemoglobin levels in online Information regarding the levels of motorcycle taxi workers.
lead in the blood, hemoglobin levels, and Results and Discussions blood pressure can be seen in Table 1 Table 1.
Measurement Results of Lead Levels in Blood.
Hemoglobin Levels, and Blood Pressure in Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers Variable n Min.
Max.
Mean Std.
Dev Blood Lead Blood Hemoglobin Systolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood Pressure 30 Based on the data in the table, it can Meanwhile, be concluded that the average blood lead average hemoglobin level in the blood level in the research subjects .
2000 g/dL) falls into the normal AAg/dL) is below the threshold set by the category, with a minimum value of 12.
Ministry of Health, which is 5 AAg/dL.
g/dL and a maximum of 18.
10 g/dL.
Thus.
Therefore, it can be interpreted that the overall, online motorcycle taxi drivers in majority of online motorcycle taxi drivers this study demonstrate a relatively good in the study have blood lead levels that are Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers health profile in terms of blood lead levels, lungs, is then absorbed by the blood, and is hemoglobin, and blood pressure.
distributed throughout the body's tissues.
Lead is a heavy metal that can have To measure the concentration of lead in the negative effects on human health when human body, samples can be taken from blood, soft tissues, as well as mineral Workers exposed to lead over a long period tissues such as bones, teeth, nails, and hair.
Lead bound to red blood cells can experiencing these health impacts.
Online accumulate in various organs such as the motorcycle taxi drivers fall into this liver, kidneys, nerves, as well as mineral category because they often spend time on tissues like bones and teeth.
Workers busy roads with motor vehicles, making exposed to lead may experience various them susceptible to exposure to motor health problems, including disorders of the nervous system, organ damage, and a high-risk containing lead.
Inhaled lead enters the decrease in immune system function .
Table 2.
Relationship Between Respondent Characteristics and Blood Lead Levels in Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers Variable p-value Conclusion Correlation Strength 989 Correlation Very Strong Age*Blood Lead Levels 683 Correlation Strong Work Experience*Blood Lead Levels 381 Correlation Weak Number of Cigarettes/Day*Blood Lead Levels The results of the statistical analysis functions tend to decline, making these indicate a significant relationship between age and blood lead levels with a p-value of extracting lead from the body compared to 000 and a correlation coefficient of 0.
younger ages.
This condition allows lead to This signifies that blood lead levels are accumulate more easily in the body tissues significantly influenced by age, where the and may cause organ damage over an older someone is, the higher the likelihood extended period .
of exposure to toxic substances such as The study conducted by Grandjean et This can be attributed to the prolonged in 2006 stated that lead exposure can exposure to toxic substances throughout a cause various diseases in the nervous person's life.
Additionally, in older age, the system, cardiovascular system, and immune immune system, metabolism, and organ .
Therefore.
Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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December 2023 147-158 , https://ejournal.
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id/index.
Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers emphasizes the importance of limiting Gomes et al.
in 2015, which showed a human exposure to lead.
Additionally, a correlation between the duration of work study conducted by Lee et al.
in 2014 also and lead levels in the blood of workers supports the finding that age can affect the exposed to hazardous chemicals .
levels of heavy metals in the blood .
The The research indicates that the older a carcinogenicity of lead in the human body person is, the higher the levels of heavy also support these findings.
Gidlow et al.
metals found in their body.
2015 reported that lead exposure in the From the results of this study, it industrial environment can increase the risk supports the theory that age can affect the of an increase in lead concentration in the lead content in the body.
As age increases, blood and organ damage .
Therefore, the activity of biotransformation enzymes workers who have been employed in and the organ's ability to eliminate lead industries with high lead exposure have a decrease, allowing lead to accumulate in greater risk of an increase in lead levels in body tissues, including the blood.
Lead the blood.
absorption into the body can occur through From the statistical analysis results, it the respiratory tract and then enter the was found that there is a correlation Lead can accumulate in red blood between the number of cigarettes consumed cells, extracellular fluid, and some soft and the concentration of lead in the blood, tissues such as the liver, kidneys, nerves, as although the relationship is not very strong.
well as mineral tissues like bones, nails.
The correlation coefficient of 0.
381 and the hair, and teeth .
p-value of 0.
038 indicate that there is a Based on the statistical test analysis, relationship between the two variables, but it was found that there is a significant the strength of the correlation is low.
Lead relationship between the duration of work in cigarette smoke is recognized as a major and the level of lead content in the blood, source of exposure in humans, which can with a p-value of 0.
000 and a correlation explain the correlation.
Cigarettes contain a coefficient r of 0.
This indicates that significant amount of lead, and high the longer someone works, the greater the cigarette consumption can increase the risk likelihood of exposure to vehicle exhaust of lead exposure in the body.
Lead in the fumes that can increase the accumulation of human body can have adverse effects, such lead in the human body.
These results are as organ damage, damage to the nervous consistent with previous research, such as system, and damage to the reproductive that conducted by Gidlow et al.
in 2015 and Therefore, reducing the number of Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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December 2023 147-158 , https://ejournal.
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id/index.
Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers cigarettes consumed per day can help relationship between cigarette consumption reduce lead exposure in the body and and the level of lead in the blood.
prevent adverse effects.
Several previous studies also support Based on the findings of this study, a these findings.
For example, research conducted by Flora et al.
in 2006 found a found between concentration in the blood.
This finding is cigarettes smoked and the level of lead in consistent with previous research, such as the blood of industrial workers exposed to the study conducted by Ahmad et al.
hazardous chemicals .
Additionally, a 2014, which showed a correlation between study by Lee et al.
in 2014 showed a the number of cigarettes consumed per day and lead content in the blood of battery cigarettes smoked and the level of heavy industry workers in Bangladesh .
This metals in the blood in the general study employed statistical tests that yielded population.
a p-value of 0.
012, indicating a significant Table 3.
Relationship Between Blood Lead Levels and Hemoglobin Levels in Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers Variable p-value Conclusion Correlation Strength No Correlation Weak Blood Lead Levels*Hemoglobin Levels Based on the statistical analysis previous studies that suggest a connection results in Table 3, a relationship is observed between blood lead and anemia, but not between blood lead levels and hemoglobin always a significant one.
levels in online motorcycle taxi drivers.
Heavy metal lead has harmful effects However, the statistical test results show a on human health because it can accumulate p-value in the body and cause damage to vital coefficient .
170, indicating no organs such as the brain, nerves, and significant relationship between blood lead In the hematopoietic system, the levels and hemoglobin levels in online negative impact of lead is disrupting the motorcycle taxi drivers.
Furthermore, the containing iron that functions to carry variables is also considered weak.
These oxygen from the lungs throughout the According to the theory, blood lead Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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id/index.
Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers levels can affect hemoglobin levels because lead can interfere with the synthesis and relationship between blood lead levels and metabolism of red blood cells.
If exposed to hemoglobin levels in tin mine workers in a large amount of lead, it can lead to a Bangka Belitung .
However, a study decrease in hemoglobin levels and anemia.
However, this study found no significant automotive painters in Semarang showed a relationship between blood lead levels and significant relationship between blood lead hemoglobin levels in online motorcycle taxi levels and hemoglobin levels, with a correlation value of 60.
9% and a p-value of Muliyadi Several previous studies have also 008, and a correlation coefficient of r=- found similar results to this research.
For Blood lead levels can inhibit example, the Central Statistics Agency heme synthesis by blocking the formation conducted a study and found that there is no of porphobilinogen and the absorption of significant relationship between blood lead Fe2 into hemoglobin, leading to an levels and hemoglobin levels in informal increase in the levels of d-aminolevulinic sector workers, including online motorcycle taxi drivers .
This finding aligns with protoporphyrin in erythrocytes .
the research conducted by Rumende et al.
Table 4.
Relationship Between Blood Lead Levels and Blood Pressure in Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers Variable p-value Conclusion Correlation Strength Correlation Strong Blood Lead Levels*Systolic Blood Pressure Correlation Strong Blood Lead Levels*Diastolic Blood Pressure Based on the analysis in Table 4, it connection between exposure to heavy was found that both variables showed a p- metals and an increase in blood pressure.
value of 0.
000, indicating a significant According to a study conducted by Navas- relationship between blood lead levels and Acien et al.
in 2002, there is a correlation systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
between lead and cadmium exposure and an Furthermore, increase in blood pressure in the general coefficients of 0.
975 and 0.
810 indicate a population .
This can occur because very strong relationship between these two lead can affect the cardiovascular system's Previous studies have shown a function and stimulate the release of Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
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id/index.
Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers aldosterone hormone, which can increase motorcycle taxi drivers.
Therefore, it is blood pressure.
From the results of this important to reduce lead exposure in online study, it can be concluded that there is a motorcycle taxi drivers to prevent an significant relationship between blood lead increased risk of hypertension.
blood pressure in online Table 5.
Results of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Between Potential Variables and Blood Lead Levels Variable Beta p-value Work Period Number of Cigarettes/Day Table 5 contains the results of multiple linear regression analysis between potential variables, namely work period and words, cigarette consumption does not significantly contribute to lead exposure.
The the number of cigarettes consumed per day, exposure primarily occurs in the workplace, with blood lead levels.
In regression such as in industries, construction, or analysis, the beta coefficient is used to Prolonged work periods in these places can increase the risk of lead independent variable has on the dependent exposure and lead accumulation in the variable, while controlling for the effects of Lead accumulated in the body can other variables.
The analysis results show damage the autonomic nervous system and that the work period variable has a beta disrupt the regulation of blood pressure.
coefficient of 0.
578 with a p-value of 0.
Additionally, lead can affect the renin- angiotensin system, responsible for blood influence between the work period and pressure regulation.
This can lead to blood lead levels.
This means that the increased blood pressure and the risk of longer someone works, the greater the cardiovascular diseases .
Furthermore, likelihood of lead exposure, and their blood lead levels are higher.
Conversely, the cardiovascular issues by affecting blood variable of the number of cigarettes However, in this study, no consumed per day has a beta coefficient of - significant relationship was found between 148 with a p-value of 0.
422, indicating the number of cigarettes consumed per day that there is no significant influence and blood lead levels.
It is possible that the between the number of cigarettes consumed limited sample size may not be sufficient to per day and blood lead levels.
In other detect a significant relationship, or there Meditory | e-ISSN : 2549-1520, p-ISSN : 2338 Ae 1159.
Vol.
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December 2023 147-158 , https://ejournal.
poltekkes-denpasar.
id/index.
Diah Prihatiningsih, et all : Correlation Between Blood Lead Exposure.
Blood Pressure.
And Hemoglobin Levels Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Workers may be other uncontrolled factors in this study .
Prihatiningsih D.
Subhaktiyasa PG.
Putra IGPAFS.
Studi Kandungan Timbal (P.
dalam Urin Pekerja Ojek Online di Desa Dauh Puri Kelod.
Jurnal Conclusions Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant Kesehatan Terpadu.
:12-16.
Gandasoebrata Penuntun correlation between age, work experience.
Laboratorium Klinik.
Jakarta: Dian and daily cigarette consumption with blood Rakyat.
lead levels in online motorcycle taxi Surip.
Setiani.
Rahfiludin MZ.
However, there is no significant Hubungan Antara Kadar Timbal dalam relationship between blood lead levels and Darah dengan Kadar Hemoglobin pada hemoglobin levels in online motorcycle taxi Wanita Usia Subur di Lingkungan Industri Peleburan Logam Kecamatan relationship was found between blood lead Adiwerna Kabupaten Tegal.
Jurnal levels and blood pressure .
ystolic and Kesehatan diastoli.
in online motorcycle taxi drivers.
:166-7.
Furthermore.
Lingkungan Indonesia.
Muliyadi.
Hubungan Kadar Timbal
References