Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling: Jurnal Kajian Psikologi Pendidikan dan Bimbingan Konseling Volume 11 Nomor 2 December 2025.
Hal 109-116 p-ISSN: 2443-2202 e-ISSN: 2477-2518 Homepage: http://ojs.
id/index.
php/JPPK DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
26858/jpkk.
The roles of parenting patterns in shaping the religious character of students at SMPN 9 Palu Tri Sasmita* Guidance and Counseling Study Program.
Universitas Tadulako.
Palu.
Indonesia Email: sasmitatri993@gmail.
Micha Felayati Silalahi Guidance and Counseling Study Program.
Universitas Tadulako.
Palu.
Indonesia Email: chenatchenut91@gmail.
Nur Eka Wahyuningsih Riyadi Guidance and Counseling Study Program.
Universitas Tadulako.
Palu.
Indonesia Email: nurekawn01@gmail.
Muh Yusran Diniy Guidance and Counseling Study Program.
Universitas Tadulako.
Palu.
Indonesia Email: Yusran120498@gmail.
*) Correspondent author (Received: 12-09-2025.
Revised: 28-09-2025.
accepted: 15-09-2025.
published: 30-12-2.
Abstract: This study aims to describe parental parenting styles in shaping childrenAos religious character and to examine differences in studentsAo religious character based on the parenting styles applied at SMP Negeri 9 Palu.
The study is grounded in the phenomenon that studentsAo religious character development varies widely, while each family adopts different parenting patterns that may influence the habituation of religious values.
Early adolescents also face social dynamics and technological influences, which require consistent parental guidance.
This research employs a quantitative approach with a questionnaire as the primary instrument, supported by observations and interviews to enrich understanding and validate quantitative findings.
The sample was determined using the Slovin formula with a 5% margin of error, resulting in 258 student respondents.
Data were analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA to identify differences in religious character among students raised under democratic, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles.
The findings show that the democratic parenting style is the most frequently applied, and studentsAo religious character generally falls into the AugoodAy category.
An F-value of 4,591 with a significance level of 0,003 (<0,.
indicates significant differences in religious character across parenting styles.
These results emphasize that parenting characterized by communication, exemplary behavior, and supervision plays an important role in shaping childrenAos religious character.
Keywords: prenting.
religious character.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan pola asuh orang tua dalam membentuk karakter religius anak serta menguji perbedaan tingkat karakter religius siswa berdasarkan pola asuh di SMP Negeri 9 Palu.
Kajian ini berangkat dari fenomena bahwa perkembangan karakter religius siswa masih bervariasi, sementara setiap keluarga menerapkan pola asuh berbeda yang dapat memengaruhi pembiasaan nilai keagamaan.
Pada masa remaja awal, dinamika pergaulan dan pengaruh teknologi juga menuntut peran orang tua dalam memberikan bimbingan yang konsisten.
Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan kuesioner sebagai instrumen utama, didukung observasi dan wawancara.
Sampel ditentukan menggunakan rumus Slovin dengan tingkat kesalahan 5%, sehingga diperoleh 258 Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA untuk melihat perbedaan karakter religius antara siswa dengan pola asuh demokratis, otoriter, dan permisif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola asuh demokratis merupakan gaya yang paling dominan, sementara karakter religius siswa umumnya berada pada kategori baik.
Nilai F sebesar 4,591 dengan signifikansi 0,003 (<0,.
mengindikasikan adanya perbedaan tingkat karakter religius antar pola asuh.
Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pola asuh yang menekankan komunikasi, keteladanan, dan pengawasan berperan penting dalam membentuk karakter religius anak.
Kata kunci: pola asuh.
orang tua.
karakter religius.
Copyright A 2025 Universitas Negeri Makassar.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license .
ttp://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.
0/).
110 | Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling Vol.
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INTRODUCTION
Character education is a crucial part in shaping childrenAos characters primarily in cognition, affection, and attitude.
In society that treasures religious value, religious character building becomes the main basis for guiding children in behaving in accordance with religious teachings.
Character education, it its core, is a process of internalizing the values of knowledge, awareness, intention, and actions that force individuals to apply those values in daily activities (Jusni et al.
, 2.
Family becomes the first and most important place for children character development because in this environment, children grow, imitate, and learn values from childhood to adulthood.
(Silalahi et al.
, 2.
Parent-child relationship pattern and parenting style play a vital role in shaping morals, social values, and religious character of children.
(Karamat, 2.
Religious character is not built on its own, but rather through stages, affected by environment, especially the family that serves as the first and primary educator for children.
Parenting styles have a strong influence in internalizing children religious character because parents act as role models, teachers, and supervisors in everyday life (Surachman et al.
Parenting styles in relation to children character have been the focus in many studies.
Balanced and attentive parenting styles have been proven support positive character development, including religious character (Yang, 2.
Several studies have shown that parenting styles play an important role in shaping religious character.
In general, parenting styles fall into 3 categories (Hurlock, 1.
Democratic, which is warm and responsive, yet provide clear limits.
Authoritarian, which tends to demand obedience and one-way communication.
Permissive, which allows a great deal of freedom with limited supervision.
The three parenting styles have different impacts on childrenAos character development, as indicated in the previous research findings.
Aswidar & Saragih .
also showed that habituation of parenting focusing on religious character in the school environment also strengthens parenting styles on childrenAos religious characters.
Another finding found that habituation of religious activities, such as reciting daily prayers and short verses of the QurAoan, is able to foster the values of honesty, discipline, and independence (Am et al.
, 2.
In addition.
Qonitah et al.
, .
emphasized that religious character education is not solely supported by the family, but also by policies and learning process in the school environment, so that coordination between the school and the family is highly needed.
However, the majority of the previous research focuses more on childrenAos social development and confidence as in the study by Dhani et al.
, .
that explains childrenAos social and emotional development, a study by Kusuma & Rigiant .
that explains the ability to manage emotions, and a study by Rahmiyati et al.
, .
, which focuses on childrenAos confidence.
This implies that there is a research gap that needs to be followed up.
The research was conducted considering the limited studies on the influence of parenting styles on shaping childrenAos religious character, especially among junior high school students.
Besides, the previous studies merely focus on early childhood education (Pradana & Dewi.
Meanwhile, studies that specifically examine how parents educate junior high school children in shaping their religious characters are still limited.
Therefore, the present study provide a new contribution that can enrich scientific knowledge regarding the role of parents in shaping childrenAos religious character.
Junior high school students were chosen as the participants of this study because early adolescence is a critical development period where children are still searching for their identity and have a high level of curiosity.
The present study has become increasingly important since there is a decline in studentsAo engagement in performing religious Some students are influenced by their family conditions, such as incomplete family or the lack of religious practices at home (Silitonga Sasmita.
Silalahi.
Riyadi.
Diniy The roles of AiC111 et al.
, 2.
This condition indicates the need to investigate religious character that serves as a moral, spiritual, and social foundation for students to face the challenges in the gobalization era.
Based on the explanation, this research aims to .
analyze studentsAo religious character at SMP Negeri 9 Palu, and .
investigate the influence of parental education practices on childrenAos religious character building.
addition to giving empirical description of the relationship between parenting pattern and religious character of adolescent at a junior high school in Palu that has not been widely investigated, the result of the study is hoped to serve as consideration for parents, teachers, and schools in developing habituation and guidance in accordance with the studentsAo developmental METHOD The research used quantitate approach, as the purpose was to find out the influence of parenting pattern on the shaping of childrenAos religious character at SMP Negeri 9 Palu.
achieve the objective, the data were analyzed All students of grade VII and IX at SMP Negeri 9 Palu, totaling 728 students, constituted the research population.
determine the research sample.
SlovinAos formula was employed with an error level of 5%, resulting in 258 respondents.
A random sampling technique was used, ensuring every student had an equal opportunity to be selected as respondent.
Table 1.
Tabulation of Research Population and Sample No Description Student population SMP Negeri 9 Palu Research Sample (SlovinAos 5%) The independent variable in this research was parenting pattern, which is divided into three democratic, authoritarian, and permissive, as explained by Hurlock .
Meanwhile, the dependent variable was the children's religious character that was measured across five aspects.
Number 728 Students 258 Students belief, religious practices, internalization, religious knowledge and religious experiences as proposed by Glock and Stark (Falikah et al.
The instrument used was a Likert-scale questionnaire with five response options, ranging from AoalwaysAo to AoneverAo.
Table 2.
Operationalization of Parenting Variables according to Hurlock .
No Sub variable Indicators Number
Democratic Controlled freedom
1,2,3,4,25
Independent with guidance Open, two-ways communication Enforced discipline Authoritarian Demand for of childrenAos obedience 6,7,8,9,10 Rules strictly applied Control through physical or verbal
One-way communication Permissive Unlimited freedom for children
11,12,13,14,15
Lack of limits and discipline Allowance for children in making their own decision without guidance Minimal monitoring and responsibility Table 3.
Operationalization of Parenting Variables based on Glock dan Strak (Falikah et al.
, 2.
No Subvariabel
Indicators Number
Belief
Belief in the attributes of God
1,2,3,4
Belief in the existence of angels Belief in the existence of heaven 112 | Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling Vol.
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2 December 2025 Religious practices Internalization Religious knowledge Experiences Belief in prophets Consistence in performing worships Fulfilling religious obligation Closeness to God Feeling peaceful while praying Fear of committing sins Adhere to the teachings of holy book Feeling happy when praying Knowing religious teachings Understanding religious teachings as stated in the holy book Donating wealth for religious events.
Visiting the sick or participating in social Strengthening social bonds.
Behaving honestly and fairly The data were collected by distributing observations, and interviewing the guidance and counselling teacher as well as the studentsAo Prior to the distribution of the questionnaires, the validity and reliability of the instruments had been tested to ensure the quality of the data obtained.
Then, a classical assumption test was performed, which included normality and homogeneity tests.
The collected data were analysed descriptively to describe parenting patterns and childrenAos religious character.
To test hypothesis.
One-Way Anova method was used to determine whether there were significant 7,8,9,10,11 12,13 14,15,16,17 differences in childrenAos parenting styles based on parenting patterns.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This research performed normality test with the objective to determine whether the research data had normal distribution or not.
The research showed that there was an abnormal distribution of childrenAos religious character across the three parenting styles, in which the significance value is lower than 0,05 as seen in the table below.
Table 4.
Result of Normality Test on Parenting Patterns of Parents at SMPN 9 Palu Parenting Style Categories Kolmogorov-Smirnov df Shapio-Wilk Democratic 0,134 258 0,953 Authoritarian 0,073 258 0,988 Permissive 0,071 258 0,984 From the analysis, the majority of parent implemented democratic parenting style, which demonstrates clear communication, provides freedom to children while them guided, and ensures consistence guidance.
This style allows children to be more independent, which has positive impacts on the shaping of childrenAos However, since the significance value was < 0,05, the data were not normally distributed, despite the large sample size .
Therefore, parametric Anova analysis could still be used.
Sungkono & Wulandari .
, explain that the central limit theorem shows that although data
Sig
0,000
0,033
0,005
are obtained from abnormal distribution population, the sample mean will approach a normal distribution as long as the sample size is sufficiently large.
It means violation to the normal assumption in a research can be tolerated.
Besides, the research used homogeneity test that was performed to determine the similarity of variances across data groups with the aim to ensuring that the data had homogeneous variances.
This is important because affects one of basic assumptions of parametric analysis, specifically in Anova test.
The result of homogeneity showed that significance value ranged from 0,380-0,412 .
> Sasmita.
Silalahi.
Riyadi.
Diniy The roles of AiC113 0,.
, indicating that the variances across the groups were homogeneous.
Table 5.
Result of Homogeneity Test of ChildrenAos Religious Character at SMPN 9 Palu Variable Levene's Statistic Sig.
Religious Character 0,733 The homogeneous condition showed that, in general, the students had relatively balanced authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles.
this research, being relatively balanced means the majority of the students demonstrated a fairly good religious character, and there were no student groups with very low s or very high Therefore, the differences in parenting style can be analyzed in a valid way using OneWay Anova.
In other words, although parenting styles were implemented differently, the majority of student showed consistent habituation of religious values.
0,380
Similarly, although parents implemented different parenting patterns, students generally exhibited almost similar engagement toward religious aspects, such as belief in religious teachings, worships practices, internalization of spiritual values, religious knowledge, and religious social experiences.
Based on the homogeneity test, which confirmed that variances across groups were uniform.
ANOVA test was conducted to examine the influence of parenting pattern on studentsAo religious character, as shown from the following table:
Table 6.
One Way Anova Test Parenting Style and ChildrenAos Religious Character at SMPN 9 Palu Mean Square Sig.
Sub Variation Sum Of Squares Between Groups 143,424 143,424 4,591 0,033 Within Groups 7997,584 31,241 Total
8141,088
Based on the Anova test, the F value is 4,591 with a significance of 0,033 (< 0,.
Therefore, the null hypotheis (H.
is rejected and the alternative hyphotesis is accepted, indicating that parenting patterns significantly influence the development of childrenAos religious character.
The result of descriptive analysis revealed that the highest mean score of religious character was observed in the democratic parenting group.
Authoritarian and permissive parenting showed relatively similar mean score, although both were lower than that of democratic parenting This indicates that parenting pattern involving open communication, exemplary behavior, and rules delivered in a dialogical manner, tend to better support childrenAos religious development.
The findings were supported by interviews with some studentsAo parents, which revealed that democratic parenting pattern enables children to understand reasons behind religious rules, not merely obeying them because external demands.
In the authorities parenting patterns, religiosity of the children tend to be expressed through obedience and control, while in permissive parenting pattern, children do not receive consistent guidance.
This fact shows that parenting patterns that provide the children with full freedom while valuing their opinion tend to foster the development of childrenAos religious behavior.
When children are given freedom to think independently, yet still under parental guidance, they are better able to understand and apply religious values.
Children raised in democratic environment usually are accustomed to observing parental examples, engaging in discussions, and understanding the meaning behind religious rules.
In contrast, authoritarian parenting that is overly strict may cause children to perform religious practices out of fear of being punished, resulting in religious values that are 114 | Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling Vol.
11 No.
2 December 2025 not deeply internalized.
Similarly, excessive permissive parenting style is ineffective because children lack of consistent guidance preventing a stable development of religious values.
The research finding is in line with the theory proposed by Hurlock .
that emphasizes the crucial roles of parenting patterns in shaping childrenAos character.
Previous studies also support the finding of the present study.
For example.
Nisari et al.
, .
found that the majority of parents who apply democratic parenting successfully build childrenAos positive character.
Furthermore.
Syahfitri & Rakhmawati .
reported that democratic parenting style has positive and significant correlation with the shaping of early childhoodAos religious character through honesty, responsibility, empathy, discipline, and Moreover, a study by Ratna Sari & Handayani .
also pointed out the positive relationship between parenting patterns and studentsAo religious characters at an integrated Islamic elementary school, confirming that parenting pattern plays a significant role in shaping childrenAos religiosity.
In addition to the above findings, several other studies support the result of the present Saputra & Yani .
mention that democratic parenting is the most suitable pattern as it accommodates the needs of both children and parents.
Through open communication, balanced monitoring, and consistent modeling, children are able to internalize religious values more easily.
Aswidar & Saragih .
also highlights the importance of religious habituation, for example through prayers before and after studying, which supports the strengthening of childrenAos religious character at Moreover, research by Al Hulaymi et al.
focusing on Early Child Education (PAUD) revealed that parenting patterns positively affects the shaping of childrenAos Christian character.
This expands the understanding that the role of parenting pattern in fostering religiosity applies across education levels and various children contexts.
Setiawan et , .
argue that childhood is a critical phase in building moral and religious values, making parental guidance indispensable.
These findings are also in line with Goodman & Dyer .
who found that family religiosity plays an important role in shaping positive attitudes and preventing deviant behaviors in in adolescent.
Within the family contexts, mothers play a dominant role.
Rizal .
found that the role of mothers in instilling religious values through habituation, modelling, suggestions, and monitoring, is the key in shaping childrenAos religiosity in multicultural environment Furthermore.
Wardani et demonstrated that democratic parenting is the most consistent pattern in fulfilling the indicators of religious characters compared to Democratic parenting pattern enables children to develop honesty, discipline, responsibility, and religious values.
Moreover, this finding aligns with Izzatunnisa et al.
, .
who reported that democratic parenting pattern is effective in fostering children religious character through religious education, parental modeling, and Likewise.
Saputra & Yani .
found that democratic parenting is more effective because it aligns both with parentsAo intention and childrenAos need.
Based on the findings above, it can be concluded that democratic parenting pattern is the most effective approach in shaping childrenAos religious character.
Therefore, the research reinforces that parenting patterns are an important factor in shaping childrenAos religious character, with democratic parenting pattern being more effective than authoritarian and permissive patterns.
The limitation of the research include its setting, since it was only conducted in one school (SMP Negeri 9 Pal.
so the result may not be generalized to other Also, it only investigated the influence of parenting patterns in general, without considering other factors that may also contribute to childrenAos religious character.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the results of the study, parenting patterns at SMP Negeri 9 falls into three categories: democratic, authoritarian and Sasmita.
Silalahi.
Riyadi.
Diniy The roles of AiC115 Among these, democratic pattern appears to be the most implemented pattern, supervision, and consistent guidance.
StudentsAo religious character at SMP Negeri 9 Palu generally fall under the good category, as reflected from their religious practices and social experiences both at school and at home.
The result of Anova test shows there is a significant difference in the level of religious character among the different parenting patterns (F = 4,591.
Sig = 0,.
Because the focus of the study is to investigate the influence of parenting pattern and childrenAos religious character, post hoc tests, such as Tukey HSD, were not needed.
However, a comparison among the three groups shows that democratic parenting patterns has the highest score, while the difference between authoritarian and permissive groups is relatively small.
This finding is consisted with interviews conducted with studentsAo parents, which indicate that democratic parenting patterns tend to be implemented consistently in daily life.
The study implies that parents need to understand the importance of their role in instilling religious values through a democratic parenting pattern because this parenting pattern allow freedom in a responsible manner while communication and habituation of religious Schools, especially religion teachers and guidance and consoling teachers, are expected to support the habituation of religious values through planned activities and collaboration with parents.
For future research, it is suggested to expand the scope of the study to include other schools and to consider additional factors, such as the influence of environmental influences and social media, in order to obtain more comprehensive research results.
REFERENCES