ISSN: 2597-3851
DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
35747/hmj Homepage: https://journal.
id/index.
php/healthy The Relationship Between Coping Mechanisms and Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents in Karang Taruna Harum Nogotirto Nur Insani Muslimah1*.
Zubaida Rohmawati1.
Suryani1 1Nursing Study Program.
Faculty of Health Sciences.
AoAisyiyah University Yogyakarta *email: nurinsanimuslimah31@gmail.
ABSTRACT
There is a relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking behavior among Karang Taruna Harum in Nogotirto.
this case, adolescents are advised to develop adaptive coping mechanisms in dealing with stress to prevent smoking behavior as a negative response to pressure, even though it has a negative impact on health.
One factor that influences smoking behavior in adolescents is the coping mechanisms used to deal with stress.
This study aims to determine the relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking behavior among adolescents at Karang Taruna Harum in Nogotirto.
This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach.
A total of 57 adolescent was selected using purposive sampling.
These instruments used were the ChildrenAos Coping Questionnaire and a smoking behavior questionnaire.
Data analysis was conducted using the Spearman Rank test.
The result showed that the majority of adolescent had adaptive coping mechanisms .
4%) and moderate smoking behavior .
1%).
The significance value of the Sperman Rank test was 0.
< 0.
There is a relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking behavior among Karang Taruna Harum in Nogotirto.
In this case, adolescents are advised to develop adaptive coping mechanisms in dealing with stress to prevent smoking behavior as a negative response to pressure.
Keywords: Coping mechanisms, smoking behavior, adolescents Received: September 2025.
Accepted: Desember 2025.
Published: Desember 2025 A2025.
Published by Institute for Research and Innovation Universitas Muhammadiyah Banjarmasin.
This is Open Access article under the CC-BY-SA License .
ttp://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-sa/4.
0/).
INTRODUCTION
Adolescent is a vulnerable phase characterized by instability due to physical, hormonal, and social changes that differ from previous stages.
Adolescents often face challenges in finding their identity and establishing their place is society .
Adolescents play an important role in religion, nation, and state.
However, this period is marked by instability in thinking patterns and life principles due to the search for identity, the formation of values, and the influence of social and cultural environments.
The process of identity search during adolescents often triggers deviant behavior, one of which is smoking.
Currently, smoking is not only practiced by adults but has become a trend among adolescents .
Adolescents attitudes toward smokinh tend to increase with age.
This characterized by an increase in the frequency and intensity of smoking .
The prevalence of smoking in Indonesia shows an upward trend, including among adolescents aged 13 to 15 years, with a prevalence rate of 20%, dominated by male adolescents at 41%.
Compared to 2016 data, there has been a significant increase from 23.
Additionally, 37.
3% of student are recorded as smokers, with 30.
9% of them starting to smoke before the age of 10.
The proportion of male smokers reaches 4%, while females account for 15% .
Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2023, 62% of Indonesians aged 15 and above smoke, an increase of 0.
36% from the previous year.
The percentage of male smokers reached 53.
36%, while females only accounted for 1.
In the Special Healthy-Mu Journal.
Vol.
9 No.
Desember 2025.
Page 157Ae 166 e-ISSN: 2598-2095 Region of Yogyakarta, the smoking rate for those aged adolescents often face demands that 15 and older was 24.
82%, an increase of 0.
82% from internal conflicts, known as stress .
Stress arises the previous year.
In 2024, 22.
31% of the population when cortisol, the primary stress inducing hormone, aged 15 Ae 24 in Sleman Regency were recorded as is released.
Individuals experiencing stress typically attempt to reduce or divert the pressure they feel Smoking behavior is influenced by internal factors through coping mechanisms.
Each individual has such as personality, psychological condition, age, and different mechanisms, both positive and negative.
In addition, external factors such as parent.
Adolescents often peers, and social environment also play a role .
such as smoking to seek calmness .
The ability to Psychologically, adolescents smoke because they regulate emotions and behavior is an important form believe that cigarettes can provide a calming effect, of adaptation for adolescents.
Conversely, the inability reduce stress, alleviate boredom, and relieve academic to control oneself has the potential to trigger deviant Furthermore, smoking is perceived as behavior .
creating a sense of comfort and evoking a calm and The government continues to strive to control the relaxed feeling .
The social environment plays a impact of smoking behavior by reducing cigarette significants role in the development of smoking consumption through various regulations.
This is behavior among adolescents.
Various factors from the stipulated in Government Regulation school environment, community, and family can 2024 on the Implementation of law number 17 of 2023 influence adolescent to engage in negative social on health.
These regulations include provisions on the circles that encourage smoking habits .
sale of cigarettes in retail, restrictions on cigarette Deaths caused by smoking reach around 7 million per consumption, and the obligation to include health year, and this number is estimated to increase to more warnings on cigarette packaging.
Additionally, the than 10 million per year by 2030.
Smoking has a implementation of Smoke Free Zone (SFZ) is a key negative impact on health and triggers more than 25 element in supporting regional regulation (PERDA) DIY diseases, such as coronary heart disease, lung cancer.
Number 2 of 2017.
Enforcing smoking bans in public spaces can limit teenagers access to and exposure to .
cigarettes, as well as establish social norms that support healthy behavior.
Smoking can trigger use negative coping mechanisms, number 28 of development of the adolescent brain.
The nicotine in Based on preliminary study from 21 male adolescents cigarettes can impair cognitive function, particularly in Nogotirto, 11 of them smoke.
Reasons for teenagers attention, learning processes, and impulse control .
smoking include peer influence, personal desire.
In the long term, smoking among adolescents carries media, and for fun.
Seven adolescents felt that the risk of becoming a difficult to break habit due to smoking could relieve stress, ten felt more relaxed, dependence on the nicotine in cigarettes.
Nicotine and one adolescent viewed smoking as a way to cope affects the nervous system, leading to physical and with problems.
Adolescents began smoking between psychological dependence in adolescents .
the ages of 12 and 14, with consumption ranging from Adolescents live in an ever-changing environment and 2 to 10 cigarettes per day.
Based on these conditions, experience various changes.
In this this study aims to examine whether there is a Healthy-Mu Journal.
Vol.
9 No.
Desember 2025.
Page 157Ae 166 e-ISSN: 2598-2095 relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking RESULT AND DISCUSSION behavior among Karang Taruna Harum in Nogotirto.
Based on the data presented in Table 1.
It can be seen that the majority of respondents in this study METHOD were between 13 to 15 years old .
1%), had a The type of research used is quantitative with a cross- junior high school education .
4%), were male sectional approach.
This study was conducted in June .
2%), and mostly lived with their parents .
2%).
The research population consisted of all Karang Table 1.
Frequency Distribution of Respondent Taruna Harum adolescent aged 10 Ae 18 years in Characteristics Nogotirto, totaling 129 adolescents.
A sample of 57 adolescents was obtained using purposive sampling.
The instruments used in the study were the ChildrenAos Coping Questionnaire, modified by Chairun Nisak Characteristics (%) Age 10 Ae 12 y.
7,0%
13 Ae 15 y.
49,1%
16 Ae 18 y.
43,9%
, and the smoking behavior questionnaire.
Education modified by Ropianda .
Both instruments were Elementary school
7,0%
Junior high school
47,4%
Senior high school
45,6%
then re-tested for validity and reliability by the researcher on 30 adolescents in Mlangi Sawahan.
The Gender
results of the test showed that the ChildrenAos Coping Male
84,2%
Questionnaire consisted of 20 valid statements, with r Female 15,8% table values ranging from 0.
388 to 0.
575 and a Living Status
Living with parents 84,2% Living alone/Islamic boarding school
15,8%
Total CronbachAos alpha value of o.
Meanwhile, the smoking behavior questionnaire consisted of 20 valid statements with table r values between 0.
368 to 0.
and a CronbachAos alpha values of 0.
Data collections were carried out directly through the informed consent.
The researcher explained the purpose and procedures of the study, and respondents were then asked to complete the questionnaire after giving their consent.
Data analysis techniques used the Spearman Rank test to determine the relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking behavior among adolescents.
The study was approved by the research ethics committee of Universitas AoAisyiyah
Yogyakarta
4341/KEP-
Based on the distribution of coping mechanisms .
able ), the majority of respondents had adaptive coping mechanisms as many as 43 respondents .
4%) and the minority of respondents had maladaptive coping mechanisms as many as 14 respondents .
6%).
Table Frequency Distribution Coping Mechanisms Variable Coping Mechanisms (%) Adaptive 75,4% Maladaptive 24,6% Total UNISA/i/2025 and wa conducted in accordance with research ethics principles.
Healthy-Mu Journal.
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9 No.
Desember 2025.
Page 157Ae 166 e-ISSN: 2598-2095 Based on the distribution of smoking behavior .
able Table 3.
Frequency Distribution of Smoking Behavior
), the data above shows that the most is the amount
Variable of moderate smoking behavior with 28 respondents Smoking Behavior
(%)
1%) and respondents who do not smoke as many No Smoking 35,1% as 20 respondents .
1%).
Mild Smoking Behavior
3,5%
Moderate Smoking Behavior
49,1%
Heavy Smoking Behavior
12,3%
Total Table 4.
The Relationship of Coping Mechanisms with Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents in Karang Taruna Harum No Smoking Variable Smoking Behavior Smokers Moderate Light Smokers Heavy Smokers Total Corelation Coefficient Coping Mechanisms Adaptive Maladaptive Illustrates the significance values of the Spearman found that the majority of their respondents had Rank Test of 0.
By using a significance level of 5% adaptive coping mechanisms, amounting to 51.
(Sig.
< 0.
, it can be concluded that there is a Adolescents generally demonstrate adaptive coping statistically significant relationship between coping skills in solving problems, such as by sharing their mechanisms and smoking behavior in adolescents of problems with trusted individuals, such as close Karang Taruna Harum in Nogotirto.
friends or family members.
In addition, adolescent tend to develop action plans when facing difficult Coping Mechanisms Among Adolescents in situations, show enthusiasms for learning, engage in Karang Taruna Harum Nogotirto social interactions with peers, seek information as a Coping mechanisms are direct effort made to manage basis for considering solutions, and actively seek stress in order to maintain an oneself and act adaptively .
Coping mechanisms enable targeted However, a small proportion or 24.
ultimately enhance and individualAos ability to cope with mechanisms such as avoidance, self-blame, or stress .
Based on the results of a study conducted impulsive behavior.
If adolescents use effective coping on adolescents from Karang Taruna Harum in mechanisms, the actions taken are usually appropriate Nogotirto, it was found that the majority of and lead to positive outcomes.
However, if the coping mechanisms used are ineffective, these strategies may .
4%),
untilized adaptive coping mechanisms.
This finding result in negative behaviors or consequences .
aligns with the research conducted by .
, which Healthy-Mu Journal.
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9 No.
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Page 157Ae 166 e-ISSN: 2598-2095 Age is an important factor that influences mental and In constrast, adolescents girls are more likely to use emotional conditions in dealing with problems .
adaptive coping mechanisms and tend to share their The majority of respondents were aged between 13 to experiences or problems with other .
Adolescents 15 years, namely 28 adolescents .
1%), with 7 of tend seek information as part of their effort to find them using maladaptive coping mechanisms.
Among solutions, while also seeking attention and support adolescents aged 14 Ae 16 years, the range of from tehir surroundings.
To prevent new problems emotional issues arises because at this stage, from arising, adolescents need to cultivate positive self-belief, accept reality, increase religious activities, emotions, leading to underdeveloped ability to self- and strive to reduce the psychological pressure they regulate, and often exhibiting unusual behavior .
When facing challenges, adolescents generally As individuals age, they tend to accumulate more life address problems according to the strategies or experiences that can serve as supportive factors in the methods they believe are most appropriate .
Men application of coping mechanisms.
However, if these and women have differences in coping mechanisms experiences are negative or destructive, they can because men have lower levels of oxytocin than impair the effectiveness of the coping mechanisms This can influence men to choose problem employed .
focused coping or even avoid problems when pressure Based on the frequency distribution of respondent is high .
characteristics, the majority of respondents in this The environment is one of the factors that influence study were male, accounting for 84.
2%, while female an individualAos coping mechanisms .
Most of the respondents only accounted for 15.
The World respondents in this study were adolescents who lived Health Organization .
states that gender is a with their parents .
2%) and the majority had biological characteristic that distinguishes males and adaptive coping mechanisms.
Breaz .
, states females, including genetic factors .
, that adolescents living with their families generally hormonal factors, and physical structures such as have lower stress levels due to the presence of support reproductive organs.
The study result indicates that all and affection, while adolescents living alone are more female respondents, totaling 9 .
%), used adaptive vulnerable to stress because they must cope with coping mechanisms.
Meanwhile, the majority of males problem without assistance from others.
Socialization adolescents used maladaptive coping mechanisms, patterns and societal expectations regarding gender totaling 14 .
1%).
These finding align with the result roles also influence how adolescentsAo express anger and frustration.
Male adolescents tend to receive more Ardyani & Putri .
, which showed that the majority of male adolescents used maladaptive coping mechanisms .
7%), while most female compared to female adolescents .
Thus, the living adolescents used adaptive coping mechanisms .
or environment plays a crucial role in determining coping 3%).
mechanisms, as support from parents, siblings.
Male adolescents are more likely to use maladaptive friends, and the surrounding community can influence coping mechanisms, attempting to solve problems how individuals handle problems .
logically and seeking ways to eliminate problems without considering the possible consequences .
Healthy-Mu Journal.
Vol.
9 No.
Desember 2025.
Page 157Ae 166 e-ISSN: 2598-2095 Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents in social factors.
Currently, adolescents tend to smoke Karang Taruna Harum Nogotirto openly in various places and no longer try to hide this The of smoking continues to increase over time, indicating a tendency for smoking habits to form among adolescents.
Smoking behavior is generally classified into three categories: mild, moderate, and heavy .
Based on the results of the study conducted, it was found that the majority of respondents, namely 28 adolescent .
1%), exhibited moderate smoking behavior.
This developed a smoking habit with a certain frequency, although it has not yet reached the severe category.
This finding aligns with research by Datangmanis et al.
, which found that the majority of respondents exhibited moderate smoking behavior at 64.
Based on the analysis of questionnaire responses, the majority of respondents stated that adolescents smoke because they feel that cigarettes can provide a sense calm, especially when facing many problems.
This aligns with the views of Nataliya & Manta Tambunan .
, who noted that smoking behavior is a form of response to stress stimuli that influence oneAos actions to smoke.
Internal factors driving this behavior include adolescents to try smoking, especially when they are experiencing psychosocial crises during the process of self-identity formation.
Additionally, positive emotional reactions such as reduced stress and the emergence of pleasure are factors influencing smoking behavior.
The effects of nicotine in cigarettes can also lead to dependence, making individuals find it difficult to resist the urge to smoke and view cigarettes as a way to feel relieved or relaxed, even though this is a form of From an external perspective, one of the main factors influencing smoking behavior among adolescents in habit, often doing so with their peers.
The more peers who smoke, the greater the likelihood that a adolescents will also smoke to meet the need to be accepted into a social group, even though such behavior contradicts health regulations .
This situation demonstrates that social environment and psychological factors play significant role in shaping smoking behavior among adolescents.
The results of this study show a difference from the .
respondents who fell into the category of moderate smokers despite having adaptive coping mechanisms.
This condition may be influenced by various factors, including the characteristics of the respondents, who were mostly ages 16 Ae 18 years, male, had a high school education, and lived with their parents.
When looking at age distribution, the highest prevalence of smoking among adolescents is in the 16 Ae 18 age According to data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey, the 15 Ae 19 age group has the highest prevalence at 56.
5% .
During adolescence, individuals greatly Emotional satisfaction is obtained through friendships, as part of the process of self-discovery .
In daily life, adolescents are greatly influenced by their peers because adolescence is the initial stage of getting to know and adapting to the social During this phase, adolescents begin to detach themselves from their dependence on their parents and tend to seek out social groups that align with their way of thinking, namely their peers.
Additionally, the urge to try new things and the desire adolescents at this stage .
Gender is one of the factors that influence smoking Data shows that 18 .
%) respondents Healthy-Mu Journal.
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Page 157Ae 166 e-ISSN: 2598-2095 were male.
This condition reinforces the general view society, and family also contribute to the formation of that smoking is a behavior synonymous with men.
unhealthy social circles among teenagers .
Conversely, women who smoke are often seen as defying social norms and not fitting the roles expected The of women .
This view reflects the social Mechanisms and Smoking Behavior Among construction that differentiates smoking behavior Adolescents based on gender, where men are more socially accepted for smoking, while women face stigma and Relationship Karang Between Coping Taruna Harum Nogotirto Based on Table 2, it shows that 57 respondents had negative judgment when doing the same.
Based on data from 18 adolescents, 15 of them lived adaptive coping mechanisms, with 43 respondents with their parents and had moderate smoking .
4%) exhibiting adaptive coping mechanisms and The family environment can influence smoking behavior.
This is because individuals who coping mechanisms.
Meanwhile, 20 respondents grow up in a positive family environment tend to develop good behavior.
The role of parents is very influential in shaping children's behavior.
Adolescents are more likely to be encouraged to smoke if they see .
6%) did not smoke, 2 respondents .
6%) had light smoking behavior, 18 respondents .
9%) had moderate smoking behavior, and 3 respondents .
3%) had heavy smoking behavior.
their parents engaging in this habit.
Additionally.
Based on the data analysis of coping mechanisms and adolescents from less harmonious families, where smoking behavior, it can be seen that there is a parents provide less attention and supervision, have a relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking higher risk of smoking compared to adolescents who behavior, as indicated by the significance value or sig grow up in happy and supportive families .
-taile.
between the coping mechanism variable and Exposure to smoking in the family environment the smoking behavior variable, which is 0.
significantly influences adolescents' decisions to start .
<0.
Based on the Spearman Rank correlation When smoking is viewed as a normal or test output table, the correlation coefficient between acceptable habit within the family environment, the coping mechanism variable and smoking behavior children are more likely to imitate such behavior.
This tendency is -0.
Thus, it can be concluded that becomes even more risky if teenagers do not receive there is a relationship between coping mechanisms adequate and comprehensive education about the and smoking behavior among adolescents in Karang Taruna Harum Nogotirto.
negative health effects of smoking .
In addition, the most influential environment on Many adolescents start smoking because of curiosity and the perception that smoking is a normal, enjoyable activity This study is in line with the results of a study conducted by Putri .
entitled AuThe Relationship between Coping Mechanisms and Smoking Behavior in Adolescents.
Ay Out of 110 respondents, 65 had that provides social benefits.
Adolescents who do not smoke are often considered uncool, out of touch with maladaptive coping mechanisms.
All respondents trends, boring, or less accepted in their peer groups.
engaged in smoking behavior, with 12 respondents Furthermore, factors from the school environment, exhibiting light smoking behavior, 98 respondents Healthy-Mu Journal.
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Conversely, the use respondents exhibiting heavy smoking behavior.
From of ineffective coping mechanisms tends to lead to the Mann-Whitney statistical test, a p-value of 0.
maladaptive behaviors, such as smoking.
Therefore, was obtained, which is less than 0.
-value < 0.
the selection of coping strategies plays a crucial role Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a in determining how adolescents manage stress or relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking pressure they face .
behavior among junior high school students.
The results of the study indicate that 23 respondents .
4%) had adaptive coping mechanisms but still engaged in smoking behavior.
This condition suggests that even though an individual may possess adaptive coping mechanisms, such mechanisms do not always prevent the emergence of smoking behavior.
This phenomenon can be influenced by various external factors, such as peer influence, a socially permissive environment toward smoking behavior, and easy access to cigarettes (Sanggu & Wibowo, 2.
Additionally, physical and psychological dependence on nicotine causes individuals to continue smoking to obtain temporary comfort despite having positive coping strategies.
It is also not uncommon for individuals to view smoking as part of their coping mechanism, even though such behavior is an maladaptive coping strategy and can have negative long-term effects .
The deeply ingrained habit of smoking is also one of the reasons why adaptive mechanisms do not align with smoking behavior.
Furthermore, this study also found that there were 7 respondents who had heavy smoking behavior and 4 of them had maladaptive coping mechanisms.
When adolescents are unable to manage stress in a positive way, they tend to seek outlets such as smoking.
Individuals who smoke believe that cigarettes can help them feel relieved and relaxed when stressed, but what they actually experience is nicotine dependence (Sanggu & Wibowo, 2.
Choosing the appropriate coping mechanism can help adolescents act more adaptively, thereby avoiding behaviors that are CONCLUSION The majority of Karang Taruna Harum adolescents in Nogotirto have adaptive coping mechanisms .
and moderate smoking behavior .
1%).
The Spearman Rank test result show that there is a relationship between coping mechanisms and smoking behavior among Adolescents in Karang Taruna Harum Nogotirto .
-value 0.
002 < 0.
Although the mechanisms, this is not entirely effective in preventing smoking behavior, which is also influenced by external factors such as peers, social environment, access to cigarettes, and nicotine dependence.
Adolescents with maladaptive coping tend to show higher levels of In this case, adolescents are advised to develop adaptive coping mechanisms to deal with stress in order to prevent smoking behavior as a negative response to pressure.
Interventions that can be carried out include health education on the dangers of smoking, training in adaptive coping skills, and the formation of peer groups that provide positive support.
In addition, family involvement in setting an example and creating a smoke-free environment is an important strategy for preventing the development of smoking behavior in adolescents.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The appreciation to the Karang Taruna Harum youth organization for their participation and times as Healthy-Mu Journal.
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9 No.
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Page 157Ae 166 respondents in this study.
They would also like to e-ISSN: 2598-2095 thank the Faculty of Health Sciences at Universitas AoAisyiyah Yogyakarta and their supervisors for all their support and guidance from the beginning of the study .
to the publication of this research.
REFERENCES