Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
12 No.
April 2025, 53-66
ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195
MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF Parkia speciosa
SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS AMELIORANTS,
SHALLOW GROUNDWATER.
AND THE EFFECTS ON
MICROCLIMATE CONDITIONS
Purwanto1,2.
Benyamin Lakitan3,4*, and Marieska Verawaty5,3 Post-graduate of the Environmental Management Program.
Universitas Sriwijaya.
Jl.
Padang Selasa No.
Bukit Besar.
Palembang 30139.
South Sumatra.
Indonesia Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology.
National Research and Innovation Agency.
Jl.
Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM.
46 Cibinong.
Bogor 16911.
Indonesia Faculty of Agriculture.
Universitas Sriwijaya.
Jl.
Raya Palembang-Prabumulih Km.
Indralaya.
Ogan Ilir 30662.
South Sumatra.
Indonesia Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands.
Universitas Sriwijaya.
Jl.
Padang Selasa No.
Bukit Besar.
Palembang 30139.
South Sumatra.
Indonesia Department of Biology.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
UniversitasSriwijaya.
Jl.
Raya Km.
Inderalaya 30662.
Ogan Ilir.
South Sumatra.
Indonesia Received: 26 March 2024 .
Revised: 1 October 2024.
Accepted: 4 February 2025 MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF Parkia speciosa SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS AMELIORANTS.
SHALLOW GROUNDWATER.
AND THE EFFECTS ON MICROCLIMATE CONDITIONS.
The cultivation of stinky bean (Parkia speciosa Hassk.
) in wetlands is significantly affected by shallow water table conditions.
Therefore, this research aimed to explore the growth of stinky bean seedlings and microclimate conditions in various substrate mixtures and shallow water table levels.
The experiment was conducted at the Jakabaring Research Facility .
A46'44''E, 3A01'35''S).
Palembang.
South Sumatra, from September to December 2023 using a factorial randomized block design.
The first and second factors were an ameliorant mixture in the substrate and shallow water table depth respectively, with each treatment repeated four times.
The results showed that optimal leaf growth occurred using biochar ameliorant, but no significant difference was observed among the four types of planting media.
Although the conditions of air and substrate temperature and soil moisture varied, the stinky bean seedlings still grew optimally on all four planting media, including biochar, peat, cocopeat, and topsoil under shallow water table conditions.
A zero-intercept linear model was considered optimal for predicting leaf area based on midrib length, leaf width, and the interaction indicated by the RA value.
Optimal stinky bean leaf growth was observed at shallow water table SWT-12, but plant growth at three variations of SWT-20.
SWT-16, and SWT-12 was not significantly different.
Fluctuations in the microclimate, including air and substrate temperature, as well as humidity did not significantly affect growth, suggesting that the cultivation of stinky bean plants could be carried out in all shallow water table conditions.
Keywords: Growing media, microclimatic conditions, optimal growth, shallow water table, stinky bean RESPON MORFOLOGIS BIBIT Parkia speciosa TERHADAP BERBAGAI AMELIORAN.
MUKA AIR TANAH DANGKAL.
DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP IKLIM MIKRO SETEMPAT.
Budidaya tanaman petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.
) di lahan basah memerlukan evaluasi tanaman terhadap kondisi muka air dangkal.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pertumbuhan tanaman petai dan kondisi iklim mikro dalam variasi campuran substrat dan tingkat muka air dangkal.
Penelitian ini dilakukan di Fasilitas Penelitian Jakabaring .
A46Ao44AoAo E, 3A01Ao35AoAo S).
Palembang.
Sumatera Selatan, dan dimulai pada bulan September hingga Desember 2023, serta menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial.
Faktor pertama campuran amelioran pada substrat, faktor kedua kedalaman muka air dangkal.
Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak empat .
Hasil penelitian pertumbuhan opimal daun tanaman petai terjadi pada media tanam dengan amelioran biochar, namun pertumbuhan tanaman pada empat jenis media tanam tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata secara statistik.
Meskipun kondisi suhu udara, suhu substrat, dan kelembapan tanah Corresponding author: blakitan60@unsri.
A2025 IJFR.
Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license.
doi:10.
59465/ijfr.
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
12 No.
April 2025, 53-66
ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195
bervariasi, tanaman petai tetap tumbuh baik pada keempat media tanam, termasuk amelioran biochar, gambut, cocopeat dan tanah topsoil pada muka air dangkal.
Model zero-intercept linear dianggap optimal untuk memprediksi luas daun dengan mempertimbangkan panjang midrib, lebar daun, dan interaksi keduanya berdasarkan nilai RA.
Pertumbuhan daun petai optimal terlihat pada muka air dangkal SWT-12, namun pertumbuhan tanaman pada tiga variasi muka air dangkal (SWT-20.
SWT-16, dan SWT-.
tidak berbeda nyata.
Meskipun iklim mikro berfluktuasi, termasuk suhu udara, suhu substrat, dan kelembaban udara pada tiga perbedaan muka air dangkal, pengaruhnya belum signifikan pada pertumbuhan tanaman petai.
Ini menunjukkan budidaya tanaman petai pada permukaan air dangkal bisa dilaksanakan.
Kata kunci: Media tanam, kondisi iklim mikro, pertumbuhan optimal, muka air dangkal, petai INTRODUCTION Deforestation is known to have negative impacts on biophysical aspects, such as climate change and biodiversity loss (Lawrence et al.
This phenomenon is attributed to poor forest governance, which focuses on shortterm economic gains, neglecting environmental aspects (Doggart et al.
, 2.
Southeast Asia, which has the third largest tropical forests in the world, faces serious challenges due to high deforestation rates (Hoang & Kanemoto, 2.
In this context, conservation efforts are crucial to maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems (Matthew et al.
, 2.
Among the lands that require rehabilitation are degraded peatlands.
The stinky bean (Parkia speciosa Hassk.
plant is an appropriate choice for conservation efforts, given its popularity in various parts of the world, including India.
Malaysia.
Singapore.
Thailand.
Borneo.
Madagascar, and Africa (Ahmad et al.
, 2019.
Chhikara et al.
, 2.
It is rich in bioactive components such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and folates (Singhania et al.
Aside from its contribution as a nutrientrich plant, stinky bean fruit can be consumed both raw and after cooking.
Regarding the impact of ecology, the benefits include a positive impact on preventing climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide (CO.
from the atmosphere, which helps to reduce the concentration (Singha et al.
, 2.
Meanwhile.
Hadi et al.
reported that the stinky bean is a plant that can adapt to peatlands.
Thus, it has the potential to be planted on degraded Before developing stinky bean cultivation in peatlands, it is necessary to assess the adaptation to shallow water table conditions.
Waterlogging has a negative impact on seedling growth in species that prefer both wet and dry conditions (Chong et al.
, 2.
The effect on forests causes plant roots to face significant hypoxia conditions, affecting growth and overall function (Fujita.
Noguchi, & Tange, 2.
Among the five forestry plant species, including Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
Populus deltoides.
Syzygium cumini.
Dalbergia sissoo.
Salix tetrasperma, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis shows a higher level of tolerance to the duration of waterlogging compared to other tree species (Shaheen et al.
, 2.
The addition of ameliorants has been proposed as an effective strategy for improving soil fertility to obtain positive results for the growth of stinky bean plants (Saputra & Sari.
Based on agronomic tests, biochar possesses strong alkaline properties, which improve the rooting and growth of Rosmarinus officinalis cuttings (Fornes & Belda, 2.
The use of biochar also affects the properties of the growing medium, leading to an increase in pH and changes in nutrient levels.
As stated in previous research, this material increases seed germination success (Chrysargyris et al.
Furthermore, sand mixed with peat as an essential planting medium can increase the growth of Argania spinosa at the seedling stage due to its significant water-retaining capacity (Farhoune & Cherkaoui, 2.
Peat soil supplemented with manure positively affected plant growth (Susilawati et al.
, 2.
Previous research reported that the combination of Morphological Response of Parkia speciosa Seedlings Exposed to Various Ameliorants .
(Purwanto et al.
5% cocopeat, 17.
5% manure, and 50% soil significantly affected the growth of ketapang (Terminalia catapp.
These results provide valuable insights for coastal forest rehabilitation practices and can be cited as a guide in the development of ecosystem sustainability (Felle et al.
, 2.
Trees grown in cocopeat substrate showed better water status and increased vegetative growth compared to control (Parra et al.
, 2.
Therefore, this research aimed to determine the growth of stinky bean plants and the microclimate status in different substrate mixtures and shallow groundwater levels.
II.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Research location and climatic This research was conducted at the Jakabaring Research Facility .
A46'44''E, 3A01'35''S).
Palembang.
South Sumatra from September to December 2023.
The site is classified as a tropical lowland ecosystem, located within an urban area.
A mixture of topsoil with decomposed peat, biochar, and cocopeat was used as the growing substrate.
The monthly rainfall and humidity during research activities are presented in Figure 1.
Research procedure This research used stinky bean seedlings aged 12 weeks after sowing with a height of about 15Ae18 cm.
Seedlings were planted in pots measuring 27.
5 cm .
5 cm .
The pots were equipped with holes at the bottom and sides for access to water from or to the substrate.
Several variations of substrate mixture were used including topsoil.
peat topsoil mixture .
:3 v/.
topsoil mixture .
:3 v/.
and biochar topsoil mixture .
:3 v/.
These substrate mixture variations were designated as treatments, with the symbols M0.
M1.
M2, and M3 respectively.
Topsoil was soil originating at 0-15 cm layer from Indralaya.
Ogan Ilir.
South Sumatra.
The soil used in the study is Alluvial.
Peat was obtained from local land.
Sepucuk.
Ogan Komering Ilir.
South Sumatra.
Meanwhile, the cocopeat was pulverized coconut husk.
The biochar used was rice-husk biochar produced through the pyrolysis method.
The biochar used was obtained from a commercial store.
The pots were arranged in an experimental pond measuring 4.
0 m .
0 m .
3 m .
Inside the pond, the position of the pots was adjusted according to the water depth treatment, namely 20 cm (SWT-.
, 16 cm (SWT-.
, and 12 cm (SWT-.
from the surface (Figure .
The pond was equipped with a valve to maintain the water level.
Although watering was not carried out, the plants obtained water through capillary movement from the bottom to the rhizosphere through the holes at the bottom of the pot.
Figure 1.
Map of the study site Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
12 No.
April 2025, 53-66
ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195
Figure 2.
The difference in groundwater level was adjusted by positioning the bottom of the pot.
Bottom part of the pot in direct contact with the water surface (SWT-.
, bottom of the pot is partially submerged to 4 cm under water surface (SWT-.
and submerged to 8 cm below the surface (SWT-.
Data collection The data collected comprised stinky bean plant growth and microclimate conditions.
Specifically, data related to the plant growth consisted of individual leaf growth rates .
idrib length, leaf width, and petiole lengt.
, weekly vegetative growth .
lant height, number of leaves, canopy width, and stem diamete.
, and growth at the end of observation .
resh and dry weight of each orga.
Meanwhile, data related to microclimate included soil moisture and temperature, as well as air temperature.
Measurement of individual leaf growth started when the leaves opened completely until they stagnated.
Soil moisture was measured for five days, while substrate and atmospheric temperature were taken for 10 Microclimate measurements were carried out when there was no rain, and at the end, destructive observations were made at 13 weeks after treatment (WAT).
Canopy width was measured at the widest dimension of the canopy.
The number of leaves was calculated based on the number of Midrib length was measured from the beginning of the leaflet to the leaf tip, while leaf width was measured at the widest dimension of the leaf.
Leaf area estimation was carried out by taking 120 leaves as samples with varied sizes, while direct measurement was achieved using an image scanner.
LIA32 (Nagoya University.
Japa.
software for Windows 10 was used to measure leaf area.
Meanwhile, each leaf was measured for midrib length, width, and number of leaflets as predictors of area.
These predictors were then examined for the strength of the relationship with leaf area using simple regression to determine the reliability of the Soil moisture measurements were conducted using a soil moisture meter (PMS-714.
Lutron Electronics Canada.
Inc.
Pennsylvania.
USA).
Meanwhile, substrate and atmospheric temperature measurements were carried out with a digital thermometer (Pen Thermometer KW0600308.
Krisbow.
Inc.
Jakarta.
Indonesi.
The dry weight of each plant organ was obtained by drying in a 100AC oven for 24 hours.
Research design and statistical analysis The research used a factorial randomized group design with two factors: shallow water table depth and the addition of ameliorant mixture to the substrate.
The treatments were repeated up to four times.
All data collected were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and significance levels between treatments were tested by least significance difference (LSD) at P<0.
Meanwhile, each selected variable was tested for the strength of the relationship by simple regression through linear, exponential, polynomial, logarithmic, zero intercept linear, and zero intercept exponential models.
All analyses were conducted using Rstudio .
for Windows 10.
Morphological Response of Parkia speciosa Seedlings Exposed to Various Ameliorants .
(Purwanto et al.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result Growth of stinky bean plant in different planting media The petiole and midrib length and the leaf width of stinky bean plant in all planting media tended to increase.
Optimal petiole length growth occurred in topsoil growing media (M.
compared to biochar (M.
, peat (M.
, and cocopeat ameliorant (M.
The midrib length and leaf width growth is optimal in biochar planting media (M.
The growth in shape was assessed by dividing the midrib length by the width of the leaves.
The results showed that the seedlings on all planting media experienced significant growth from the first to the seventh However, after the seventh day, leaf growth was relatively stagnant (Figure .
Figure 3.
Daily leaf enlargement in stinky bean treated with different ameliorants.
Measured leaf components are petiole length (A), midrib length (B), leaf width (C), and ratio of midrib length/leaf width (D).
Measurements were taken starting after the young leaf was fully unfolded.
Ameliorants used include topsoil (M.
, biochar (M.
, peat (M.
, and cocopeat (M.
Figure 4.
Plant height (A), stem diameter (B), canopy width (C), and number of leaves (D) of stinky bean plants in different planting media.
Each bar followed by a different letter means significantly different at LSD0.
Meanwhile.
NS is not significantly different at LSD0.
Ameliorants used include topsoil (M.
, biochar (M.
, peat (M.
, and cocopeat (M3 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
12 No.
April 2025, 53-66 ANOVA analysis of all planting media showed that from weeks 1 to 7, no significant differences were observed in height, stem diameter, and leaf width growth between treatments from the first to the seventh week.
Based on the results, it was concluded that the planting media had no significant effect on the growth of height, stem diameter, and leaf width of stinky bean plant.
However, there were significant differences in the number of leaves in the fourth, sixth, and seventh weeks between the different treatments (Figure .
Based on the results of the data analysis, there were no significant differences in leaf, petiole, stem, and root fresh weight between the four types of growing media used.
This indicated that the variation in the use of planting media had no significant effect on the growth and development of the stinky bean observed.
The Least Significant Difference (LSD) assessment of each variable provided insights into the extent of differences required between treatments to be considered significant.
However, since no significant differences could be identified, the growing media used in this experiment did not produce a statistically different impact on ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195 the measured growth parameters.
This result suggested that the growing media used did not play a different role in supporting the growth of the stinky bean (Table .
Based on the RA values, the zero-intercept linear model was considered the best for all three components, including midrib length, leaf width, and Midrib length x Leaf width, in estimating the leaf area accurately.
This model provided a high level of accuracy and could explain most of the variability in leaf area based on each of the observed components (Table .
Microclimate in different growing media The air temperature consistently surpassed the substrate temperature because the stinky bean plant substrate was constantly kept moist by exposure to water.
When the air temperature increased, an upward trend in soil temperature occurred in various growing media, although this change was not significant.
The pattern and rate of increase in soil temperature tended to be similar across all growing media.
When the air temperature decreased, the soil temperature also reduced, although this change was not significantly different (Figure .
Table 1.
Fresh and dry weight of stinky bean plant organs in different growing media.
Treatment Leaf fresh weight .
Significance LSD0.
Treatment 744A2.
796A2.
623A2.
422A1.
Leaf dry weight .
Significance LSD0.
371A0.
761A1.
210A0.
545A683
Petiole fresh Stem fresh weight weight .
Growing media 624A0.
180A2.
967A0.
652A2.
044A0.
966A1.
347A0.
445A1.
Petiole dry Stem dry weight .
Growing media 547A0.
672A0.
655A0.
648A1.
662A0.
287A0.
499A0.
838A0.
Root fresh weight .
778A3.
432A3.
969A2.
152A1.
Root dry weight .
980A0.
676A0.
082A0.
078A0.
Remark: The data represent the mean A standard error.
NS means each treatment is not significantly different at LSD0.
Morphological Response of Parkia speciosa Seedlings Exposed to Various Ameliorants .
(Purwanto et al.
Table 2.
Relationship of leaf area with Midrib length.
Leaf width, and Midrib length x Leaf width Leaf part Midrib length Leaf width Midrib length x Leaf width Regression type Linear Exponential Logarithmic Polynomial Power Zero-intercept linear Zero-intercept polynomial Linear Exponential Logarithmic Polynomial Power Zero-intercept linear Zero-intercept polynomial Linear Exponential Logarithmic Polynomial Power Zero-intercept linear Zero-intercept polynomial Equation y = 13.
319x - 47.
y = 28.
y = 170ln.
- 288.
Y= 0.
0349M2 7.
9612M-17.
y = 3.
y = 10.
y = 0.
y = 22.
102x Ae 132 y = 14.
y = 246.
- 464.
y = 0.
8451x - 32.
y = 0.
y = 12.
y = 0.
8451x - 32.
y = 0.
y = 48.
y = 114.
- 430.
y = -0.
y = 1.
y = 0.
y = -0.
Remark: R2 stands for the strength level of relation between leaf area and predictors.
Figure 5.
Status of air temperature and substrate temperature in different growing media.
AT = air M0 = topsoil.
M1 = biochar.
M2 = peat.
and M3 = cocopeat ANOVA of soil moisture showed significant differences between different growing media, attributed to the high water retaining capacity.
Based on the results, the cocopeat ameliorant planting medium was the best at storing water efficiently, resulting in the highest soil moisture (Figure .
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
12 No.
April 2025, 53-66
ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195
Figure 6.
Soil moisture measurement based on growing media.
Ameliorants used include topsoil (M.
, biochar (M.
, peat (M.
, and cocopeat (M.
Figure 7.
Petiole length (A), midrib length (B), leaf width (C), and ratio of midrib length/leaf width (D) of the stinky bean plants at different shallow water tables.
Measurements were taken starting from fully open leaves to stagnant.
The shallow water table consists of SWT-20 = shallow water table 20 cm from the surface of the planting media.
SWT-16 = shallow water table 16 cm from the surface of the planting and SWT-12 = shallow water table 12 cm from the surface of the planting media Individual leaf growth of stinky bean plant at a shallow water table The growth of petiole length, midrib length, and leaf width of stinky bean under various shallow water table conditions, including SWT-20.
SWT-16, and SWT-12, showed an increasing trend.
Optimal growth occurred at a shallow water table condition of 12 cm from the surface of the planting media (SWT-.
evaluate leaf shape, the ratio of midrib length to leaf width was used, and the results in SWT20.
SWT-16, and SWT-12 showed a similar From the first to the seventh day, there was significant leaf expansion, but after the seventh day, leaf growth tended to stagnate (Figure .
Morphological Response of Parkia speciosa Seedlings Exposed to Various Ameliorants .
(Purwanto et al.
Weekly vegetative growth of stinky bean Based on the ANOVA of height growth, stem diameter, canopy width, and number of leaves in the shallow water table of 20 cm (SWT.
, 16 cm (SWT-.
, and 12 cm (SWT-.
there were no significant differences between the different treatments.
This result implied that the stinky bean could be planted at various shallow water table conditions (Figure .
The ANOVA results showed no significant differences in the leaf fresh, petiole fresh, stem wet, and root fresh weight between SWT20.
SWT-16, and SWT-12.
This implied that variations in shallow water table conditions did not significantly impact the observed growth and development.
Furthermore, there were no significant differences in leaf dry, petiole dry, stem dry, and root wet weight between the three shallow water table conditions.
Based on the result, variations in shallow water table conditions had no significant effect on the growth and development of the observed stinky bean plant.
The LSD assessment of each variable offered insights into the extent of differences required between treatments to be considered significant.
However, since no significant differences could be identified, the results indicated that the various shallow water table conditions used in the experiment had no significant impact on the measured growth parameters of the stinky bean plant (Table .
Figure 8.
Plant height (A), stem diameter (B), canopy width (C), and number of leaves (D) of stinky bean plants at different shallow water tables.
Each bar followed by a different letter means significantly different at LSD0.
Meanwhile.
NS is not significantly different at LSD0.
The shallow water table consists of SWT-20 = shallow water table 20 cm from the surface of the planting media.
SWT-16 = shallow water table 16 cm from the surface of the planting media.
and SWT-12 = shallow water table 12 cm from the surface of the planting media Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
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April 2025, 53-66
ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195
Table 3.
Fresh weight and dry weight of stinky bean plant organs at different shallow water table conditions.
Treatment Leaf fresh weight Petiole fresh Stem fresh weight Root fresh weight .
Shallow water table SWT-20
SWT-16
SWT-12
Significance LSD0.
Treatment 008A1.
628A0.
958A1.
384A3.
792A1.
760A0.
585A1.
957A1.
638A2.
849A0.
889A2.
157A2.
Leaf fresh weight Petiole fresh Stem fresh weight Root fresh weight .
Shallow water table SWT-20
SWT-16
SWT-12
Significance LSD0.
629A0.
537A0.
411A0.
076A0.
431A0.
592A0.
165A0.
007A0.
605A0.
643A0.
757A0.
780A0.
Remark: The data represent the mean A standard error.
NS means each treatment is not significantly different at LSD0.
Microclimate at shallow water table ANOVA analysis of the differences in soil moisture showed significant differences between the different levels of shallow water The differences could be attributed to variations in the ability of the substrate to capitalize on various types of submergence.
Based on the results, the shallow water table at 12 cm depth (SWT-.
had the highest soil moisture level because it received the most water (Figure .
Discussion Growth of stinky bean plant on different planting media Leaf growth, such as midrib length and leaf width of stinky bean plant showed differences between various planting media.
Positive results of leaf growth were observed in growing media that used biochar ameliorants, namely the growth of midrib length and leaf width.
This was consistent with several research reports related to the advantages of biochar planting media.
Biochar promoted early growth in African mahogany (Khaya senegalensi.
Therefore, this material has potential as a growth medium capable of improving the quality of tree seedlings in the northern Ghana region with generally low nitrogen and organic matter content (Baatuuwie.
Nasare & Tefuttor, 2.
Based on this study, the application of ameliorant mixtures was not significantly different, as shown through several growth parameters of stinky bean plants.
This was caused by the ameliorant used not being classified as nutrient-rich ameliorant, thus taking a longer time to have an impact on the plant growth.
This was in line with Muda et al.
, who reported that non-fertilizer ameliorants may not effects on plant growth.
In another research, the citrange-carrizo citrus plant produced optimal rootstock growth by adding 25% biochar.
The treatment Morphological Response of Parkia speciosa Seedlings Exposed to Various Ameliorants .
(Purwanto et al.
Figure 9.
Soil moisture measurement at a shallow water table difference.
The shallow water table consists of SWT-20 = shallow water table 20 cm from the surface of the planting media.
SWT-16 = shallow water table 16 cm from the surface of the planting media.
and SWT-12 = shallow water table 12 cm from the surface of the planting media increased the inner layer substrate density, providing stable mechanical support for plant Although growth was limited in the shallow potting layer, this indicated a tendency for roots to grow near the surface, possibly due to better nutrient availability or the physical characteristics of the substrate (Ferlito et al.
The high porosity of biochar facilitates efficient absorption and storage of water.
This capability plays an important role in improving water use efficiency, specifically in drought-prone areas.
Furthermore, the pore structure also functions as a nutrient storage, effectively reducing the need for additional mineral fertilizers (MedyEska-Juraszek & IwielIg-Piasecka, 2.
Rice husk charcoal biochar application had a significant effect on plant height and fresh weight parameters (Walianggen, 2.
Based on the results, the height, canopy width, stem diameter, and number of leaves on different planting media, including biochar, cocopeat, peat ameliorants, and topsoils, showed no significant difference.
The microclimate analysis showed an increase in air temperature followed by elevated substrate temperature.
This was consistent with previous research (Kropp et al.
, 2.
, where an increase in air temperature corresponded to high soil temperature in tundra vegetation According to a recent report, higher air temperatures increase plant growth in the mountains (Wang et al.
, 2.
Soil moisture also plays an important role in controlling vegetation growth because changes in this parameter can affect the composition of plants in the environment (Zhang et al.
, 2.
Although increased air and substrate temperature were found in the four growing media, this did not significantly affect the growth of the stinky bean plant.
The significant differences in soil moisture across four growing media also did not significantly affect the growth.
This showed that stinky bean plants could be planted in four planting media of biochar, peat, and cocopeat ameliorants, as well as topsoil at different shallow water table conditions.
Estimation of leaf area of stinky bean plant Estimation of leaf area was conducted according to research by Lakitan et al.
Accurate estimation was achieved using 120 leaves with a regular shape, covering various sizes.
Based on the RA value, the zerointercept linear model was considered the best and most effective choice for the three components: midrib length, leaf width, and the interaction between the two in predicting leaf area estimation.
This was consistent with the Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
12 No.
April 2025, 53-66 research of (Muda et al.
, 2.
, which estimated leaf area of citrus plants by multiplying leaf length and width using a regression having a zero intercept.
Growth of stinky bean plant at different shallow water table conditions Plant species have varying survival strategies when experiencing waterlogging (Zhou et al.
A strong root system, high seedling vigor, and large collar diameter can make plants more resistant to waterlogging in the environment (Nabloussi et al.
, 2.
Optimal leaf growth of stinky bean plant occurred in shallow water table condition of 12 cm from the surface of the planting media (SWT-.
Thiswas in line with the research by Shaheen et al.
, stating that Eucalyptus camaldulensis demonstrated optimal waterlogging tolerance and strong physiological performance, including photosynthesis rates.
Ma.
Rao, and Chen .
also reported that cypress plants with good waterlogging tolerance could develop new leaves quickly when experiencing waterlogging The growth of stinky bean plant in three different shallow water table variations, namely 20 cm (SWT-.
, 16 cm (SWT-.
, and 12 cm (SWT-.
, showed no significant difference.
This result confirms the plantAos ability to grow optimally in wetland conditions with a shallow water table.
According to Tata et al.
Shorea balangeran and Cratoxylum arborescens demonstrated relatively high survival rates, tolerating 13 weeks of saturation by developing additional roots to adapt to inundation conditions and grow better in full sun.
Fujita.
Noguchi, and Tange .
also reported that Fraxinus mandshurica, a teak tree species originating from the Mandshuria region in East Asia, showed the highest level of tolerance because existing roots were not damaged by waterlogging conditions, indicating effective adaptation to waterlogged environments.
ISSN 2355-7079/E-ISSN 2406-8195
Microclimate dynamics related to increasing air and substrate temperature, and soil moisture were significantly different at three variations of shallow water table.
Although these dynamics enhanced growth, the result was not significantly different across the three variations of shallow water table.
This implied that the stinky bean plant could be planted at three shallow water table variations of 20 cm (SWT-.
, 16 cm (SWT-.
, and 12 cm (SWT-.
IV.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, optimal leaf growth of stinky bean plant occurred in biochar ameliorant planting media, but plant growth in four different planting media was not significantly Although the conditions of air, substrate temperature, and soil moisture varied, the stinky bean seedlings still grew optimally across all planting media in shallow water table conditions.
Based on the RA value, the zero-intercept linear model was considered the best for predicting leaf area estimation by considering midrib length, leaf width, and the interaction between the two.
The leaf growth increased in shallow water table SWT-12, but the result was not significantly different from other conditions, namely SWT-20 and SWT16, suggesting stinky bean cultivation could be carried out in wetlands with shallow water Although microclimate dynamics, such as changes in air and substrate temperature, and soil moisture, varied across the three shallow water table variations, the results had no significant impact on growth.
This indicated that the stinky bean plant could grow optimally on SWT-20.
SWT-16, and SWT-12.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful for the suggestions, input, and corrections from anonymous reviewers and the editors of the Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research.
This research was funded by Sriwijaya University through the Penelitian Unggulan Profesi 2024.
Morphological Response of Parkia speciosa Seedlings Exposed to Various Ameliorants .
(Purwanto et al.
REFERENCES