JUATIKA
JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA
eissn 2656-1727 pissn 2684-785X Hal : 18 Ae 28 VOL.
3 NO.
1 Januari 2021 Physical Properties of Soil in Oil Palm Agroforestry Systems (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.
) With Gaharu (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.
) And in Oil Palm Monoculture Systems Feri Agriani1*.
Rendika Ranuda2.
Wawan1 dan Nurul Qomar1 Program Magister Ilmu Pertanian.
Universitas Riau Program Studi Agroteknologi Fakultas Pertanian.
Universitas Riau *email: feriagriani_stp@yahoo.
ABSTRACT
Oil palm cultivation generally carried out in monoculture.
It has impact on decreasing soil fertility, one of them is phisychal soil nature.
One of solution is oil palm cultivation by using agroforestry system.
The purpose of this research is to compare soil nature on agroforestry oil palm (Elaeis gueneensis Jacq.
) and aloes a.
gaharu (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.
) between monoculture oil This research was conducted at Bukit Kemuning.
Tapung Hulu.
Kampar for 4 months from November Ae Februari 2020.
The method of this research used sampling method.
Soil samples were taken from 4 sampling point: piringan of palm oil, gawangan hidup, gawangan mati and piringan of gaharu were repeated 6 times on each land.
The observation parameters are several soil nature .
opsoil depth, content, particle density, total pore space, moisture content, water holding capacity, permeability, infiltration, and soil resistanc.
and soil C-organic.
The data were observed of each parameter analyzed statistically used t test.
The results showed that agroforestry system increased C-organic content and improved selected soil nature .
ncrease topsoil depth, total pore space, moisture content, water holding capacity, permeability, infiltration and decrease content, particle density and soil resistanc.
Keyword : physical properties, soil quality, oil palm and aloes, agroforestry.
INTRODUCTION Oil palm plantations are still being developed using monoculture system that has negative impacts for According to some researchers, the negative impacts .
increasing CO2 gas emissions caused by decrease plant carbon stocks (Herman and Las, .
causing low biodiversity of plantation areas due to has no forest vegetation (Danielsen et al.
, 2.
and (Heriansyah et al, 2.
Oil palm plants on mineral soils often cause soil compaction be runoff and erosion (Suryanto and Wawan, .
affecting soil compaction too fast decrease and capacity of infiltration, water movement soil and soil aeration (Muhdi, 2.
planting one type plant only .
il degradation of soil quality (Badrun and Mubarak 2.
The alternatives can be done to reduce these negative impacts is to develop agroforestry Agroforestry system is a agricultural crops to increase Agroforestry system also provide positive role for environment and can supply organic matter and nutrient of controlling erosion through soil cover, there are canopy and litter (Young, 1.
and (Heriansyah.
In addition, the other important roles are .
Improving and maintaining the physical condition of soil, .
Increasing soil fertility through biomass of tree root system at the soil surface, .
Increasing soil biological activity through tree shade, .
protecting the soil surface from erosion by canopy of tree vegetation.
One of the alternative plants can be intercropped with oil palm plants is the agarwood plant.
the environmental aspect, gaharu plant can contribute to intake organic material from resulting of environmental aspects, the high economic value of gaharu plants encourages people to cultivate gaharu, especially in Riau area (Suharti, 2.
The magnitude of positive impact on agroforestry system on environmental aspects, especially physical characteristics, it necessary for research to assess physical of soil in agroforestry system of oil palm cultivation and MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Location This research was conducted at Bukit Kemuning.
Tapung Hulu.
Kampar.
Riau in the coordinates of the research location 0o 38 '51.
"North Latitude and 101o 55' 53" BT.
The research location has rainfall of A 2500 mm / year, an average temperature of 26o 28o C and humidity of 78o - 85o The research land used monoculture oil palm .
around 20 years and oil palm agroforestry land and gaharu .
around 10 years.
2 Research Implementation Determination of Sample Location The method used in this study was purposive sampling method with the location of monoculture system, there are 6 replicate plot points by using .
ystematic samplin.
there are 1 plot point with 4 sample points, namely Weeded circle of gaharu.
Weeded circle of oil palm.
Frond stack and The inter-row.
The number of soil sampling in each system was 24 sampling and the total about 48 Sampling Soil sampling in agroforestry systems and monoculture systems by using disturbed soil samples and undisturbed soil samples.
Sampling in agroforestry systems and monoculture systems was carried out at a depth of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm.
Laboratory Analysis The physical of soil analyzed in this study were content weight, total pore space, field moisture content using the gravimetric method, water holding strength (WHC), permeability, infiltration and soil resistance.
Data analysis Comparisons systems and monoculture systems were analyzed by using 5% t-test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
C-Organic The results of soil organic C analysis in oil palm agroforestry systems with gaharu and oil palm monoculture systems are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
C content - Organic Organic at several locations Sampling on agroforestry land and on oil palm monoculture land.
Sampling Location The inter-row Frond stack Weeded circle Gaharu/RK Average Note : S = Significant Agroforestry (%) Monoculture (%) t Count t Table 5% S/NS 2,41Sd 2,01Sd 2,845* 1,812 1,905 1,812 2,224 1,812 1,812 1,943 4,11 3,47 3,59 3,39 3,65 2,75 2,52 2,73 8,905 1,334 S = Medium T = High The results of the analysis in Table 1 showed the levels of Corganic in oil palm and gaharu agroforestry systems .
igh categor.
are higher than oil palm monoculture systems .
edium categor.
In agroforestry system, the levels of C-organic in stalk, oil palm and gaharu disc .
igh criteri.
were higher than leaf of gaharu .
edium Whereas in monoculture system, the levels of C-organic for gawangan mati .
igh criteri.
were higher than gawangan hidup, piringan of oil palm and empty space .
edium criteri.
Frond stack has C-organic for monoculture system was classified as medium, but C-organic content for agroforestry system was higher than monoculture system.
gawangan mati.
C-organic content with soil, so that soil organic matter content increase.
The low level of Cmonoculture system was classified organic in medium category due to as high, but C-organic content for lack of vegetation around living agroforestry system was higher than fields of used the land as a monoculture system.
Meanwhile, piringan gaharu and piringan sawit According to Arsyad .
for agroforestry system were .
, the growing vegetation acts as an addition to soil organic matter monoculture system which classified through stems, twigs and leaves as medium category.
It showed the falling to the surface of soil.
This litter around sample location of organic material acts as source of agroforestry system can affect Cenergy for microorganisms, and is organic content.
transferred into the plant body to According Janudiaanto produce photosynthetic products .
, such as sucrose (Heriansyah, provides input of organic matter Bulk Density throughout the year through leaves, twigs and branches have been fallen The results of the t-test for above soil surface, it known as litter.
bulk density in oil palm agroforestry Marpaung .
stated that the systems with agarwood and oil litter produced through the activities palm monoculture systems are of soil microorganisms then mixes presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
Value of Soil Fill Weight.
Particle Density and Total Pore Space (TRP) in several sampling locations in the agroforestry system with a monoculture system
Pick up Sample Fill Weight (BD) TRP
Agro Mono t-count
Agro
Air Content (%) Mono t- count Agro
tTable Mono t-count
Depth 0-10 cm
The 1,22 1,59 3,153* 35,44 30,62 0,646 Oil palm
1,20
Frond stack
1,03
1,53
9,888*
42,70
34,64
1,11
1,342
49,93
46,02 0,926
Gaharu/RK Average 1,17 1,48 4,203* 47,15 36,40 1,18 1,43 2,003 43,81 36,17 1,547 23,43 19,97 0,884 1,812 2,742* 24,58 19,16 1,838* 1,812 26,42 23,06 0,654 1,812 3,986* 23,22 19,18 1,470 1,812 25,36 19,89 20,85 14,90 2,798* 1,812 16,87 0,405 1,812 20,92 0,521 1,812 16,37 1,821 1,812 17,27 2,166 1,943 4,346 1,943 Depth 10-20 cm The Oil palm Frond stack Gaharu/RK Average 1,41 1,84 3,721* 33,11 26,42 0,961 1,32 1,18 1,25 1,29 1,56 1,26 1,66 1,58 2,876* 4,205* 4,114* 2,214 40,94 45,91 43,83 33,11 33,14 3,670 18,71 43,54 2,180 23,30 33,86 2,537 20,12 26,42 0,961 20,75 Note : * (Significant = berbeda nyat.
, ns = Tidak berbeda nyata Table 2 showed the value of bulk density for oil palm agroforestry system with gaharu is lower than oil palm monoculture system.
gawangan hidup, piringan of palm oil, piringan of gaharu, the value of content weight was not much However, the value of content weight at three sample points is higher than in gawangan mati, depth of 0-10 cm and 10-20 gawangan hidup, piringan of oil palm, and piringan of gaharu, the value content weight in agroforestry system is much different, but in nonsticky rice field there is not much difference between agroforestry system and monoculture system.
This is due to the fact that in agroforestry system as well as in monoculture system at the point of gawangan mati sample there is organic material derived from the The increasing of C-organic in agroforestry system for all sample points was due to addition of organic material from gaharu leaf litter which fell to surface of soil around the sample points.
According to Sutedjo .
, it explained one of the factors influence the value of soil bulk density is soil organic matter, where soil containing high organic matter have a low weight value and vice Syahadat .
stated that the land in wandering area has lower content weight value than piringan area because the paddy field is place for accumulation of Based on soil depth, the value of fill weight with depth of 0-10 cm is lower than density with depth of 1020 cm.
It showed the deeper of soil on sample point, the higher the weight value of contents.
According to Riduan et al .
the increasing soil depth, the lower of organic matter content and the easier soil compaction process, causing the physical properties of the soil content weight to be higher and vice Hardjowigeno .
alsd states that the top soil has a lower bulk density than the subsoil.
Total Pore Space (TPS) Table 2 showed the total pore space (TPS) in oil palm and gaharu agroforestry lands is higher than in monoculture oil palm land.
agroforestry system as well as in piringan of oil palm, piringan of gaharu and inanimic intercrops, the total pore space values were not much different.
However, the value of TRP in gawangan hidup is much different and lower than inanimic, palm oil and agarwood both have depth of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm.
At sample points in piringan of oil palm and piringan of gaharu, the TRP value in agroforestry system was much different and higher than However, the point of sample inanimate and live in-claw trees in agroforestry systems, the TRP value monocstructural system.
Based on soil depth, the TRP value has depth of 0-10 cm is higher than 10-20 cm.
It showed that the TRP value in monoculture system is inversely related to the weighted value.
Yulnafatmawita et al.
stated that application of soil organic matter decreases the value of soil percentage of total soil pore space.
According to Sumarni .
, also explained that the low organic matter found in oil palm monoculture land resulted in soil becoming denser so that the soil porosity was Evarnaz et al.
stated the effect of organic matter can reduce density of soil contents because it has a light weight so that it can increase the porosity of soil.
Air Content (%) Table 2 shows the water content of field capacity in oil palm and gaharu agroforestry system is monoculture system.
The value of field water content in agroforestry system and monoculture system between gawangan hidup, piringan of palm and gaharu is not much different, but the water content value at three sample points is lower than the value of water content in the inanimate rice field both depth of 010 cm and 0-10 cm.
depth of 10-20 At sample points in piringan of gaharu, gawangan hidup and fixed different and higher than of However, piringan of oil palm is not much system and monoculture system.
Based on soil depth, the water content value depth of 0-10 cm is higher than 10-20 cm.
Descriptively, the water content value is same as TRP value agroforestry system is higher than in monoculture system.
Thus the TPS value and water content are influenced by the weight of content and organic matter present at sample point.
According to Amri et al.
stated that the water content of field capacity is also influenced by organic matter, the higher of soil organic matter content, the higher of field water content.
Hairiah et al.
the high topsoil field water content in mixed gardens is due to functions to maintain soil moisture, evaporation, and increase soil microorganisms function to increase soil macro pores makes water easy to enter soil.
Water holding capacity (WHC) Table 3 shows that the WHC value in oil palm and gaharu agroforestry land is higher than in monoculture systems.
The WHC values in agroforestry systems and monoculture systems in dry palm with piringan of palm were not much different and between live gaharu and piringan gaharu were not different either.
However, the WHC value was higher on piringan palm and gaharu agroforestry system both depth 10-20 cm in agarwood, the WHC value was much higher than in piringan of oil palm disc and It shows that WHC also influenced by high water content, porosity values and organic matter derived from gaharu plant litter found in agroforestry system.
According to Lapadjati et al.
, .
organic matter can improve the capacity to bind water and pass water and help control surface runoff and erosion.
According to Madjid .
, if the soil has high porosity, water will easily enter the ground, as a result the groundwater holding capacity also increases.
Table 3.
Field Moisture Content (%) and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) (%) in several sampling locations in agroforestry systems and monoculture systems Pick up Sample Agroforestry WHC (%) Permeability .
m / h.
MonoAgrofoMonot- count
t-count
Depth 0 Ae 10 cm
The inter-row
33,16
27,06
Oil palm
42,79
1,876*
30,70
2,769*
(AC)
9,17
2,92
(AC)
5,294
1,812
(AC)
3,14
(AC)
7,670
5,056
(AC)
4,10
(AC)
5,479
1,812
(AC)
3,673
1,812
(AC)
1,943
Oil palm
33,70
31,42
0,556
8,06
Frond stack Gaharu/RK 38,61 30,20 2,138* 8,28 35,12 Note : * (Significant ) , 28,91 2,981 ns = (NonSignifican.
Soil Permeability .
m / hou.
Table 4 shows the soil permeability of oil palm and gaharu agroforestry lands is faster than in oil palm monoculture system.
permeability in piringan of gaharu and gawangan hidup was not much different, while the permeability value in piringan of gaharu was not much different.
In monoculture system between fixed stalks, piringan of palm and agarwood, the permeability values were not much different and three sample points were slower than gawangan mati Based on soil depth, the permeability value is also faster in gawangan mati than in gawangan hidup, pringan of gaharu and palm.
It shows the permeability value is directly proportional to the WHC
value and field water content, the higher the WHC value and the water
1,812
(AC)
5,02
Average 5,236 1,812 1,943 1,812 1,681 2,954* 6,321 (AC) 3,93 4,636 4,807 9,31 1,307 7,35 (AC) 2,897 8,04 Depth 10 Ae 20 cm
27,85
(AC)
26,17
37,19
1,812
(AC)
3,45
(AC)
3,85
30,99
5,15
27,53
28,05
The 5,056 (AC) 30,08 31,50 37,17 (AC) 2,86 (AC) 41,23 Frond stack Gaharu/RK Average 4,192* (AC) 6,33 t-Table (AC) 6,51 (AC) 6,97 2,05 3,05 4,509 AC = Rather fast Thus the permeability value is also influenced by the total pore space.
Hanafiah .
stated that porosity is very important in soil permeability, the larger the pores in the soil, the faster of soil Maysarah and Nelvia .
explain that the high and low permeability values are influenced by the total soil pore space, so that soils with high total pore space will reduce soil compaction.
Soil Infiltration .
m / hou.
Table 4 shows the value of soil infiltration rate in oil palm and gaharu agroforestry system is faster than oil palm monoculture system.
infiltration rate in piringan of gaharu and in living area was not much different, while the infiltration rate in the stalk and piringan of palm was not much different.
In monoculture system between fixed stalks, is also influenced by the content of piringan of palm and gaharu, the organic matter derived from leaf infiltration rate values were not litter, twigs and plant roots.
Where much different and the permeability the decomposed agarwood leaf litter values of three sample points were can affect the size of soil porosity so that it affects the slow rate of soil The fast rate of infiltration in oil palm and gaharu agroforestry land Table 4.
Infiltration rate .
m / hou.
and Soil Resistance (SR) .
gF / cm.
at several sampling locations in agroforestry systems and monoculture Pick up Sample Sample The inter-row Infiltration Rate m / hou.
Soil Resistance .
gF/cm ) Note : * (Significan.
Oil palm
Frond stack
Gaharu
Agroforestry Monoculture Table 13,98 19,44 6,53 8,67 4,735* 5,683* 1,812 1,812 19,67 11,34 4,908* 1,812 15,56 7,44 4,818* 1,812 Average 17,16 8,49 4,918 1,943 The inter-row
1,58
2,00
2,712*
1,812
Oil palm
1,38
2,33
3,664*
1,812
Frond stack Gaharu/ empty Average 0,25 0,63 3,503* 1,812 1,17 1,46 2,573* 1,812 1,61 1,943 1,09 1,077 ** (Non-Significant ) According to Panjaitan et al.
the infiltration rate of gawangan mati is higher than piringan of oil palm and infiltration rate piringan of oil palm is higher than gawangan hidup of 0-20 cm.
Nurmegawati .
stated that organic matter can increase the stability of aggregate has effect on pore stability so that it will increase the capacity of infiltration rate.
Junaedi .
explained the low soil organic matter is due to lack of binding of primary grains into aggregates by organic matter so decreased porosity can result in a decrease in infiltration rate.
Soil Resistance (SR) Table 4 shows in oil palm and gaharu agroforestry systems, the soil density .
oil resistanc.
is monoculture system.
The value of soil resistance in piringan of gaharu is much denser than piringan of palm, however, the value of soil resistance in piringan of gaharu is much denser than piringan of gaharu.
Thus, the value of soil resistance in gawangan mati is much more loose than piringan of gaharu, piringan of palm and gawangan hidup.
The value of soil resistance in monoculture system at the point of gawangan hidup, piringan of oil palm and agarwood was much denser than monoculture system.
However, the value of soil resistance in land monoculture systems was no more dense than in land agroforestry systems.
Overall, the value of soil resistance in agroforestry system is not much different from monoculture system.
This indicates the effect of field moisture content, permeability, high TPS (Table 4.
and is influenced by high organic matter (Table 4.
in gawangan mati makes the soil more loose or soil density is small.
Maryamah .
stated that soil compaction causes an increase in water-binding pores and soil decrease with increasing soil According to Marieta .
organic matter resulting from vegetation .
helps in formation of soil aggregates by forming granules and increasing the volume and number of soil pores exist, so it tends to reduce the level of Simanjuntak stated that dense soil causes slow air exchange, low oxygen content in the soil, and permeability is inhibited, so that water will be stagnant and inhibit plant growth.
Conclusion Based on the results of the research has been done, the conclusions obtained are as follows:
The value of bulk density and soil resistance in agroforestry monoculture system.
The value of TPS, water content and WHC in agroforestry systems were higher than in monoculture systems.
So that the permeability value and infiltration rate in agroforestry systems are faster than in monoculture systems.
The values of bulk and soil resistance are lower in gawangan mati than in gawangan hidup, piringan of palm and gaharu.
The values of TPS, moisture content.
WHC and soil resistance were higher in gawangan mati compared gawangan hidup, piringan of oil palm agrofoforestry system and in monoculture system.
So that the permeability value and gawangan mati are also faster than gawangan hidup, palm and aloe disc.
REFERENCES