Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902
QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
OF ROSE PERIWINKLE CRUDE DRUGS
Dwi Hartanti1*.
Shintia Lintang Charisma1.
Jeri Rinawati1.
Alwani Hamad2 Department of Pharmaceutical Biology.
Faculty of Pharmacy.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto Department of Chemical Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering and Science.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto Email*: dwihartanti@ump.
Email: shintialintangcharisma@ump.
Email: alwanihamad@ump.
Artikel submitted: December 7th, 2024.
Accepted: March 25th, 2025 DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
36387/jiis.
ABSTRAK
Daun dan bunga tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus (L.
) G.
Do.
digunakan untuk pengobatan tradisional diabetes di Banyumas.
Indonesia.
Penelitian ini mengevaluasi karakter mutu, kadar flavonoid total, kadar fenolik total, dan aktivitas antioksidan dari simplisia daun dan bunga tapak dara.
Bahan tumbuhan dikumpulkan dari tiga lokasi di Kecamatan Baturraden dan Sumbang, yang kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan lemari pengering.
Karakter mutu simplisia, kadar flavonoid total, kadar fenolik total, dan aktivitas antioksidan dievaluasi menggunakan metode standar.
Karakter mutu simplisia adalah sebagai berikut:
susut pengeringan .
,12A0,50%), abu total .
,20A0,71%), abu tidak larut asam .
,24A0,06%), sari larut air .
,82A6,77%), dan sari larut etanol .
,17A1,79%).
Profil kromatografi lapis tipis diperoleh dari pemisahan dengan fase gerak kloroform-metanol .
dan fase gerak silika GF 254.
Kadar flavonoid total dan kadar fenolik total simplisia masing-masing sebesar 7,66A0,48 mg setara kuersetin/g dan 7,27A1,07 mg setara asam galat/g.
Aktivitas antioksidan metode penangkal radikal DPPH sebesar 148,95A12,00 setara Trolox/g dan metode FRAP sebesar 651,14A77,91 mM setara Trolox/g.
Aktivitas penangkal radikal DPPH dan FRAP berkorelasi lemah-sedang dengan kadar flavonoid total dan kadar fenolik Dengan demikian, kandungan senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid dari simplisia tapak dara yang terkarakterisasi sifat fisika kimianya tidak berkorelasi signifikan dengan aktivitas antioksidannya.
Kata kunci: Antioksidan.
Tapak dara.
Simplisia.
Flavonoid dan senyawa fenolik.
Karakter mutu
ABSTRACT
Leaves and flowers of rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.
) G.
Do.
are used for traditional diabetes management in Banyumas.
Indonesia.
This study evaluated the selected quality characters, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and the antioxidant activities of rose periwinkle crude Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 116 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 Plant materials were collected from three locations in the Baturraden and Sumbang subdistricts and dried using an artificial heat drying rack to obtain crude The crude drugs' quality characters.
TFC.
TPC, and antioxidant activities were evaluated using standard methods.
The quality characters of the crude drugs were specified as follows: loss on drying .
12A0.
50%), total ash .
20A0.
71%),
acid-insoluble ash .
24A0.
06%), water extractable .
82A6.
77%), and ethanol extractable .
17A1.
79%).
The chromatographic profile was generated from chloroform-methanol .
separation over silica GF254.
The TFC and TPC 66A0.
48 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE)/g and 7.
27A1.
07 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, respectively.
The antioxidant activities were 148.
95A12.
Trolox equivalent (TE)/g for DPPH radical scavenging activity and 651.
14A77.
mM TE/g for FRAP.
The DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP were weakly to moderately correlated to TPC and TFC.
The phenolic compound and flavonoid contents of physicochemically-characterized rose periwinkle were not significantly correlated to their antioxidant activities.
Keywords: Antioxidant.
Catharanthus roseus.
Crude drugs.
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
Quality characters INTRODUCTION People phenolic acid, and terpenoid groups Sumbang were reported.
In addition to the Baturraden.
Banyumas, traditionally use various plants to maintain their health and to treat diseases.
There are antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, 11 plant species utilized for the and larvicidal activities (Kumar et traditional management of diabetes, , 2.
and one of those plants is rose The periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.
medicines varies widely, depending Don.
Indonesia.
Bahasa Apocynacea.
Only (Utaminingrum et al.
, 2.
This drugs with an acceptable quality plant is utilized for treating and would result in satisfactory safety preventing cancer and diabetes in qualitative and quantitative values.
Indonesia Hence, (Hartanti & Budipramana, 2.
of 2021, at least 344 secondary metabolites of alkaloid, flavonoid, properties, should be set as standards Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 117 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 for quality (Noviana et al.
, 2.
METHOD
Those parameters are set to ensure Instruments and Materials the identity, purity, and quality of a Instruments used in this study given crude drug.
In Indonesia, the include analytical balance (Ohaus quality standards of crude drugs are PX224/E.
United State.
, furnace formalized in the form of Indonesian (Carbolite Gero.
United Kingdo.
Herbal Pharmacopeia (IHP).
The oven (Memmert UF55.
German.
, second edition describes 253 crude (Shimadzu UV-1900i Plus.
Japa.
(Kemenkes RI.
UV-Vis Solvents and reagents, i.
, 2,2-
monograph of rose periwinkle has diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl not been included in the IHP, it is AlCl3.
HCl.
NaCH3COO.
NacOCE, essential to characterize its quality.
NaOH.
Antioxidants (DPPH), methanol.
Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, beneficial in minimizing oxidative FRAP stress and further delaying the Quercetin 95%, and Trolox were progression and complications of obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St.
diabetes (Bandeira et al.
, 2.
Louis.
United State.
The plant was Certain extracts or other materials derived from plants with prominent Department antioxidant activity had the potential Pharmaceutical Biology.
University to be studied for their role in the Muhammadiyah prevention of diabetes.
This article .
eference number JR-.
reported crude drug characters and Crude drug processing Gallic in-house Purwokerto evaluated the antioxidant contents The rose periwinkle flowers and activities of rose periwinkle crude and leaves were collected from the drugs collected from Baturraden and same bushes in three collection sites Sumbang.
Banyumas.
It served as the with different altitudes: Pamijen preliminary study to validate its (Sub-district of Baturraden, 270 m traditional use as an anti-diabetes in above sea level, as.
Banteran .
the area.
m as.
and Sumbang (Sub-district of Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 118 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 Sumbang, 750 m as.
The leaf and scavenging activity and FRAP assays flower mixture was dried in a rack followed a previous report (Hartanti, dryer at 40AC.
Charisma.
Agustina, et al.
, 2.
Characterization of quality profile Statistical Analysis The evaluation of quality The parameter value, i.
, acid-insoluble quality parameter values.
TFC.
TPC, ash, ethanol extractable, loss on DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP data were individually extractable, was conducted by their compared by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
The (Indonesian Ministry Health, activities and antioxidant compounds Determination chromatography (TLC) profile The sample extraction method and stationary phase for TLC were Pearson established at a sig.
<0.
method (Hartanti.
Charisma.
Fitri, et
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All crude drugs from Pamijen, , 2.
The sample was separated with the mobile phase of chloroform- Banteran.
Sumbang methanol .
The separated spots macroscopically similar (Figure 1A).
were visualized under a long-wave The proposed water extractable for UV lamp.
rose periwinkle crude drugs was Determination of TFC and TPC 82A6.
Crude TFC and TPC of all crude Sumbang showed the highest water extractable, followed by those from Pamijen and Banteran.
The proposed (Hartanti.
Charisma.
Agustina, et al.
loss on drying for rose periwinkle crude drugs was 9.
12A0.
50%, and all Analysis of antioxidant activities The determination of DPPH comparable value.
The same pattern Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 119 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 was observed in the total ash insoluble ash value was 0.
24A0.
parameter, with the proposed value of (Figure 1B, 1C, and 1D).
On the 20A0.
Conversely, statistically other hand, the crude drugs from all different acid-insoluble ash values places showed comparable ethanol were observed for crude drugs extractable, with the proposed value 17A1.
79% (Figure 1E and 1F).
Nevertheless, the proposed acid- Figure 1.
The crude drugs (A) and the values of loss on drying (B), total ash (C), acid-insoluble ash (D), water extractable (E), and ethanol extractable (F) of the rose periwinkle.
The bridge and asterisk indicated significantly different values between bars .
A crude drug's quality is effects, during storage (Agarwal et defined by identity, purity, and , 2014.
Chandra et al.
, 2.
The content aspects (Alamgir, 2.
IHP set the loss on drying standard as this study, the purity aspects were not more than 10% for any crude represented by loss on drying, total Our result was within the ash, and acid-insoluble ash.
The loss on drying represented a high amount (Kemenkes RI, 2.
On the other of water and significantly defined the hand, the ash values represented the microbial spoilage risks, i.
, loss of presence of inorganic matter on the bioactivity and generation of toxic crude drugs.
The ashes might occur Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 120 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 red, and red colors, respectively.
environment where the plant is Interestingly, grown or acquired from processing collected in Banteran showed an crude drugs (Tauheed et al.
, 2.
additional spot at Rf of 0.
62 with red The solvent-soluble color under UV light (Figure .
The TLC profile represents content aspect of crude drugs.
It is crude drug quality's identity, purity, imperative when a specific chemical and content.
It is the most commonly or biological assay for a given crude drug is unavailable (WHO, 2.
chromatographic technique in the Our routine crude drug quality control periwinkles contain more semipolar process (Mukhi et al.
, 2.
In this study.
TLC profile was utilized as the mean to specify the identity aspects of the crude The different profile shown by Banteran-originated likely represented the intraspecific phytochemical variation.
In rose periwinkle, such variation has been reported among tissues derived from various stages of cultured cells and the normal plant (Lee et al.
, 2.
Figure 2.
The TLC chromatogram of rose periwinkle obtained from Pamijen (A).
Banteran (B), and Sumbang (C), visualized under UV366.
The TLC profile showed three common major spots in all crude drugs, with Rf values of 0.
73, and 0.
Under UV light at 366 nm, those spots generated blue.
Further study is needed to determine the compounds that might be utilized as markers for crude drugs.
The TFC and TPC of all rose periwinkle crude drugs were low, with an overall average value of 66A0.
27A1.
QE/g GAE/g DW.
The crude drugs from Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 121 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 Pamijen.
Baturraden, and Sumbang flowers and leaves were also highly contained comparable total flavonoid reduced ferric into ferrous with a and phenolic contents (Figures 3A FRAP value of 651.
14A77.
91 mM and 3B).
All crude drugs showed a TE/g DW.
Interestingly, crude drugs DPPH Banteran activity with an overall average value significantly lower FRAP than those 95A12.
00 mM TE/g DW.
The from Pamijen and Sumbang (Figure activity displayed by all crude drugs 3C and 3D).
was statistically equal.
The dried Figure 3.
TFC (A).
TPC (B).
DPPH radical scavenging activity (C), and FRAP (D) of rose periwinkle crude drugs.
The bridge and asterisk indicated significantly different values between bars .
The however, they were not from indole and bisindole groups, are flavonoids and belonged to the phenolic acid group (Espejel-Nava et periwinkle (Kumar et al.
, 2.
, 2.
It might explain the low Some phenolic compounds were concentration of flavonoids in the alkaloid-free Similar Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 122 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 reported in Punjab.
India, that the TFC was weakly correlated to TPC of rose periwinkle leaf ethanol DPPH scavenging activity, as that of extract collected in Punjab was also TFC to FRAP.
The same pattern was insignificant (Rani et al.
, 2.
The also shown between TPC and both leaf aqueous and stem methanolic FRAP and DPPH scavenging activity extracts of crude drugs from Cape of rose periwinkle crude drugs (Table Peninsula Hence, the antioxidant activity of rose periwinkle was not attributable Vietnamese high phenolic compounds (Goboza et , 2.
Similar to this study, the leaf water extract at 200 g/ml mentioned that alkaloids were the scavenged DPPH by 87.
7% (Syeda & antioxidant metabolites of the plant.
Riazunnisa, 2.
However, rose At 0.
05 mM and 0.
15 mg/mL, the periwinkle stem methanolic extract FRAP and DPPH scavenging activity collected in Vietnam showed lower of the vindoline were comparable to antioxidant activity, with DPPH those of standard ascorbic acid scavenging activity and FRAP of (Goboza et al.
, 2.
Other than 53A2.
alkaloids, the antioxidant activities of TE/g, respectively (Pham et al.
the plant were also likely attributable to saponins (Pham et al.
, 2.
46A3.
Previous Table 1.
Correlation between TFC Ae TPC and their antioxidant activity Parameters Pearson's correlation coefficient .
DPPH
FRAP
TFC
TPC 263 .
Our finding supported the glucose level in rats and modulated traditional use of rose periwinkle as insulin-dependent glucose transport Baturraden and Sumbang, which membrane (Al-Shaqha et al.
, 2.
might be done through an indirect Hence, the direct antihyperglycemic antioxidative mechanism.
A study reported that the rose periwinkle mediated by the enhancement of extract intake reduced the blood glucose uptake in the peripheral Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 123 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 An effective herbal medicine alkaloids so the fraction is safe for should exert the main, indicated use (Kumar et al.
, 2.
activity and several supporting ones, anti-inflammatory.
CONCLUSION The loss on drying, total ash, immunomodulator activities (Afendi acid-insoluble ash, water extractable, et al.
, 2.
From this point of view, and ethanol extractable values of rose the antioxidant activity of rose periwinkle crude drugs collected from periwinkle supports the antidiabetic Baturraden and 12A0.
20A0.
82A6.
However, the results of this Sumbang 24A0.
17A1.
study should not be used and applied The crude drugs exerted in a rush.
More studies are needed to a considerably high DPPH radical support using rose periwinkle as an scavenging activity .
95A12.
included in the This TE/g DW) FRAP .
14A77.
91 mM TE/g dry DW) restricted herbal medicine ingredient but showed a low level of TFC list, so it should not be formulated .
66A0.
48 mg QE/g DW) and TPC 27A1.
GAE/g DW).
commercially sold for therapeutic According to the weak to moderate Pengawas (Peraturan Obat Dan Badan Makanan antioxidant activities and TFC-TPC.
Nomor 25 Tahun 2023 Tentang the antioxidant capacity of rose Kriteria Dan Tata Laksana Registrasi periwinkle might not be attributable Obat Bahan Alam, 2.
A more detailed standardization process is needed to obtain a good-quality crude drug with a satisfying efficacy ACKNOWLEDGEMENT and safety profile.
The fractionation The authors would like to process optimization is required to Lembaga help eliminate the highly toxic vinca Pengabdian Penelitian Masyarakat Dwi Hartanti, dkk | 124 Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 10.
Maret 2025, 116-127 p-ISSN: 2502-647X.
e-ISSN: 2503-1902 (LPPM) Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto for funding this study Hibah Penelitian Fundamental II 2022.
REFERENCE