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php/ijcss International Journal of Cultural and Social Science Published: Pena Cendekia Insani Dutch Discrimination Against The Natives in Film Bumi Manusia (Study of Discourse Analysis Teun A.
Van Dij.
Ihza Mahendra1.
Ahmad Tamrin Sikumbang2.
Suheri Harahap3 1,2,3Department of Social Science.
Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara.
Medan.
Indonesia
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Film is a communication medium that combines two elements, namely audio .
and visual .
which functions to convey a message to individuals or the general public who gather in a certain place.
Film has so many meanings depending on the point of view of the researchers, in my opinion film is one of the mass communication media that displays a series of moving images with a storyline played by actors who have been produced by producers to convey a message to the audience.
This study aims to find out the forms of discrimination against natives in the film Bumi Manusia based on Teun A.
Van Dijk's discourse analysis by analyzing discriminate texts.
This study uses a qualitative approach with Teun A Van Djik's critical discourse analysis as the motive.
The data collection technique in this study is that researchers will carry out literature study techniques and note taking The data analysis technique was adapted to Teun A.
Van Djik's discourse analysis, namely text and social context analysis.
This research resulted in the conclusion that the film Bumi Manusia shows social discrimination through social status, education, laws that were in force at that time, and discrimination against women.
The social context shows that the discrimination that occurred in the film Bumi manusia during the colonial era of the 1920s is still relevant to Indonesia's current Received : 19 October 2022 Revised : 20 Nopember 2022 Accepted : 13 December 2022 Keywords:
Discourse.
Indigenous.
Discrimination Film.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SAlicense.
Corresponding Author:
Ihza Mahendra Department of Social Science Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara.
Medan Email: ihzamahendrahs@gmail.
INTRODUCTION
Humans generally live side by side with each other but they also often live in groups, they are social beings who in their daily lives need to interact in order to fulfill their needs as social beings both regarding science, biology or psychology.
Shanon together with Weaver .
in his book explains that communication is a type of human interaction that influences each other intentionally, unexpectedly and there is no limit to the type of correspondence that uses verbal language, but also regarding appearance, painting, skills, creations and innovation.
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php/ijcss/index IJCSS: International Journal of Cultural and Social Science A 115 Communication is a cycle in which when an individual or association, and society create and use information to communicate with others.
Communication has two types, especially verbal and nonverbal, mass communication is a method of interaction by using or utilizing correspondence, whether printed in the form of newspapers, magazines or in electronic form such as radio, television and films.
Talking about mass media, the meaning of the most complex and most wellknown is the explanation by Bittner (Rakhmat, 2003: .
is a message conveyed by the media to the wider community.
Mass communication a message conveyed through a medium to a broad range of individuals who are thus countless.
According to Bittner from this definition, it is clear that mass communication must use broad communication in order to reach many people, which includes mass communication such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television and certain films.
Discrimination comes from the English language Discriminate separate or differentiator in general usually, this discrimination is an act of discrimination against individuals or groups of various races, religions, identities, groups, classes, status and financial classes, orientation, state of existence, body, age, direction sexual, philosophical and political perspectives and public boundaries, and one's ethnicity.
Article 281 paragraph of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia has emphasized that "everyone has the right to be freed from discriminatory treatment on any basis and is entitled to protection against this unfair treatment", while Article 3 of Law no.
30 of 1999 concerning Human Rights has emphasized that "everyone is born free with the same and equal nature and dignity".
Mass Communication and Film This communication is a way of interacting with the wider community by using mass media channels to communicate.
Johanness Gutenberg found the printing press that era was called prepublicistic.
Approximately one and a half centuries after that, the world entered the publicistic Publicistics itself is often used, it can be said that it cannot be separated from mass communication (Wiryanto, 2000: .
At that time the mass communication media only produced newspapers, books and various types of prints.
Along with the times, technology is developing more rapidly, especially mass communication has experienced many changes with the use of radio, television and film as a means of interaction.
Meanwhile, film is a communication tool in the form of audio-visual mass media to convey a message to individuals who gather in a place such as a cinema.
Film is a combination of efforts to convey a message through a moving image, which utilizes camera innovation, variety and sound, then these components are based on a story that contains a message, that something needs to be conveyed by the maker to the film audience (Susanto, 1982:.
Film consists of two components, specifically narrative and cinematic.
This narrative component relates to important parts or perspectives in the story or subject of the film.
The narrative component must have components such as characters, problems, conflicts, locations, time, etc.
In general, all of these elements form a narrative element as a whole.
The components of the state and results of being an event together with an element of space and time are important components to form a story.
(Himawan Pratista, 2008: .
(Denis McOuail 1987: .
explains that films have a role as a new means of communication, films are able to spread entertainment in new ways that have become habits before, as well as present stories, shows, music, parodies, moreover, other special introductions to the general Films are made when there is something to be conveyed so that it can be shown to many Film conveys its message through moving images, variety and sound.
As indicated by Law Number 33 of 2009 concerning film, it is stated that film is a work or cultural performance which 116 A E-ISSN: 2798-5156 P-ISSN: 2798-5377 is a social basis and mass communication media made based on cinematographic principles without listening to sound and can be demonstrated.
Discourse Analysis Teun A.
Van Dijk In this study, the author will conduct an assessment of Dutch discrimination against Indigenous people in the film Bumi Manusia and various other debates or discussions using discourse analysis studies made by Teun A.
Van Dijk.
Van Dijk is described as having three aspects/structures: text, social cognition, and social context.
The substance of Van Dijk's examination is to combine the three discussion components into one research unit.
In text viewpoint, it is used to underline a particular point or subject.
In the next phase, namely social cognition, the most widely known method for conveying news texts is to include the perceptions of the individual and the news While the last third point of view, namely the social context, concentrates on the construction of conversations that are created in the arena or public space about an issue, in this exploration, it is clear that he manages the issues that occur in the population as a whole.
Van's analysis combines text-based analysis that is only text-centered towards extensive examination and in what way the news is made into text, both related to the person who made or produced the film as well as from the public.
Apart from that.
Van Djik also sees that this discourse consists of three designs, in particular: macro structure, super structure and micro The components contained in the design include: Thematic.
Schematic.
Semantic.
Syntax.
Stylistic and Rhetoric.
Eriyanto has referred to several examples of discourse analysis made by Roger Fowler et al.
Theo Van Leeuwen.
Sara Mills.
Norman Fairclough and the Van Djik model.
This model is often used to dissect a tool.
Van Djik explains that discourse is a component with the aim that it can be basically applied (Eriyanto, 2001: .
Teun Van Djik's model dissects a reading is a model often alluded to as "Social Cognition".
he explained, this research on discourse is not only seen from the reading review alone, because the text is the result of a creative practice that must also be considered.
We have to understand a script is made so that we get information why the text is like that.
Van Djik views a conversation as consisting of different designs and levels, which he separates into three levels, but a solidarity and mutual support for one another (Eriyanto, 2006: .
Teun A.
Van Dijk's Discourse Analysis Framework understands the important parts of message structure, social cognition, and social context.
Discourse analysis research can understand how attention and contemplation impact a shaped text.
The main study is seen from the components of the text, analyzing the construction and methodology of the text in the discourse used to underline.
Meanwhile, in the realm of social cognition, we will find the process of creating texts including journalists' perceptions.
While the social context, it is obtained about how the discourse is created in the eyes of the public regarding certain events or problems.
RESEARCH METHODE
In this study the authors used a qualitative methodology which, according to Saryono .
, qualitative research is a research used to examine, discover, describe, and interpret a quality or feature of social impact that cannot be interpreted, estimated, or described through a quantitative This qualitative research uses the discourse analysis strategy of Teun A.
Van Djik.
This methodology is centered on the overall rules that underlie the recognition of a significance of social distinctiveness in the public eye, the direction of study concentrated in this methodology is the significance of social and social peculiarities by utilizing the way of life of the related local area to obtain an outline of a particular classification.
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RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Overview of the Earth Human Film Social analysis looks at how the text is further connected with the social structure and knowledge that develops in society over one discourse.
Therefore, the social context in this case is to answer the statement how the discourse that develops in society regarding discrimination, issues of injustice, these problems, in the film "Bumi Manusia", covers many problems from racism, slavery, harassment and injustice.
The problem of discrimination shown in the film "Bumi Manusia" is about the problem of slavery which is very common for the Dutch against Indigenous people.
Injustice, humiliation and rape very often happened so terrible that at that time they did not think long about the natives, they were only concerned with themselves, regarding discrimination in the film "This Earth of Mankind", a story that began with insulting indigenous people, insults are impolite expressions who deliberately belittle their opponents, not only that they also commit violence, especially against women, which is an integral part of the phenomenon of violence in general.
This is related to the position of women who are always second to none and they are often the targets of slavery.
women from violence.
Law (UU ) Number 7 of 1984 concerning Ratification of the Convention concerning Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.
Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons, and Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Witness and Victim Protection.
Even though there is a law that protects, if it is not followed by implementation by the police and the government, law enforcement will not work.
This problem of discrimination never ends or never ends, nowadays things like that often happen but now the law is better and humans have now evolved to become more thinking creatures.
Dutch Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples in the Film Earth of Mankind (Analysis of Teun A.
Van Dji.
In accordance with Teun A.
Van Dijk's scheme, in the analysis this text is divided into three parts, namely macro structure, super structure, and micro structure, all of which are interconnected and complement each other.
Macro/Thematic Structure.
The theme or topic describes what the core idea or core message is, which shows important information, which the screenwriter wants to put forward or express in the film.
In the film "Bumi Manusia" the main topic or general theme taken by the author is about the story of indigenous reality which contains the following issues:
Discrimination against Indigenous people.
In this scenario, the contents of the story raised in the film "Bumi Manusia" is about Dutch discrimination against Indigenous people.
Human rights state that discrimination is a violation of any which refers to direct or indirect restrictions, harassment and exclusion based on religion, culture, type, group, gender or status.
Introductory Story .
irst stor.
Tells Minke (Tirto Adhi Soerj.
(Iqbal Ramadha.
as the only native student in a Dutch colonial school, he is always insulted and bullied because he is a In addition to the issue of discrimination against women, it can also be seen in .
he second The name of the nyai is described as a concubine or slave and is uneducated, concubines or legal slavery, no one cares about the perpetrators of trafficking in women and violence against women at that time.
Nyai Ontosoroh .
ha in.
her father sold it to a Dutch man Herman Mellema at that time for 25 guilders or 220 thousand rupiah.
In .
he third stor.
, we are faced with the problem of Anne's family.
Anne's father Herman Mellema (Pete.
does not like the natives and always humiliates them, he is also a drunkard
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and womanizer as well as Robert Mellema (Abraha.
, who is Anne's older brother who does not like native nation and he humiliated his own mother because he was native, he also raped his own sister Anne.
The last story, namely injustice in Dutch law to indigenous people, they always make games and it is the natives who have to lose, such as the murder case of Herman Mellema (Pete.
Anne's father.
Dutch law immediately decided that his wife.
Nyai Ontosoroh, was guilty even though there had been no investigation.
, and they always associate it with family matters that have nothing to do with the incident, fortunately the culprit confesses, and the second injustice is that Anne and Minke's marriage was illegitimate in their eyes and Anne was returned to the Netherlands, a rule they always made to benefit themselves.
DISCUSSION
Social analysis looks at how the text is further connected with the social structure and knowledge that develops in society over one discourse.
Therefore, the social context in this case is to answer the statement how the discourse that develops in society regarding discrimination, issues of injustice, these problems, in the film "Bumi Manusia", covers many problems from racism, slavery, harassment and injustice.
The problem of discrimination shown in the film "Bumi Manusia" is about the problem of slavery which is very common for the Dutch against Indigenous people.
Injustice, humiliation and rape very often happened so terrible that at that time they did not think long about the natives, they were only concerned with themselves, regarding discrimination in the film "This Earth of Mankind", a story that began with insulting indigenous people, insults are impolite expressions who deliberately belittle their opponents, not only that they also commit violence, especially against women, which is an integral part of the phenomenon of violence in general.
This is related to the position of women who are always second to none and they are often the targets of slavery.
women from violence.
Law (UU ) Number 7 of 1984 concerning Ratification of the Convention concerning Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.
Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons, and Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Witness and Victim Protection.
Even though there is a law that protects, if it is not followed by implementation by the police and the government, law enforcement will not work.
This problem of discrimination never ends or never ends, nowadays things like that often happen but now the law is better and humans have now evolved to become more thinking creatures.
CONCLUSION
In addition to text analysis, which is contained in the dialogue in the film "Bumi Manusia", research is also conducted on the mental awareness of the screenwriters in viewing the issue of What are the screenwriter's beliefs, knowledge and prejudices about the problems that befall women.
The screenwriter for the film "Bumi Manusia" views that discrimination is a fairly complex problem and there are still many parties who have not paid attention to or are sensitive to this problem even though this problem has always existed in every generation.
The government is not fully responsible for this problem, because in remote areas health services are still minimal and Likewise the problem of violence against which still has not received firm action against the perpetrators.
The screenwriter and director of the film "Bumi Manusia" hopes that there will be changes after the making of this film.
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php/ijcss/index IJCSS: International Journal of Cultural and Social Science A 119 In the social context, the important point of this analysis is how meaning is lived together.
accordance with the film "Bumi Manusia", which prioritizes the story of the problem of In the context of the reality that is developing in society, through surveys, articles and reports in newspapers and television, the authors conclude that, the social reality that occurs in society regarding this discrimination, namely the large number of people who are not aware of having discriminated against.
Indonesia itself has become a victims of violence, sexual harassment, even this problem is always increasing every year without realizing it.
References