Jurnal Reaksi (Journal of Science and Technolog.
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe Vol.
22 No.
December 2024 ISSN 1693-248X PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA FRUIT (Jatropha Curca.
Ridwan Department of Chemical Engineering.
Lhokseumawe State Polytechnic.
Lhokseumawe City *Email : ridwan.
kimia@pnl.
ABSTRACT
The energy crisis has led to rising petroleum prices.
To address this issue, alternative fuels need to be sought.
This study aims to utilize oil from the Jatropha plant (*Jatropha curcas*) to produce biodiesel through a transesterification reaction.
The research was conducted using Jatropha oil-to-methanol ratios of 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5, with transesterification reaction times of 2 hours, 2.
5 hours, and 3 hours.
The results showed that the optimum volume of methyl ester from the transesterification reaction was achieved with a 1:4 ratio and a reaction time of about 2 hours.
Keywords: Biodiesel.
Jatropha plant, transesterification reaction
INTRODUCTION
The energy crisis has triggered an increase in fuel prices.
The main fuel sources today are derived from gas and petroleum, which are non-renewable resources.
Therefore, it is time environmentally friendly fuel sources, such as plant-based fuels, commonly known as Indonesia, as a tropical country, has abundant natural plant resources.
One of these is the Jatropha plant (Jatropha curca.
Jatropha oil can be used to produce biodiesel as an alternative fuel source.
Its use dates back to the 1940s as fuel for war machinery.
However, with the rising trend of fossil fuel consumption, the use of Jatropha oil as fuel has been largely Classification and Morphology of Jatropha The Jatropha plant belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, which also includes rubber and cassava.
It falls under the division Spermatophyte, subdivision Angiospermae, class Dicotyledoneae, order Euphorbiales, family Euphorbiaceae, genus Jatropha, and species Jatropha curcas L.
It is a shrub that grows between 1-7 meters in height, with irregular branching, a woody cylindrical stem, and sap that oozes when Due to its very low essential fatty acid content.
Jatropha oil differs from other vegetable oils.
The physical and chemical properties of Jatropha oil are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Jatropha Oil Characteristic Value Viscositase .
radner-ho.
, 20EE Bobot Jeis, 20/20 o Bilangan Asam Number of Lamination Iod Number .
Color .
Gardner Color .
Indek Bias, n25d Solubility in Akohol Flash Point (Tag close cu.
Flame Point (Cleveland open cu.
Antognition Temperature Fire Point Boiling Point Source: Bailey,A.
E .
U-V .
,3 Ae .
0,957 Ae 0,963 0,4 4,0 176 Ae 181
82 Ae 88
Clear
No darker than 3
1,477 -1,478
Clear .
ot cloud.
230 oC 285 oC 449 oC 322 oC Dec Jurnal Reaksi (Journal of Science and Technolog.
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe Vol.
22 No.
December 2024 ISSN 1693-248X enzymes that are not needed, which can reduce the quality of castor oil.
The second stage is the process of extracting jatropha seeds using methanol In order to form biodiesel, a NaOH catalyst is added to the extraction process to encourage the transesterification reaction.
The final stage is the purification process of the obtained biodiesel oil.
The chemical structure of castor oil consists of triglycerides with straight .
fatty acid chains, with or without double bonds like other vegetable oils.
The chemical structure of castor oil is shown in Figure 1.
The structure of castor oil (Jatropha curca.
is very different from that of castor oil of the type Ricinus Communis (Castrol Oi.
which has hydroxyl branches.
The chemical structure of Castor Oil Ricinus communis is shown in Figure 2.
This difference in structure causes the use of the two oils to be very different.
Castor oil of the Ricinus Communis type is more suitable for application as a lubricant than as a fuel.
Biodiesel Biodiesel is an oil-based fuel derived from vegetable or animal oils.
The quality standards for biodiesel fuel can be seen in Table 2.
Raw materials for vegetable oil in Indonesia for the manufacture of biodiesel are so abundant.
The backbone is palm oil.
However, palm oil is an edible oil .
so the stability of biodiesel supply will be disrupted if the demand for food oil Therefore, there needs to be a substitute in the form of non-edible oil .
An alternative option is the hedge castor plant (Jatropha curca.
Jatro Pagar was chosen as a raw material for biodiesel because it currently has no economic value and grows wild, can grow on critical land, does not require a lot of water and fertilizer, and is easy to maintain.
Castor plants can generally be harvested after they are six to eight months old.
However, it is only able to produce optimal fruit at the age of five.
The process of making biodiesel from castor oil is carried out through several stages.
The first stage is steaming of castor seeds.
The goal is to release Table 2.
ASTM Standards for Biodiesel Fuel** Analyze Method
Paramaeter Test
ASTM
Specific Gravity D1298
Gross Heating Value D2382
Cloud Point
D2500
Pour Point
D97
Flash Point
D93
Kinematic Viscosity D445
Water and Sediment
D2709
Copper Strip Corrosion D130
Sulfur
D2622
Carbon Residue D4530
Cetane Number
D613
Sulfated Ash
D482
Neutralization / Acid
D664
Methanol
Free Glycerol
Total Glycerol
Oil Ester
Value Unit
0,86-0,90
65 min Report to customer 28 max 100 min 1,9-6,0 0,05 max No.
3b max 0,05max 0,05 max 40 min 0,02 max 0,08 max 0,02 max 0,02 max 0,24 max 97,50 max g/cm3 Btu/lb CSt % Vol Deg.
of Corrosion % mass % mass % mas mg/gr % mass % mass % mass % mas Jurnal Reaksi (Journal of Science and Technolog.
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe Vol.
22 No.
December 2024 ISSN 1693-248X ic H2CiAOiACiA(CH.
16iACH2 iC Figure 1.
Chemical Structure of Jatropha Curcas Castor Oil iC ic HCiAOiACiA(CH.
7CHiaCH(CH.
7CH2 iC Oic iC ic iC H2CiAOiACiA(CH.
7CHiaCHCH2CHiaCH(CH .
CH3 H2CiAOiACiA(CH.
7iACHiaCHiACH2iACHiA(CH.
5iACH3 iC iC ic iC HCiAOiACiA(CH .
7iACHiaCHiA CH2iA CHiA (CH.
5iACH3 iC iC ic iC H2CiAOiACiA(CH .
7 iACHiaCHiACH 2 iACHiA (CH.
5 iACH3 Figure 2.
Chemical Structure of Castor Oil Ricinus communis Economically, castor plants can be used in all parts, starting from leaves, fruits, bark, sap, and Leaves can be extracted into silkworm feed and herbal medicines, stem bark can be extracted into tannins or simply used as local fuel to then produce fertilizer, sap can be extracted into fuel.
Likewise, the stem part can be used for firewood.
The greatest potential of the jatropha plant is in the fruit consisting of seeds and shells .
the seeds there is a seed core and a seed shell.
The seed core is the basic material for making biodiesel, a source of energy to replace diesel.
After going through the milking process, from the seed core will produce milk meal, which is then extracted.
The results are in the form of jatropha oil and extraction The average seed size is 18 x 11 x 9 mm, 62 grams, and consists of 58.
1% kernel seeds in the form of flesh .
9% skin.
The bark contains only 0.
8% ether extract.
The oil content .
in the seed core is equivalent to 55% or 33% of the total weight of the seed.
The fatty acids that make up castor oil consist of 22.
saturated acid and 77.
3% unsaturated acid.
The fatty acid content of oils consists of 17.
0% palmic acid, 6% stearic acid, 37.
1% oleic acid, and 40.
linoleic acid (Stegar and van Loon, 1.
Castor oil is a clear liquid in color and does not become cloudy even if stored for a long time.
Alcohol Solvents and Catalysts To make biodiesel, the esters in vegetable oils need to be separated from the glycerol.
These esters are the basic ingredients that make up biodiesel.
During the transesterification process, the glycerol component of vegetable oil is replaced by alcohol.
The most common alcohol used for the transesterification process is methanol because its reaction power is higher when compared to other alcohols, besides that it is also cheap.
The process of methanolysis of alkaline bilytic can be carried out at room temperature and will produce more than 80% esters shortly after the reaction takes place.
The separation of esters and glycerol takes place quickly and perfectly.
To obtain high biodiesel conversion, a catalyst is added to the trans-esterification reaction process.
The catalyst that may be used for methyl ester is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) which is also called caustic soda or Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), both of which can be in the form of powders, granules or The extraction time or transesterification reaction in the previous study lasted for 2-3 hours at atmospheric pressure and reaction temperature of 60-70oC (M,Robert,.
To obtain the optimum yield, variations in temperature and duration of the reaction can be performed.
This study aims to obtain the optimal conditions of the biodiesel manufacturing operation process through the transesterification process.
RESEARCH METHODS
Research on the production of biodiesel from castor oil was carried out using the extraction In the extraction process, the steaming of castor seeds and the transesterification reaction occur simultaneously.
Once biodiesel is formed, phase separation and purification are carried out.
Jurnal Reaksi (Journal of Science and Technolog.
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe Vol.
22 No.
December 2024 ISSN 1693-248X Once the extraction time or transesterification reaction is reached, the reaction mixture is left to sit until phase separation occurs.
The ester phase is deanted from the equilibrium mixture.
Methyl Ester is obtained in the upper layer, while the by-product, namely glycerol, will be found in the bottom layer.
The treatment procedure for the research is as Steaming Stage Two or two kilograms of jatropha fruit (Jatropha curca.
are steamed for an hour and a half, then crushed with a blender.
The result is squeezed to produce oil.
Steaming is carried out in the temperature range of 100 oC.
Trial Treatment The study was conducted at a reaction temperature of 60oC, the ratio of castor oil to solvent was varied in the ratio of 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5, while the operation time was selected 2 hours, 2.
hours and 3 hours.
The weight of the catalyst is set at 2% of the weight of the solvent, the speed of stirring and the concentration of methanol 89% is made fixed.
The response variable measured was the percentage of product weight .
of Methyl Ester (Crude Methyl Este.
and the characteristic test was carried out at the maximum yield obtained.
The measurements of biodiesel characteristics carried out include flash point using the ASTM 93
method, kinematic viscosity using the ASTM 1796
method and specific gravity and moisture content
AOAC
Transesterification Stage The production of biodiesel oil (Methyl Este.
is formed through a chemical process called a transesterification reaction.
In the transesterification reaction, castor oil will react with methanol to form methyl ester and glycerol.
Glycerol is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, toothpaste and paint industries.
The transesterification reaction will be able to proceed well if it is assisted by an alkaline catalyst.
In this study, the catalyst used was Sodium Hydroxide.
The process of methyl ester formation through the transesterification reaction is shown in Figure 3.
Phase Separation ic
H2CiAOiACiAR
HCiAOiACiAR
H2CiAOiACiAR
Tryglyceride H2CiAOH
HCiAOH
H2CiAOH
3CH3OH
ic Ie 3RCOCH Ie Methyl Ester Glycerine Methanol Figure 3.
Castor Oil Transesterification Reaction Into Biodiesel
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Steaming Results Steaming a number of peeled castor fruits (Jatropha curca.
for an hour and a half, then crushed with a blender and squeezed, produces castor oil.
The steaming temperature is around 100 The amount of castor oil produced is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Volume of Castor Oil From Figure 4, it can be seen that the volume of castor oil obtained from steaming is not directly This difference is due to the age difference between young and old jatropha seeds.
For the age of young castor or young seeds, the volume of oil produced from the pressing is not much and the color is also a bit whitish or a little This is likely because the sap content in young castor seeds is still large.
Meanwhile, the volume of castor oil produced by the old seed pressing process is more when compared to the castor oil produced by young seeds, besides that it is also clear yellow.
Results of Trans-esterification Reaction Biodiesel oil (Methyl Este.
is formed from the result of a transesterification reaction between castor oil and alcohol with the help of an alkaline The alcohol used in this study was methanol (CH3OH) 89%.
The catalyst used is sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
The volumes of methyl esters obtained at various ratios of castor oil to ethanol are shown in Figure 5.
From Figure 5, it can be seen that the volume of methyl ester produced for each ratio and the same operating time tends to increase, meaning that the higher the ratio between castor oil and solvent, the higher the methyl ester produced.
The optimum ratio obtained in this study is in the ratio of castor oil to solvent 1:4, due to the increase in the volume of methyl ester .
obtained from the ratio of 1:3 to 1:4 ratio rather than the ratio of 1:4 to 1:5.
Jurnal Reaksi (Journal of Science and Technolog.
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe Vol.
22 No.
December 2024 ISSN 1693-248X Results of Physical Properties Analysis of Methyl Ester The physical properties of methyl esters analyzed include flash point, density and viscosity.
The results of the analysis are shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Results of Physical Properties Analysis of Methyl Ester
Ratio
Flash
Point
C) 0,8892 1,68 0,8968 1,94 0,8936 2,20 0,8888 1,65 0,8976 1,96
Reaction Time Density .
r/cm.
Viscosity .
0,8988 2,17 0,8956 2,00 0,8916 1,65 0,8984 1,99 From Table 3 we can see either for each ratio or for all reaction times we can say that almost all of the parameters are close to the standard range set for biodiesel.
The minimum value obtained from the flash point test results is 150oC at a ratio of 1:4 for a reaction time of two hours, while the maximum value of the flash point is 175oC at a ratio of 1:3 with the same reaction time, which is for two hours.
Based on these data, it can be determined that the optimal time for the best transesterification reaction from the results of this study is 2 .
CONCLUSION
From this research, there are several conclusions that will be explained both in terms of the volume of castor oil produced from pressing and from the volume of methyl ester formed as a result of the transesterification reaction, which are as Figure 5.
Graph of the Effect of Ratio on Methyl Ester Volume From Figure 5, it can also be seen the effect of reaction time on the methyl ester produced, that the longer the reaction time, the volume of methyl ester produced also increases.
The optimum reaction time obtained from this study is 3 hours.
The volume of castor oil obtained from the pressing process is not the same even though the amount of raw materials is the same, this is due to the age factor of the plant.
In other words, the volume of castor oil produced by younger castor plants is less and the color is slightly cloudy with whitish spurs than older castor plants which are yellow.
From the results of this study for the ratio and time made, the optimum volume of methyl ester that occurs from the results of the transesterification reaction is in a ratio of 1:4 and the reaction time is about 2 .
Jurnal Reaksi (Journal of Science and Technolog.
Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe Vol.
22 No.
December 2024 ISSN 1693-248X
REFERENCES