Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat ISSN 2086-6569 | eAeISSN 2776-351X Web: http://jurnal.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9 Terakreditasi Peringkat SINTA 2 DOI: 10.
55511/jpsttd.
DETERMINANTS OF FACTORS RELATED TO INLAND
WATER TRANSPORT SAFETY CULTURE
Broto Priyono1,Wijianto2.
Yulia Puspita Sari3.
Novi Tri Susanto4 1, 3, 4 Manajemen Trasportasi Perairan Daratan.
Politeknik Transportasi SDP Palembang.
Indonesia Transportasi Darat.
Politeknik Transportasi Darat-STTD *E-mail: broto_prie@yahoo.
Manuscript travel history Date received February 5 2026, date revised April 17 2026, date approved Juni 18 2026.
Date published online Juni 30 2026 Abstract Inland water transport safety is an important issue in the context of community mobility and goods However, inland water transport still faces various challenges in terms of safety.
Data shows that accidents on inland water transport still occur frequently.
Therefore, the development of a good safety culture among operators and users of inland water transport services is urgently needed.
Safety culture is a concept that describes the attitudes, values, and behaviours of individuals and organisations in prioritising Factors that can influence the safety culture of inland water transport crew members are knowledge culture and individual commitment.
This study was conducted in Dramaga 16 Ilir.
Palembang City, with a sample size of 100 inland water transport crew respondents.
The results of the Structural Equation Model analysis concluded that individual knowledge does not significantly influence safety culture.
Meanwhile, the factor of individual commitment has a positive and significant influence on the safety culture of inland water transport crews on the Musi River.
Keywords: crewAos knowledge, individual commitment, inland water transport crew, safety culture.
INTRODUCTION
goods transportation, especially in countries such as Indonesia, which has many rivers anad lakes as transportation routes.
In Indonesia, inland water transport not only plays an important role in supporting economic and tourism activities, but also serves the needs of communities in remote areas that are difficult to reach by other means of transport.
However, although inland water transport offers various benefits, it also faces various challenges in terms of safety.
Data shows that accidents on inland water transport remain one of the main causes of injury and death in the transport sector.
Accidents in the inland water transport sector can be fatal, both for passengers and the environment.
Therefore, the development of a good safety culture among operators and users of inland water transport services is essential.
Safety culture is a concept that describes the attitudes, values, and behaviours of individuals and organisations in prioritising safety.
In the context of inland water transportation, safety culture can be influenced by various factors, such as public awareness and understanding of the importance of safety, training for crew members, and the existence of supportive regulations.
In many places, there is still a perception that inland water transportation does not require strict safety standards, which ultimately reduces awareness of the importance of safety culture.
This study seeks to identify and analyse the determinants of factors related to inland water transport safety culture.
These factors may include aspects of safety knowledge and individual commitment to implementing transport safety norms.
A better understanding of these factors is expected to provide useful insights into designing strategies to improve safety culture, which in turn can reduce accident rates and improve inland water transport safety.
Knowledge plays an important role in shaping individual behaviour in the context of safety.
Cognitive theory states that individuals who have a better understanding of risks and safety procedures are more likely to adopt safe behaviour.
This is explained by (Hsu et al.
, 2.
in the form of an information processing model, in which individuals who have knowledge about hazards Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9 and how to mitigate them will be more responsive in risky situations.
Meanwhile, (Luo et al.
, 2.
states that knowledge about safety can change the way individuals think about risk, which then influences their behaviour.
In the context of safety culture, the creation of effective training programmes can strengthen knowledge and, consequently, safety behaviour.
Cognitive Social Theory explain by (Cui, 2.
states that knowledge is acquired through observation and social interaction.
In organisations, if employees can observe their colleagues complying with safety standards, they are more likely to follow suit.
Knowledge acquired through experience and example can shape safety values in a work culture.
(Kuncowati et al.
Behavioural Law Model includes the understanding that knowledge of the risks and consequences of unsafe behaviour shapes beliefs that can encourage preventive actions.
When individuals have a clear understanding of the consequences of their actions, they are more likely to engage in safe behaviour.
In addition to knowledge, individual commitment to safety procedures and practices plays an important role in promoting a culture of safety in the transportation sector.
(Xu et al.
, 2.
emphasises that every individual in the workplace must understand the existing safety systems and feel responsible for their implementation.
With accountability, individuals will be more proactive in maintaining and improving safety standards.
Improving the quality of human resources, including individual commitment to safety, is essential in building a strong safety culture.
Trained and committed individuals will be more aware of the importance of safety and play an active role in its Zang .
states that individual differences, such as personality and personal tendencies, affect the level of compliance with safety regulations.
Individuals with a high level of commitment tend to be more compliant and play a role in shaping a positive safety culture.
Several indicators that can be used to assess individual commitment include compliance with safety procedures, participation in safety training, reporting of incidents and unsafe conditions, use of Personal Protective Equipment, perception of management commitment, involvement in safety activities, and attitude towards safety.
By understanding and measuring these indicators, organizations can identify factors related to individual commitment that need to be improved to strengthen their safety culture (Zhang et al.
, 2.
METHOD
This research was conducted from April to September 2025 at the 16 Ilir River Port in Palembang City.
South Sumatra Province.
The location was chosen because of its high river transportation activity, both for passenger and freight vessels.
The research method used in this study was quantitative research, in which quantitative sampling was as important as qualitative sampling.
Quantitative research is the collection of numerical data, which is generally collected through structured questions.
Quantitative data collection is carried out by means such as satisfaction ratings, production figures, and sales figures.
This study explains the relationship between knowledge of safety and individual commitment to inland water transportation safety culture.
The population in this study consisted of ship operators at Port of 16 Ilir in Palembang City.
The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula, resulting in 100 samples.
The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents.
The variables of knowledge about inland water transportation safety and individual commitment referring to (Indonesia, 2.
concerning Safety Standards for Inland Water and Ferries Transportation are presented in Table 1.
and Table 2.
Table 1.
Parameters of knowledge about inland water transportation safety Code Parameters Knowing the regulations on shipping safety Knowing how to use safety equipment Understanding evacuation procedures in the event of an emergency on Knowing the maximum load capacity of the ship Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9
P10
Understanding the meaning of navigation signs Knowing the procedures for boarding and disembarking Knowing the procedures for loading dangerous goods on board a ship Knowing the importance of regular inspections of the ship's hull and Knowing how to provide assistance to drowning victims Knowing that the ship operator is fully responsible for the safety of the ship's cargo .
assengers and good.
Table 2.
Parameters of individual commitment about inland water transportation safety Code Parameters KI 1 Commitment to comply with safety procedures even when in a hurry.
Commitment to continue to follow safety procedures even when no officer KI 2 is supervising.
Commitment to always check the readiness of safety equipment before the KI 3 ship operates.
Commitment to always use safety equipment .
ife jackets, glove.
when KI 4 working on the ship.
KI 5
Commitment to remind colleagues if they do not comply with safety rules Commitment to prefer to stop ship operations temporarily rather than KI 6 continue work that risks accidents Commitment to attend additional safety training outside regular working KI 7 Commitment to dare to report incidents/conditions that could potentially KI 8 endanger safety KI 9 I am willing to provide advice and input on safety to officers and colleagues KI 10 I will feel proud if I can work safely in accordance with procedures The dependent variable in this study was measured using the following parameters:
Table 3.
Parameters of safety culture in inland water transportation Parameters Leaders/colleagues/crew members always emphasise the importance of BK 2 Checking the condition of the ship and its engines is a routine task before the ship is operated each day.
Regularly ensuring that safety equipment is always available in sufficient BK 3 quantities and in good condition on board the ship.
BK 4
Always wearing life jackets while on board the ship during operation.
BK 5
Always keeping the ship's deck clean and free of items that could cause BK 6
Always ensure the vessel is stable before loading BK 7
Always monitor weather conditions and river currents before and during BK 8
Always maintain good communication with officers and fellow crew
members regarding safety issues BK 9
Comply with work and rest schedules to prevent fatigue while on duty Feel comfortable reporting accidents or near misses without fear of BK 10
punishment for evaluation Code
BK 1
The parameters in the questionnaire were tested for validity and reliability.
The data obtained through the questionnaire was then analysed using the Statistical Equation Model (SEM) method with the help of Smart PLS statistical software.
Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9 (Kline, 2.
explain that in creating a structural equation model or SEM, the first step is to review various theories and literature that are relevant previous findings .
revious relevant facts findin.
From the review and synthesis of theories and previous findings, a structural equation model is then This step is called creating a structural equation model specification.
(Hidayat & Wulandari, 2.
state that the initial basis of SEM analysis is a theory that is clearly defined by the researcher.
This theoretical basis then becomes a concept of interrelationships between variables.
The causal relationship between latent .
variables is not determined by SEM analysis, but is constructed by the supporting theoretical basis.
It can be said that SEM analysis is useful for confirming a model based on existing empirical data.
The expected result of theoretical analysis is to determine conceptual and operational definitions for developing research instruments that will be used to measure latent variables.
The results of this stage can be used to develop questionnaires or research instruments (Angelelli et al.
, 2.
The structural equation depicted by the path analysis diagram is a representation of theory.
Thus, the paths connecting latent variables in the structural equation are manifestations or embodiments of previously studied theories.
Once the model specification and questionnaires have been obtained, the next step is to determine the sample and its measurement.
After that, the researcher estimates the model parameters.
At this stage, estimates can be made for each variable, followed by the structural model or the full model.
Then, conduct a goodness of fit test.
If the model is still not a good fit, modify or respecify the model.
RESULT AND DECISION
1 Measurement Model Evaluation The measurement model evaluation analysis was conducted to ensure that the indicators in the questionnaire were valid and reliable.
Indicator validity is determined by the loading value (), which indicates how much of the indicator's variance can be explained by the latent variable.
An indicator must be eliminated from the measurement model when the loading value () is less than 0.
The following are the loading values () obtained from the measurement model evaluation analysis:
Figure 1.
Path diagram with Loading Factor values Based on Figure 1, there are several indicators with a Loading Factor value of less than 0.
meaning that these indicators are invalid and need to be reduced.
The following is the latest path diagram after reduction:
Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9 Figure 2.
Path Diagram After Reduction of Invalid Indicators Based on Figure 2, it can be seen that in the Knowledge section, there are only 5 valid indicators .
, namely P1.
P2.
P6.
P9 and P10.
In the Individual Commitment section, there are 2 invalid indicators, namely K4 and K7.
Meanwhile, in the Safety Culture section, there are 3 invalid indicators, namely BK3.
BK4, and BK7.
The description of the Outer Loading values for each indicator is presented in the tables below.
An Outer Loading value greater than 0.
5 means that the indicator is valid.
Table 4.
Outer Loading Knowledge Variable Item Loading P10 Based on the table above, all Knowledge variable indicators are valid because they have a loading factor value above 0.
This indicator adequately explains the variance of the latent variable.
value > 0.
5 ensures the indicator contributes at least 25% .
52=0.
A low loading value lowers the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR), resulting in inaccurate research results.
Table 5.
Outer Loading Individual Comitment Variable Item
Loading KI1
KI2
KI3
KI5
KI6
KI8
KI9
KI10
Based on Table 5 above, all Individual Commitment variable indicators are valid because they have a loading factor value above 0.
This indicator adequately explains the variance of the latent variable.
A value > 0.
5 ensures the indicator contributes at least 25% .
52=0.
Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9 Table 6.
Outer Loading Safety Culture Variable Item
Loading BK1
BK2
BK5
BK6
BK8
BK9
BK10
Based on Table 6 above, all Safety Culture variable indicators are valid because they have a loading factor value above 0.
This indicator adequately explains the variance of the latent variable.
value > 0.
5 ensures the indicator contributes at least 25% .
52=0.
Table 7.
Composite Reliability and AVE Values of the Measurement Model Variabel Composite Average variance extracted (AVE) Knowledge Individual Comitement Safety Culture Based on the composite reliability values presented in Table 7, it can be seen that the three latent variables have composite reliability values above 0.
This means that the established indicators have been able to measure each latent variable .
well, or it can be said that the three measurement models are reliable.
The better the convergent validity value, the higher the correlation between the indicators that make up a construct.
The AVE values shown in Table 4 indicate that the three latent variables have AVE values above the minimum criterion of 0.
5, so the convergent validity measure is good or can be said to have met the convergent validity criteria.
2 Evaluation of the Structural Model The structural model .
nner mode.
is a model that describes the relationship between latent variables, which are evaluated using path coefficients.
R2.
Q2 and GoF.
The results of the path coefficients and t-statistic values obtained through the bootstrapping process are shown in Table 5 as follows.
From the results of the structural model evaluation, the relationship between the Knowledge indicator section and the Safety Culture indicator section will be known.
Similarly, the relationship between the Individual Commitment indicator section and the Safety Culture indicator section will also be known.
Table 8.
Results of Path Coefficient Hypothesis Testing in Structural Models Hipotesis Original Standard T Statistics p-values Sample Deviation (|O/STDEV|) (O) (STDEV) Knowlegde -> Safety 402 ts Culture Individual Commitment 0.
000 **
-> Safety Culture description: **: Significant of 5%.
Based on Table 8, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The Relationship between Knowledge and Safety Culture Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9 The path coefficient value (Original Sampl.
072 with a T-statistic value of 0.
839 and a pvalue of 0.
Since the p-value is > 0.
05, this relationship is not statistically significant at a 95% confidence level.
This means that an individual's knowledge of safety does not significantly influence the culture of inland water transport safety.
This indicates that increasing knowledge alone is not sufficient to shape safety behaviour and habits in the inland water transport environment.
The Relationship between Individual Commitment and Safety Culture The path coefficient value of 0.
787 with T-statistics of 11.
942 and a p-value of 0.
000 (< 0.
indicates that this relationship is statistically significant.
Thus, individual commitment has a positive and significant effect on inland water transportation safety culture.
This means that the higher the individual commitment to safety implementation, the better the safety culture that is Evaluate the goodness of the model using the Predictive Relevance (Q.
value Table 9.
R-Square value on Struktural Model Variabel Laten Endogen R Square Safety Culture The total R2 value is used to calculate Predictive Relevance (Q.
because smartPLS does not have a specific menu for calculating Q2.
The Q2 value is used to validate the model.
The Predictive Relevance (Q.
value can be written as follows:
ycE2 = 1 Oe {.
Oe ycI.
} = 1 Oe {.
Oe 0.
} = 0.
From the above calculation, we obtain a value of Q2 = 0.
690, meaning that 69% of the variance in the endogenous variable .
afety cultur.
is explained by the exogenous variables .
ndividual knowledge and commitmen.
, with the remainder explained by other exogenous variables not included in the model.
To validate the model as a whole, the goodness of fit (GoF) was used.
This GoF index is a single measure used to validate the combined performance of the measurement model and the structural The GoF value is obtained from the average communalities index multiplied by the R2 value of the model.
GoF values of 0.
1, 0.
25, and 0.
38 mean that the structural model is poor, moderate, and good, respectively.
The following are the results of the goodness of fit model Variabel Knowledge Individual Comitement Safety Culture Average GoF Table 10.
Goodness Of Fit Average variance extracted (AVE) R Square Based on the table above, it shows that the GoF value is 0.
391, which is categorised as a good GoF, meaning that the model is good at explaining empirical data.
The test results show that individual knowledge about safety does not significantly affect the culture of inland water transportation safety.
This indicates that increasing knowledge alone is not enough to shape safety behaviour and habits in the inland water transportation environment.
The level of knowledge can certainly be influenced by the level of education.
The importance of knowledge-based training programmes in building a culture of safety is emphasised.
Individual commitment has a positive and significant effect on inland water transportation safety This means that the higher the individual commitment to safety implementation, the better Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat.
Volume 17 Issue 1 Year 2026 Pages 1-9 the safety culture that is formed.
Every individual in the workplace who understands the existing safety system and feels responsible for its implementation, with accountability, will be more proactive in maintaining and implementing a safety culture.
To build a high level of commitment to safety among ship operators, conduct regular and structured training, implement a robust safety management system such as the ISM Code, ensure compliance with regulations and procedures, and lead by example by emphasising the importance of safety equipment, consistent use and proper maintenance.
The following are several strategies to ensure ship operators have a high commitment to safety, involving culture, management, and crew development, among others:
Building a strong safety culture requires commitment from top management, transparency and open communication, a focus on behaviour, and collaboration.
Implementing an effective safety management system through the application of realistic procedures, regular audits and reviews, prevention and maintenance, and regulatory Improving the skills and knowledge of operators through continuous training and education, basic safety training, knowledge of emergency procedures, supervision and mentoring.
Providing ongoing support and motivation through workload and fatigue management, positive reinforcement, a humanistic approach, and clear and fair sanctions.
Utilising technology and innovation through modern equipment, safety gear, and data-based CONCLUSION Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, the following conclusions have been Individual knowledge of safety does not have a significant effect on inland water transportation safety culture.
This indicates that increasing knowledge alone is not enough to shape safety behaviour and habits in the inland water transportation environment.
Individual commitment has a positive and significant effect on inland water transportation safety This means that the higher an individual's commitment to implementing safety, the better the safety culture that is formed.
THANKS
Thank you for Politeknik Transportasi Sungai.
Danau dan Penyeberangan Palembang and all parties involved in this research.
Reference