JOIV : Int.
Inform.
Visualization, 9.
- January 2025 65-71
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
ON INFORMATICS VISUALIZATION
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL ON
INFORMATICS
VISUALIZATION
journal homepage : w.
org/index.
php/joiv Design of Automatic Irrigation System for Post-Mining Land Reclamation Ruspita Sihombing a,*.
Amiril Azizah a.
Zainal Arifin a.
Wahyuni Eka Sari a.
Agus Wiramsya Oscar b.
Pandhu Rochman Suosa Putra c.
Politeknik Negeri Samarinda.
East Kalimantan Province.
Indonesia PT.
Insani Bara Perkasa.
East Kalimantan Province.
Indonesia Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Samarinda.
East Kalimantan Province, 75131.
Indonesia Corresponding author: *ruspita@polnes.
AbstractAipost-mining land reclamation poses a challenge in restoring degraded land's ecological function and productivity, requiring optimal rehabilitation to make it productive and environmentally friendly.
A key challenge in reclamation is the availability of efficient water sources to support the revegetation process.
Conventional irrigation systems are inefficient and require intensive monitoring.
Therefore, an innovative solution in the form of an automatic irrigation system is needed to optimize water use and support sustainable plant growth.
This study aims to design and develop a technology-based automatic irrigation system that combines soil moisture sensors, water pumps, sprinklers, solar panels, solenoid valves, and microcontrollers to regulate irrigation efficiently and on time.
The methodology includes hardware and software design, integration of soil moisture sensors, a microcontroller as the control unit, and system field testing.
The system is designed to activate irrigation based on real-time soil moisture levels automatically, ensuring water is only applied when needed.
The system is expected to reduce excess water use and improve irrigation effectiveness across large and diverse areas.
Results show that this automatic irrigation system can reduce water consumption by 34.
2% compared to conventional In addition, farmers can remotely manage irrigation via the Internet or mobile apps, reducing irrigation time by 75 minutes.
This system holds the potential to be an innovative and sustainable solution for post-mining land reclamation, ushering in a new era of efficient and sustainable agriculture.
KeywordsAiAutomatic design.
irrigation system.
land reclamation.
post-mining.
Manuscript received 29 Jul.
revised 13 Sep.
accepted 19 Dec.
Date of publication 31 Jan.
International Journal on Informatics Visualization is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.
0 International License.
deforestation that threaten natural sustainability are the main problems in the extractive economy, such as the mining sector .
Land degradation, tropical forest depletion, and postmining reclamation are often important environmental issues discussed after mining activities have ended .
Mining that involves large-scale exploitation of natural resources tends to have adverse impacts on surrounding ecosystems, such as soil damage, water pollution, and loss of vegetation .
Not only does this environmental damage disrupt the balance of the ecosystem, but it also impacts the lives of communities around the mining area.
Climate change, health risks due to pollution, and the loss of natural resources that support daily life are challenges that must be faced after mining .
The majority of mining companies carry out coal mining activities in an open pit mining method by changing the initial hue of a land by removing overburden and then taking the coal that is there .
It is essential to study the post-mining reclamation INTRODUCTION Environmental quality, thus negatively impacting environmental sustainability and society.
Therefore, postmining land reclamation is essential to restore and improve damaged land for reuse.
An important aspect of land reclamation is water management, including adequate irrigation to support plant growth and stabilize the soil .
However, irrigation is complex in post-mining areas due to compacted soils, water shortages, and poor drainage.
In this case, automatic irrigation technology can be an effective solution to overcome these problems .
Coal production in Indonesia has gradually increased over the last 10-15 years.
East Kalimantan accounts for nearly 28% of Indonesia's coal reserves .
On the other hand, while coal contributes to the economy, it also directly impacts environmental sustainability .
Environmental impacts and is below a preset threshold, the microcontroller will send a signal to open the solenoid valve connected to the irrigation If the soil moisture content reaches the desired level, the microcontroller will send a signal to close the solenoid valve and stop the water flow .
, .
Implementing this automatic irrigation system allows postmining land to be managed more efficiently.
Plants get the right amount of water as needed, avoiding wastage of water resources and ensuring optimal growth (Wu et al.
, 2.
In addition, the automation system is capable of reducing manual labor by 82O% in irrigation management, enabling more sustainable, costeffective, and productive land management .
This technological approach not only supports post-mining land rehabilitation by restoring soil productivity but also has a positive impact on the environment with more efficient and targeted water use .
The automatic irrigation system implementation is an essential solution for more innovative and more sustainable farmland management, paving the way for modern farming practices that are more environmentally friendly .
Furthermore, rehabilitation efforts also have the potential to create new economic opportunities for local communities through the utilization of restored land .
The several quality attributes, including performance, scalability, flexibility, interoperability, productivity, extensibility, and security, and maps them to the corresponding components of an IoT-based agricultural software architecture is needed to identify .
The system optimizes irrigation water use through comprehensive big data collection, storage, and analysis.
Leveraging insights from this data can facilitate informed decision-making regarding water management, thereby driving conservation efforts, especially in dry regions .
The proposed system uses the data collected from the sensor units to provide optimal irrigation decisions and communicates them to the operator .
through the developed IoT platform.
Data from soil moisture, ambient temperature, solar irradiance, and rainfall sensors are processed through a Fuzzy Logic controller to adjust the irrigation time.
Trapezoidal and triangular membership functions fuzzified the inputs and outputs .
This study uses multidimensional time series modeling to predict soil moisture using two years of data in US agriculture, including factors such as soil moisture, temperature, and weather .
The models evaluated are machine learning algorithms such as Extreme Gradient Boosting and Random Forests.
Spectral Temporal Graph Neural Network (StemGNN) Deep Learning, and Vector Autoregression as a reference model .
The novelty of this automatic irrigation system using sprinklers can be seen in the innovation in its design.
In the previous sprinkler system, each tool was not in one location or one point but scattered at several points.
In the latest design of this automatic sprinkler, each component is integrated into one frame that can be moved after the completion of land revitalization and will be carried out during the next one.
This irrigation system uses two reservoirs as a water source and eco-enzyme to irrigate the plants.
Each reservoir is filled with water or eco-enzyme and pumped to a sprinkler system.
This system places several sprinklers at specific locations in the planting area.
The water or eco-enzyme the pump delivers is sent to the sprinklers through a network of pipes connecting the pump and sprinklers.
Watering is done manually by pressing a button on the control panel.
However, this system process in terms of both emission reduction and costs and benefits .
Rehabilitation of ex-mining land is an important step that must be taken.
This rehabilitation process aims to restore land conditions to be productive and environmentally Ecosystem damage on ex-mining land can be restored through various methods, such as vegetation engineering, ecological restoration, and environmentally friendly technology .
The experiment of .
compared the relationship of water absorption in plants in natural vegetation areas with post-mining rehabilitation areas, which is different, where natural vegetation sites show a better repair response than in rehabilitation land.
The development of agricultural and forestry systems is a method that is mainly applied in the scope of land reclamation and restoration in post-mining areas that have been exploited.
The more combinations of methods that are applied, the more benefits are obtained .
The integrated spatial planning concept can be implemented on former coal mine land with the principle of sustainability, which can be supported by cultivating forest plants, eucalyptus plants, aquaculture, and cattle farming .
Thus, post-mining land reclamation activities are not only useful as a restoration of environmental ecosystems but also as an effort to absorb CO2 in the atmosphere and can restore carbon stocks in forest ecosystems that are lost due to mining activities .
The ecosystem and landscape restoration and reconstruction in mining areas must be done realistically because they have suffered severe damage.
Scope for conservation and wise utilization of mineral resources can be achieved through local, regional, and national actions to achieve sustainable development in mining areas .
An effort that can be made in the framework of rehabilitation on post-mining reclamation land is the application of an appropriate irrigation system as an innovative step in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of irrigation, especially on post-mining land that requires intensive rehabilitation .
Water management is essential for efficiency and contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG.
, so the modeling and development of automation systems in irrigation systems needs to be implemented as a step to support water conservation .
However, conventional irrigation systems are often inefficient in water use and take a long time to irrigate large land areas.
Therefore, innovations are needed in irrigation systems that can optimize the use of water resources and time .
One of the best options for managing water resources is to improve the productivity of water use.
Automation with IoT systems can be a great way to improve the operation of irrigation systems that can be regulated based on actual crop needs and soil conditions, thereby increasing water use efficiency .
Designed systems incorporate soil moisture sensor technology, solenoid valves, and microcontrollers to ensure plant watering is done promptly and by the required water needs .
The soil moisture sensor plays a vital role in detecting real-time moisture levels.
These sensors are placed in the soil at the plant's root area, and the available moisture content is continuously measured.
This directly obtained soil moisture data is then sent to the microcontroller .
As the controlling center of the system, the microcontroller processes the data from the soil moisture sensor and determines when water should be applied to the soil.
If the soil moisture level has some disadvantages.
It uses too many pipes and increases the risk of leakage.
If a leak occurs, the repair process will take longer because you must manually find the leak's location in the pipe.
In addition, this system is less mobile if the irrigation equipment needs to be moved from one field to Each irrigation component must be disassembled and moved one by one, which can take a long time.
Collect data to compare conventional watering systems .
uman labo.
with automatic irrigation systems.
Measure the time and volume required to water the plants in two different Data collected included the time required to water each plot and the volume of water used during the watering This comparative data was used to evaluate plant watering practices' efficiency and water requirements in a post-mining rehabilitation environment.
The time required was obtained by monitoring the work elements during the watering operation and recording the duration of each event and other factors affecting the sprinkler system's performance.
Data were collected continuously throughout each cycle, from start to finish.
Time measurement of work elements during watering operations using the continuous method by measuring pure work time .
ystem preparation, waterin.
, general work time .
achine interruption, folded hose, idling, rest time, and personal tim.
The research plot was installed with conventional watering for the first experiment, while the automatic irrigation system was installed in the center of the plot for the second Thus, it is essential for all parties involved, including the government, mining companies, and communities, to work together to carry out ex-mining land rehabilitation programs.
Through synergistic cooperation, exmining land can be returned to a productive asset that provides long-term benefits for the environment and future This study aims to design and build an automatic irrigation system that can be applied to post-mining land at PT.
Insani Baraperkasa (PT.
IBP) East Kalimantan.
Thus, this research not only contributes to environmental rehabilitation efforts at PT.
Insani Baraperkasa (PT.
IBP) also provides a model that other mining companies can adopt in managing post-mining land in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.
Fig.
1 Conventional sprinkler system This is a modification of the previous automatic irrigation system where the number of sprinkles is placed at several points so that more are made into the latest design, which uses one sprinkle and uses fewer pipes and slang.
This can also make maintenance easier and cheaper.
Fig.
2 Automatic Sprinkler System with Centralized Sprinkler in the Middle II.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The system uses two reservoirs containing water and eco enzymes and one sprinkler.
Each reservoir is equipped with an electric valve that the system can control.
When the watering schedule arrives, the valve on the corresponding reservoir will open for either watering with coenzyme or plain water.
Once the valve is open, the pump will suck the liquid from the reservoir and deliver it to the sprinkler.
The pump is powered by a battery charged by a solar panel, so it does not require electricity from an external source.
The solar panel is mounted on the top of the All device components are integrated into one support frame, making it easy to move to other areas.
Solar panels are used as a power source, making them cost-effective and independent of electricity.
The design is integrated where all components are in one frame that is easy to move.
Watering occurs automatically according to soil inertia and a set schedule, eliminating the need for constant supervision.
Working procedure of automatic irrigation system are as follows:
Place the automatic sprinkler in the center of the plot Turn on the system connected to the automatic Connect the automatic sprinklers with the user's device using the software provided.
Set the working hours and degree of sprinkler rotation.
This work procedure is done only once at the beginning of the sprinkler use.
The materials used in this research are a set of 2200-watt water pumps, a 1000-liter water reservoir .
dm x 10 mm x 10 d.
, sprinkles with a radius of 25 cm, a solar cell, an RS485 sensor, and an ESP32 microcontroller.
A research plot measuring 50 m x 50 m with an area of 2500 mA .
/4 h.
was set up in the post-mining land reclamation area of PT.
Insani Bara Perkasa.
For the first experiment, the research plot was watered conventionally, while the automatic irrigation system was installed in the center of the plot for the second The working principle of the automatic irrigation system is that the RS485 Soil NPK PH EC sensor detects moisture and pH, and then the ESP32 Microcontroller processes the data.
If the percentage of soil moisture is < 40% and the pH value < 6-7.
5 (Fajar et al.
, 2.
), the ESP32 Microcontroller will provide information to turn on the pump and open the Solenoid.
Conversely, if the percentage of soil moisture is> 40% and the pH value is> 6-7.
5, the ESP32 Microcontroller will provide information to turn off the Pump and close the solenoid, as in the flow chart in figure 3.
Based on soil moisture and pH.
Here are the steps of the Prepare equipment such as an RS485 soil NPK PH EC sensor .
hich detects soil moisture, pH, and nutrient conten.
, an ESP32 microcontroller, a pump, and a solenoid valve.
The sensor detects moisture and pH value: RS485 sensor detects soil moisture and pH value.
Data processing by microcontroller: The ESP32 microcontroller processes the data received from the sensors, specifically the soil moisture data.
Moisture and pH conditions: The microcontroller determines if the soil moisture is above 40AC and the pH is between 6 and 7.
The next step is executed if these two conditions are met (YES).
Otherwise (NO), the system continues the irrigation If the conditions are not met (NO), the ESP32 microcontroller switches on the pump and opens the solenoid valve to start the irrigation process.
Irrigation process: The irrigation continues until the soil moisture reaches the specified threshold.
Timer: Once the irrigation process is complete, the system enters the timer .
stage before rechecking the soil conditions.
Finish: The process is completed.
If conditions are met (YES), the ESP32 microcontroller switches off the pump and closes the solenoid valve, signaling that soil conditions are sufficient and no irrigation is required.
Done: Process completed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This research aims to design and develop an effective automatic irrigation system for post-mining land reclamation.
This study was conducted PT Insani Bara Perkasa Loa Janan in Kutai Kertanegara Regency.
East Kalimantan Province.
Indonesia.
PT Insani Bara Perkasa has a total area of 93,425 ha, consisting of mining allotment of 73,420 ha and limited production forest of 20,005 ha.
Based on the climate classification in Indonesia, the East Kalimantan area, especially Kutai Kartanegara, is included in the type A climate, with an average temperature between 22-27AC and an average annual rainfall between 2,500-4,000 mm.
Soil types in the research location include alluvial, latosol, podzolic, lithosol, and regosol, the majority of soil textures in the mining area are sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clayey loam, and medium clay.
Land with these criteria requires optimal nutrients because water from mining pits contains harmful chemicals such as Fe.
Mn.
SO4.
Hg and Pb.
Fe and Mn substances in large quantities can be toxic to plants, causing plants not to develop properly, so it is necessary to optimize the addition of nutrients so that plants can develop fertilely.
TABLE I
CONVENTIONAL WATERING WORKTIME
Elements of Work Preparation .
tart the engine, prepare the WritingWriting .
Pulling Hose
Watering plants Winding the hose
TOTAL I
General Hours Engine Fault Stuck hose Missing Work Tools Silence .
rinking, drinking, talking.
TOTAL I II
TABLE II
WATER HEIGHT AND VOLUME USING THE CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM
Fig.
3 Flowchart of Automatic Irrigation System on Post- Mining Land Analytical Tools and Hypothesis Testing: this study used a T-test to analyze the difference between conventional and automatic irrigation systems on post-mining land.
Homogeneity Test Steps: The homogeneity test steps are as follows: Hypothesis H0 = no difference between time and volume using conventional and automatic irrigation systems.
Ha = There is a difference between time and volume using conventional and automatic irrigation systems.
Hypothesis Testing: The test's conclusion is done by comparing the - t-count with the - table.
If t - count < t - table, then h0 is accepted.
if t - count > t - table, then ha is accepted.
Experiment Water Height in the Reservoir Total Volume Average (Liter.
TABLE V
COMPARISON OF TIME AND WATER VOLUME BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL
Tables 1 and 2 show that the working time of watering with conventional water is 1.
32 hours .
2 minute.
, which consists of pure working time plus general time .
achine interference, stuck slang, and silenc.
Water volume using conventional system 508.
57 liters.
WATERING
TABLE i WORKING TIME OF WATERING WITH AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM Elements of Work Preparation .
tart the engine, prepare the Conventional Automatic Time Volume .
Time .
Volume .
Average (Minute.
Watering plants TOTAL I General Hours Engine Fault Silence .
rinking, drinking, talking.
TOTAL II
TOTAL I II
Fig.
4 Comparison Chart of Watering Time with Conventional and Automatic Irrigation System
TABLE IV
WATER HEIGHT AND VOLUME USING THE AUTOMATIC WATERING SYSTEM
Experiment Water Height in the Reservoir Volume Total Average .
Tables 3 and 4 show that the working time of watering with an Automatic Watering System is 4.
2 minutes, which consists of pure working time plus general time .
achine trouble, stuck hose, and idl.
The water volume using the conventional system is 375 liters.
Based on the data from the modification of the automatic irrigation system in postmining land reclamation, a table and then a graph can be made Based on table 5 and the graph above shows that watering conventionally takes more time than the automatic irrigation system .
2 > 4.
this is because watering with traditional time of work consists of elements of pure work time and general time, which is relatively much.
The volume of water used to water the conventional way is greater than the automatic irrigation system .
57 > .
due to the difficulty of controlling the volume of water released conventionally and uneven watering.
Using automatic irrigation systems can reduce the time by 75 minutes and the volume of water wasted by 133.
2%).
This is due to the automatic irrigation system of work elements and disturbances relatively little, watering evenly and the volume of water used remaining controlled at the same size.
Fig 5 Comparison Chart of Water Volume with Conventional Methods and Automatic Irrigation System The results of this study are in line with previous research.
Automatic irrigation systems can optimize water use and reduce human.
The technique can reduce human labor and increase water savings by efficiently watering.
To test whether there is a difference in the average time and volume of water required for the irrigation process of post-mining land reclamation by conventional methods and automatic irrigation systems, the Independent Samples T Test is conducted as shown in the table below.
The t table value can be seen in the statistical table for a significance level of 0.
05: 2 = 0.
025 with degrees of freedom .
obtained t table 2.
Testing criteria:
if - t table <= t count <= t table, then Ho is accepted.
if - t count < t table, then Ho is rejected.
The t-test results show that the calculated t value is smaller than the t table value (-149.
032 < 2.
, so Ho is rejected.
This means that to irrigate 2500 square meters there is a long-time difference between conventional methods and automatic irrigation systems.
The average watering time with an automatic irrigation system can reduce watering time by 74.
93 minutes .
pproximately 75 minute.
compared to the traditional method.
Table 7.
Free Sample T Test Results for Water Volume.
The value of t table can be seen in the statistical table for a significance level of 0.
05: 2 = 0.
025 with degrees of freedom .
obtained t table 2.
TABLE VI
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST RESULTS FOR WATERING TIME
Mean Pair 1 ConventionalAutomatic Std.
Deviation Paired Differences 95% Confidence interval of the Difference Std.
Error Lower Upper Mean Testing criteria: if - t table <= t count <= t table, then Ho is if - t count < t table, then Ho is rejected.
The t test results show that the calculated t value is smaller than the t table value (-5.
566 < -2.
, then Ho is rejected.
This means that to water 2500 meters2, there is a difference in the volume of water needed between conventional methods and automatic irrigation systems.
The average volume of water needed with an automatic irrigation system can be reduced by 133.
liters or .
2%) compared to the traditional way.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The problem of post-mining land reclamation in East Kalimantan presents a significant challenge in restoring degraded land conditions and ensuring adequate water supply to support the growth of new vegetation.
The solution is to design and develop an automatic irrigation system specifically designed for post-mining areas.
The system has sensors that regulate real-time irrigation and distribute water efficiently according to plant needs.
This research aims to create a system that optimizes water use and helps speed up the land reclamation process.
This research on improving the automatic irrigation system can reduce water consumption by 2%, reduce working time by 75 minutes, and reduce the workload and irrigation process.
Further development of the results of this research includes efficiency improvements and broader application to post-mining land reclamation and other lands that require efficient irrigation management.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Direktorat Akademik Pendidikan Tinggi Vokasi (DAPTV) for commissioned research funding and PT Insani Bara Perkasa Loa Janan in Kerta Negara District.
East Kalimantan Province for providing the land for the research "Design of Automatic Irrigation System for PostMining Land Reclamation".
REFERENCES