INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
Volume 1 Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 Page: 119-132 E-ISSN: 3025-9681.
P-ISSN: 3026-3891
Submission: 18 November 2023.
Revision: 11 December 2023.
Publication: 30 December 2023
PATRICIA CRONE'S CRITICAL NOTES ON THE CHRONOLOGICAL DISCOURSE ON
THE AL-QUR'AN IN MECCA
Al Amirul Fitriana Dewi 1*.
Inayah Rohmaniyah2 UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta e-mail: amirulfitrianadewi@gmail.
Abstract This article will reveal the epistemological basis of Patricia Crone's view that Mecca is not a center for international trade and a place for the distribution of the Koran.
This study is qualitative research that uses document data sources or what is also called library The results of the research by Patricia Crone indicate 3 different aspects in studying the originality of the chronology of the decline of the Al-Qur'an.
First, in a skeptical manner.
Crone suggests that the chronology of the revelation of the Koran is more appropriate to pin it down in Iraq rather than in Mecca.
Second, his thoughts were obtained from non-Muslim sources which ultimately outlined contradictory thoughts which were inversely proportional to the Makkiyah and Madaniyah Qur'an surah groups.
Third, the social situation when the Koran was revealed was not in a primitive society, as is generally described in the Traditionalist school of thought, but in a society that was more advanced, more philosophical and sophisticated.
This research requires refinement and is expected to provide new insights in future research.
Keywords: Critical Notes.
Patricia Crone Thoughts.
Chronology of the QurAoan Abstrak Tulisan ini akan mengungkap dasar epistemologis pandangan Patricia Crone yang menganggap Mekkah bukan sebagai pusat perdagangan internasional dan tempat penyebaran Al-QurAoan.
Riset ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan sumber data yang bersifat dokumen atau yang disebut juga studi pustaka .
ibrary Hasil dari penelitian bahwa kajian Patricia Crone tersebut mengisyaratkan 3 aspek yang berbeda dalam mengkaji orisinalitas kronologi turunnya Al-QurAoan.
Pertama, secara skeptis.
Crone mengisyaratkan kronologi turunnya Al-QurAoan lebih sesuai disematkan turun di Iraq daripada di Makkah.
Kedua.
Pemikirannya yang demikian diperoleh dari sumber-sumber non-muslim yang akhirnya menjabarkan pemikiran yang kontradiktif yang berbanding terbalik dengan golongan surah QurAoan Makkiyah dan Madaniyah.
Ketiga.
Situasi sosial saat al-QurAoan diturunkan juga tidaklah pada masyarakat primitif, sebagaimana gambaran umum versi mazhab Tradisionalis, tetapi masyarakat Author: Al Amirul Fitriana Dewi.
Inayah Rohmaniyah yang sudah lebih maju, lebih filosofis dan sophisticated.
Penelitian ini memerlukan penyempurnaan dan diharapkan dapat memberikan pandangan yang baru dalam penelitian mendatang.
Kata kunci: Catatan Kritis.
Pemikiran Patricia Crone.
Kronologi al-QurAoan and the place where the Qur'an was INTRODUCTION Muslim As a trading center.
Makkah became a meeting point between Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar merchants from various regions who attribute Mecca's selection as the brought influence in the spread of place of the Qur'an's decline to its Islam.
reputation as a strategic trading The existing studies on the center because it was located at the North-South However.
Patricia historicity of the Qur'an according to Patricia Crone, so far there are three Crone, relevant studies.
First, it is a study influenced by the thought of John that examines the interpretation of Wansbrough, argued that Mecca at Patricia Crone's thought on surat Al- that time was not an important center Quraysh of international trade (Patricia Crone, center with no connection to the place Makkah Al-Quraysh Islam entered through trade routes.
letter cannot be used as a source that its position in the hinterland (Ismail.
So for Crone, the Quraish where the Qur'an was revealed, due to shows Crone can not interpret the Makkah was only a local trading 1999:.
presented in the research of Ismail 1987:.
Patricia Crone says that 1999:.
(Ismail.
Second, a study of Patricia Crone's book God's Caliph.
The book deals with the history of religious authority natural resources that can sustain a in the early days of Islam.
Third, large population (Serjeant, 1990:.
Ghozali Mahbub .
Study, which Makkah has a close relationship focuses on revealing about the Mecca between its status as a trading center Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal trade and the emergence of Islam The study of the historical according to Montgomery Watt and development of the Qur'an in the city Patricia Crone.
The study exposed of international trade according to Crone's contention that the trade of Patricia Crone's view is important Mecca was not an important factor because it can provide an explanation explaining the emergence of Islam.
for the differences of opinion between These studies suggest that the study Orientalists.
of Patricia Crone's critical record of the residence and residence of the Prophet Muhammad, discourse of the Qur'an in Mecca does not yet exist.
through the concept of trade taught The position of this study then Mecca, which became by the Prophet.
complements the shortcomings of the LITERATURE REVIEW studies that have been carried out A review of previous studies This study will show a critical relevant to this study is needed to account of the chronology of the compare and position this study in Qur'an in Makkah from the point of addition to other studies.
Found view of Patricia Crone.
This study will Muhammad answer at least three questions that Abdullah Patricia are the subject of discussion.
First, interpretation of Surat Al-Quraysh in the form of the chronology of the The study revealed the side of descent of the Qur'an in the period of Crone's Mecca according to the view of focused on gathering information Patricia Crone.
Second, the structure from interpreters .
he Qur'a.
and of Crone's critical account of the then expressing rejection of the chronology of the Qur'an's descent opinion because of differences in into the Meccan period.
Third, the Then, another study implications of Crone's thinking about by Zunaidi Nur in 2023 on the the chronology of the descent of the chronology of the Qur'an of the Qur'an during the Meccan period.
Meccan period (Internal analysis of Farid Crone's Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal Theodor Noldeke's tex.
The study is The researcher concluded that he inversely related to this study which doubted this because as a revisionist, brought Western scholars such as Crone rejected all Islamic sources Theodor Noldeke to the attention of because they were considered too those who sought to reconstruct many fabrications and myths that chronologically the Surah or verse of were not based on historical facts Ghozali that happened or could be said to be Mahbub .
study focused on based only on imaginary stories of the revealing the Mecca trade and the people of Makkah at that time.
Qur'an.
emergence of Islam according to While Theodor Nolkede Montgomery Watt and Patricia Crone.
thought also mentioned that the The chronology of the descent of the Crone's contention that the trade of Mecca Qur'an revelation in the city of Mecca.
explaining the emergence of Islam.
also explained that the number of The study of the three studies historical accounts in the Makkah above is a bit of some other previous period is very limited and historically The above three studies these data are of doubtful validity and show that the existence of the in general they are more concerned thought of Western scholars such as with historical events that do not Patricia Crone and Theodor Noldeke provide much important information in reconstructing the chronology of That not all non-muslim the Qur'an.
Western scholars ' thoughts can be These studies suggest that the justified, but that does not mean that study of Patricia Crone's critical record of thought in the chronological Patricia Crone's thought is discourse of the Qur'an in Mecca does often discussed is about the doubt on not yet exist.
the legitimacy of the city of Mecca as a major source of international trade.
Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal RESEARCH METHODS Institute Advanced Study.
Princeton.
Explore some aspects of the Crone's work as a material focus of this study, the approach used object of study using the analysis of literature and documentation studies historical criticism.
In addition, he is that make it easier for authors to known as one of the Orientalists who used his own artificial dating in carrying out research.
For example.
The exploratorically .
, explanatory .
, and descriptive .
Makkah's trade as a major cause for the validity of the data obtained from the development of Islam is Watt.
the triangulation of several literature Crone's most famous works areAy Mecca Trade and the Rise of Islam the Qur'an in the Meccan period notes of Crone's opinion further, the according to Patricia CronePatricia background of Patricia Crone's figure Crone will be discussed.
Patricia Crone is an The background of his thinking development of Islam through trade, if Patricia Crone is an Orientalist.
The chronology of The Descent of Before examining the critical Islamic Iran".
Biography Of Patricia Crone AuandAythe Nativist Prophets of Early RESULTS AND DISCUSSION associated with the opinions of Crone conducted research on the history of Mecca which was considered as a trading Makkah.
He is also a professor of center in pre-Islamic times was Islamic history at Oxford University.
rejected raw by The Crone.
As a Crone is a professor of Islamic history refutation of Watt's theory that says at the School of Historical Studies, that Mecca is a trading center city with an international scale.
Crone Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal considers that this statement is completely wrong because Mecca is a (Carimokam, 2010:.
small city that is unlikely to serve as a Nevertheless.
Patricia Crone, center of International Trade.
Crone's who is famous for her research on the studies of the Qur'an show that he study of the Qur'an, has a special view was influenced by the views of John on the chronology of the descent of Wansbrough, that the Qur'an.
thatAythe Qur'an, as the primary source of existence of the Qur'an is largely Islam, was not revealed in Mecca and derived from the literary and religious Medina literature that came from various but came from Iraq or Mesopotamia.
groups of Arab society at that time When the Qur'an was revealed and is believed to be the result of a in the city of Makkah, it does not conspiracy of Muslims in the early mean that the city is a meaningless or More clearly, he added empty place.
Before the advent of AuThe Qur'an is a text that has nothing Islam in the Arabian Peninsula, the to do directly with the life of the Arabs were known for their economic Prophet Muhammad.
The Qur'an is This means that there was nothing but a book written by a group an Arab civilization before the arrival of people.
The Qur'an does not appear of Islam.
This is due to Mecca's as a single holy book, but rather as a strategic location at the crossroads of unique communication process that trade routes between North and responds to certain socio-religious South, particularly Syria and Yemen.
phenomenaAy As a result.
Mecca developed as the Regarding the history of the Qur'an, religious center of Arab society and Patricia Crone revealed that Makkah gained fame outside the Arab region.
is not an International Trade Center.
Before the Qur'an was revealed in so it has nothing to do with the Makkah, the city already had an emergence of Islam and also the place where the Qur'an was revealed Arab (Crone, 1987:.
(Patricia Crone, 1987:.
It is this Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal thought that shows Crone's thought view of John Wansbourg is very that the descent of the Qur'an does contrary to traditional Muslim beliefs not come from the revelation of the in general about the beginning of the Prophet SAW from Allah SWT, but emergence of the Qur'an (Cahaya from the literary works of the Arab Khaeroni, 2017:.
Critical account of Patricia Crone's Among Western Thought on the chronology of The Patricia Crone has a controversial Descent view regarding the place of the Meccan period Qur'an's descent.
Patricia Crone's the Qur'an in the Crone and Cook in their book study of the Qur'an shows that she describe the history of the early was influenced by the views of John Wansbrough, that the considered definitive and comes from Qur'an, as the primary source of Islamic sources.
However, the full Islam, was not revealed in Mecca and validity of these sources for the initial Medina but originated in the region of stage has not yet been established.
Iraq or Mesopotamia (Nasution et al.
There is no hard evidence of the 2022:.
Arguments regarding the Islam existence of the Qur'an before the end Qur'an are based on the belief that the text of the Qur'an is very interpretations did not appear until contemporary and was handed down the middle of the 8th century (Crone in a pluralistic society.
In addition, he and Cook, 1.
This caused doubts argued that Iraq was more suitable as among some about the extent of the a place of descent of the Qur'an than historical truth of Mecca and Medina.
Iraq is more sources do not give exact historical suitable than Mecca and Medina.
Islam.
Islamic facts, but only help to understand Wansborgh also believes that the Islam in the 8th century.
Of these Quran was compiled during the time sources, only a few can be used of Caliph Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, not The only option is to the time of Abu Bakr.
Of course, this seek new views, leaving the sources Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal that come from the Islamic religion reliable sources to reconstruct the (Rahman, 2015:.
history of Islam.
Literature on the As a revisionist.
Patricia Crone history of Islam appeared centuries reinvestigates what has been done by after the death of the Prophet reexamining, examining history and Muhammad.
This concepts related to the chronology of the Qur'an.
The approach he uses is included in the skeptical approach constructions used to explain the (Aisyah Ali 2.
, which is not to emergence of Islam and The Life of believe anything that Muslims accept.
the Prophet Muhammad.
Patricia Crone skeptically questions Implications of Crone's thinking on Muslim sources.
Very few sources the chronology of The Descent of can provide "neutral" information to the Qur'an in the Meccan period investigate the beginnings of Islam.
Crone's theories have sparked including limited archaeological data, a review of early Islamic history.
Numismatic questioned traditional narratives, and documents related to the history of the Qur'an.
According to Patricia Crone alternative explanations.
Many early (Ikhwan, 2020:.
, accounts of the development of Islam however the form, written by Muslims unproven through Islamic sources at cannot describe what happened two an early stage (Fatah, 2.
There is no solid evidence for the existence of reconsideration with source criticism.
the Qur'an before the last decades of The sources Patricia Crone the 7th century, and the tradition of uses in her research are replacing traditional Muslim sources by using historical context has not been proven sources written by contemporary non- Muslims who are contemporaries of mid-8th Therefore, the validity of this Islamic the Prophet Muhammad as more tradition is still debated (Ahmad Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal Fadholi, 2014:.
Patricia Crone's argument suggests that the Qur'an Therefore, he used contemporary did not appear as a fully formed and non-Muslim sources as more reliable static text, but developed gradually sources to reconstruct the history of over time.
The Qur'an does not come Islam.
Patricia Crone's research was down in a space and time that is conducted at a time when traditional empty of values, but in a society that views were being questioned in a is full of various cultural and religious variety of fields, including religious At that time in the Middle East region there are two major powers academic situation also influenced that are quite influential: Roman his approach in studying the history of Christian influence along the Red Sea the Qur'an.
In addition Crone uses and Persian Zoroastrian centered in Mesopotamia influential in the east of commonly used in historical research.
the Arabian Peninsula to the coast of He critically analyzed early Islamic Yemen.
Thus, the Arabian Peninsula texts, including the Qur'an, hadith as the place where the Prophet Muhammad was sent and the basis of his struggle did not receive direct authorship, and reliability.
One of the greatest impacts of empires (Ghozali Mahbub, 2020:.
Crone's thought was the critical Patricia Crone wrote a history thinking he introduced to the sources rely on Muslim sources, considering challenging the reliability of such them to be works full of polemics and sources.
Crone encouraged historians and scholars to conduct more critical from the perspective of the Muslim and objective research.
In addition, community in the second century of Patricia the Hijri.
According to Patricia Crone, prompted historians to review the these writings do not reflect what early history of Islam.
It stimulates Islamic This with a different approach.
He did not Early Crone's Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal more in-depth debate and research Islam.
Crone's research offers three different approaches to examining the development of this religion, and the Qur'anic social, political, and cultural roles in chronology of Revelation.
First, with a its formation.
This has paved the way critical approach.
Crone proposed for new approaches and a more that it would be more accurate to complex understanding of the early determine the descent of the Qur'an history of Islam.
in Iraq than in Mecca.
Secondly, he According to Patricia Crone's draws conclusions from non-Muslim analysis of the Qur'an, the Qur'an was sources that ultimately give rise to shaped by the theories of John some ideas that are opposite and Wansbrough, and the main source of the Qur'an's descent was not revealed grouping of Surahs Makkiyah and in Mecca or Medina but rather in Iraq Madaniyah in the Qur'an.
Third, or Mesopotamia.
He said, " the contrary to what is often claimed by argument about the Qur'an is based traditionalist schools of thought, the on the belief that the text of the civilization in which the Qur'an was Qur'an is very contemporary and was revealed in a pluralistic society.
"Some intellectual, and sophisticated than argue that Iraq is a better location primitive civilizations.
than Mecca and Medina for the Patricia Crone's study of the history of the Qur'an may have quite Qur'an.
"He questions Muslim sources different results from what Muslims with skepticism.
The most significant So it is possible that in the future it will give birth to further questioning the validity of those studies that refute Patricia Crone's Crone urged academics and As clearly conveyed by historians to conduct more impartial Nyldeke in Nur, research .
3:4.
uses tafsir and historical histories as Crone's Qur'an.
The the main source of reference.
The Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal codified into mushaf era of Uthman bin Affan.
Patricia Crone's thought is determining the naming of letters or controversial because it includes a Although these histories are helpful in the chronology of the Wansbrough Qur'an, they are very few in number stabilization of the text of the Qur'an and generally relate more to the was only realized in the 9th century Madinah period.
While the number of AD, two centuries after the death of historical accounts in the Makkah period is very limited and historically Wansbrough was criticized by other the data is of doubtful validity and in general it is more about historical inspired modern studies of the Qur'an events that do not provide much in the form of literary analysis of the Qur'an text without reference to Model Prophet.
John Although Wansbrough's reconstructing the chronology of the Qur'an.
In addition, there are verses that are considered part of the transformation of the Qur'an from Makkah period turned down after the hijrah, as well as two verses that are writin.
to scriptio plena .
omplete closely related but connected with tex.
had an impact on the new different events.
reading of the Qur'an.
Here also arises Another John The .
ragmented the controversial view that the Qur'an analyzing Patricia Crone's thinking is was not born in Mecca, but in Iraq.
the controversial book early Islam by Patricia Crone's approach to Mun'im Sirry (Sirry 2.
This book the history of the Qur'an has provided examines Patricia Crone's thoughts a profound difference in the views of on the Qur'an in the formative period.
Muslims so far.
Patricia Crone is more namely related to the descent of the concerned with using contemporary Qur'an as a divine revelation to the non-Muslim sources as an alternative Prophet in the study of Islamic history.
This Muhammad Author: Edriagus Saputra.
Syamsurizal prompted the birth of Patricia Crone's Patricia Crone is that first, skeptically, contradictory argument in terms of Crone suggests that the chronology of the history of the Qur'an.
Patricia the descent of the Qur'an is more Crone has her own way of studying appropriate to be pinned down in Iraq Islam by extending and developing ideas that have been put forward by thoughts are obtained from non- muslim sources that finally describe John Mecca.
Secondly.
Wansbrough who argued that the Qur'an did not appear in a known form inversely proportional to the surah of during the lifetime of the Prophet the Qur'an Makkiyah and Madaniyah.
Muhammad, but the result of a long Third, the social situation in which the redaction process thereafter.
The Qur'an was revealed was also not that birth of Patricia Crone's thought can Traditionalist tolerance, and respect for diverse describes it, but that of a more viewpoints and interpretations.
It can advanced, more philosophical and also deepen research on the early sophisticated society.
This research is not perfect, for future research who approach, and an approach that want to do similar research should involves further research into the make improvements in aspects of sources of Islamic history, pre-Islamic objective social conditions.
Thus, this literature, and the social and cultural study requires refinement and is context of the period.
expected to provide new insights in CONCLUSION future research.
Islam
This study shows that it turns REFERENCE