Eli Rustinar / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol.
7 No.
Online version available in : http://arbitrer.
JURNAL ARBITRER
| 2339-1162 (Prin.
| 2550-1011 (Onlin.
| Article Phatic Marker in Bengkulu Malay Language Eli Rustinar1.
Cece Sobarna2.
Wahya3 Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.
UMB.
Bengkulu.
Indonesia Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Padjadjaran.
Bandung.
Indonesia ion Track Submi Recieved: March 23, 2020 Final Revision: April 18, 2020 Available Online: April 25, 2020 orre pondence Phatic category, swear markers.
Bengkulu Malay Phone:
E-mail: elirustinar@umb.
A B S T R A C T
The current study aims to describe the form and function of a phatic marker in Bengkulu Malay.
The data were taken from the spoken language of Bengkulu Malay language, which consists of phatic utterances.
The data were collected using the observational and conversational method.
The analysis was done using contextual analysis, distributional method, and pragmatic identity method.
The result shows there are two forms of phatic in Bengkulu Malay, they are particle form, including nah AonahAo, yak AoyahAo, ay AoaiAo, way AowaiAo, awu AoyaAo, woy AowoiAo, wey AoweiAo, hoy AohoiAo, and clitic form, including -lah and AolahAo.
INTRODUCTION
fulfill the social aspect to build a communicative Every language has a system that consists of several conversation (Kridalaksana, 1.
Syntactically These markers are fixed combination of speaking, this form has a specific position in the unit markers which have a system.
This system will sentence and considered as an affirmative particle function socially when speakers use the language (Alwi, et al.
, 2.
in communication.
Each language provides certain In Bahasa Indonesia, there are several types of elements as a medium of communication so affirmative particles, including kah, -lah, -tah, participants can communicate with one another.
-pun.
The particle .
- kah is a clitic form which The form and elements vary as the uniqueness of arbitrarily used in the interrogative sentence.
Ae each language.
The form can be known through lah is a clitic form.
- tah is a clitic form which the structure of the language .
peech ac.
, the used in the interrogative sentence where the speaker whole unified.
does not expect an answer .
hetoric questio.
Every language has a certain function to indicate .
-pun is use in the declarative sentences (Alwi, the purpose of speech and also function to express et al.
, 2.
As a medium of communication, a language has a system that enables the participants to communicate for certain purposes.
The communication can run as long as the participants can use specific words .
ord choice.
to channel their idea.
Among elements of language that play an important role in communication is the phatic form, which frequently used in spoken language.
These four affirmative particles have a clitic function since these four-particle affirmations have in common with the concept of clitics as a bound form, which phonologically has no stress.
They also cannot be considered as morpheme bound since they can occupy the phrases or clauses.
However, they cannot be considered as free morphemes since they have no word characteristics.
The phatic form is used to initiate a conversation.
It The affirmative particles are categorized as a phatic also uses to strengthen the relationship between the category (Kridalaksana, 1986: 113-116.
2010: .
In other words, the phatic form is used to These particles have 19 types with their respective DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
25077/ar.
Under Liscense of Creative Commons Attributioni-NonCommercial 4.
0 International.
Eli Rustinar / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol.
7 No.
functions, including: ah, ayo, deh, dong, ding, halo, kan, kek, kok, lah, lho, mari, nah, pun, selamat, sih, toh, ya, yah.
Each particle has specific function: .
ah is used to emphasize rejections.
ayo is used to invite.
deh is used to insist by persuading, giving approval, guarantee.
dong is used to the to refine commands, emphasize the speakerAos .
ding is used to to emphasize the correction of mistakes.
halo is used to start and confirm conversations on the phone, and greeting.
kan is used to to emphasize proof or denial.
kek is used to emphasize the details, orders, and replaces words.
kok is used to emphasize denial and can be used as a interrogative and usually place in the beginning of a sentence.
-lah is used to to emphasize imperative sentences and .
lho is used as an interjection to express surprise or emphasizing certainty.
mari is used to emphasize an invitation.
nah is used to turn the topic of conversation.
pun is used to highlight as specific part.
selamat is used to congratulate someone.
sih is used to replace the particle -tah and -kan as a form to emphasize a reason.
toh is used to highlight sometimes it has similar meaning to .
yah is used to affirm a statement.
yah is used to express hesitation or uncertainty.
can be used to maintain social relations between Phatic also can be used to enhance the conversation, which is not merely focusing on the message to deliver but also to maintain social It usually uses to express politeness in the conversation (Faizah, 2.
On the other hand, the phatic form also has a negative function.
They can be used as an impolite form, such as a curse, which can lead to conflict and violate social Rahardi .
4: .
mentioned that among the way to express impoliteness is to used phatic Therefore, a curse in a certain language can be identified by the impoliteness markers of phatic Cursing, as an impoliteness language, is considered as a negatively marked behavior.
It is because it violates the social norms in the society.
Here is the example of the phatic form tak in Javanese Autak jewer koe mengko nek ngeyel!Ay AoIAoll tweak your ear if you are stubborn!Ao AUAU The conversation happens when the speaker is difficult to load a bulk of grass to the motorbike, while the addressee is playing.
The speaker tries to warn the addressee using threatening language.
The speaker speaks harshly and loudly while pointing The phatic form is used to express the emotions of at the speaker with wide-eyed eyes.
This shows the speaker or the addressee as participants in the that the phatic form tak in Javanese is considered conversation (Wahya, 2018: .
Conversations as impoliteness marker because it implies a threat.
that start with a phatic form is used to open.
The impoliteness evokes in communication due develop, maintain, or strengthen conversations to social disharmony (Culpeper, 1996: .
The between participants.
Most of the phatic categories social disharmony, for example, can be seen in are found in oral communication or spoken communication strategies with which indicates language, especially in a non-standard language.
face-threatening, which leads to disharmony.
This variety of non-standard languages .
is The concept of Aoface lossAo or Aoloss of faceAo in the not common in four situations, including official conversation is considered impolite if it makes communication, technical discourse, public someone lost his face.
Therefore, if someone speaking, and conversations with the respected intentionally threatens the face of his addressee.
In any situation, the phatic category tends which will lead to a conflict, it is considered as to include regional language or dialects.
Therefore, impoliteness of language.
the use of the phatic category in a conversation can The curse is a sign that someone is angry (Wahya, give a context and the situation of the utterance.
2018: .
It indicates that anger comes as a result In spoken language, the use of phatic form can bring of disharmony and face-threatening.
The face can specific functions.
The phatic form can be used to be lost, and someone needs to maintain his face.
initiate a conversation, to greet participants and All actions to threaten the face must be neutralized to emphasize something, or to express surprised by using polite utterances (Rahardi, 2008.
(Hadi, 2017: .
Moreover, the phatic form also provides politeness function to utterances, which Impolite language can be a curse that contains dirty Eli Rustinar / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol.
7 No.
or harsh words (Ljung, 2011: .
These harsh words elicit as an expression of anger or annoyance that can be in the form of cursing or blasphemy.
This context shows that curse as impoliteness of language because of the existing speech in the form of swear, blasphemy, oaths, curses, or scavenging.
form in the Bengkulu Malay curse.
The analysis begins with a contextual discussion using the SPEAKING theory by Leech .
Then, the analysis was continued by discussing the form and the function of the phatic.
The result of analysis then presented in both formal .
sing tabl.
and informal .
sing descriptio.
Curse as impoliteness of language violates the principle of politeness (Leech, 1993: .
This violation is because the center of the curse is the speakerAos self.
According to politeness principles, the self should be humbled, succumbs, gives more to others, and respects to show politeness.
In the politeness, the speakers should depict himself as the oppressed.
The politeness in the utterance can be measured using maxim (Leech 1993: 20062.
The more maxims used, the more polite the utterances could be.
The six maxims of courtesy as a politeness principle reflect values.
The maxim is in the form of a formula containing an order .
hich must be don.
or a prohibition .
hich must not be done or must be avoide.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result shows there is nine phatic forms in the Bengkulu Malay language, they are nah, yak, ay, way, awu, woy, wey, hoy, and -lah.
Phatic from in Bengkulu Malay as curse markers The results showed that there were 2 phatic categories for curse marker:
Lexical phatic, which consists of 8 forms: nah, yak, ay, way, awu, woy, wey, hoy.
The phatic marker has a tendency to precede the clause .
eginning Table 1.
Lexical phatic category of cursing marker in Phatic form had been a subject of research in Bengkulu Malay different languages (Wahya, et.
at, 2017.
Susanti & Agustini.
Rahardi, 2016.
Malik, 2015.
Phatic form Isnaini.
Yuliana, et.
al, 2015.
Rahardi, et.
Bachari, 2007.
Sutami 2.
Even within the Malay language, several researches focuses on phatic forms in the various dialect of Malay (Afifah, 2015.
Faizah, 2012.
Hadi, 2.
None of these studies focuses on the Bengkulu Malay Although some researches had described the swearing-in Bengkulu Malay (Rustinar, 2019.
Saleh & Bsc.
Nande, 2.
, they only provide a limited Clitical phatic.
The clit in the form of the distribution discussion on the phatic form.
This study is to find of the phatic category is found at the end of the out the form and function of the phatic curse in the curse.
Table 3.
Clitic phatic of cursing marker in Bengkulu Bengkulu Malay language.
Malay II.
METHOD
The data of this research are sworn conversations that have phatic words in Bengkulu Malay language.
The data were collected using the observational method and conversational method (Sudaryanto.
Mahsun, 2.
The techniques include recording, note-taking techniques, and interviews.
The data were analyzed using a pragmatic identity method to describe the form and function of phatic Phatic form -lah In a clause, a phatic form may do not occupied any syntactic functions of the clause (Wahya and Adji, 2017: .
It is considered as external element or extraposition.
It does not have any lexical meaning when they appear in the form of particles.
However, a phatic form may provide extra meaning to the sentence, which makes the difference when it comes to the phatic forms.
Of course, the meaning Eli Rustinar / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol.
7 No.
of phatic form depends on the context of speaking.
The position of the phatic category of the curse of Bengkulu Malay language is an enclitic which attached to the preceded elements.
Moreover, this phatic (-la.
has no syntactic functions in the .
AuAy, ngapo anak orang itu masi kecik bengak nian?Ay AoWhat a stupid child you are?Ao Phatic AowayAo, as in the curse AopantekAo, has a function to emphasize the feeling of rejection.
The conversation occurred when S2 was playing a game Phatic as an impoliteness marker was reported by while S2 texting in his phones.
S1 asked S2 to buy Rustinar .
7: .
that particle -lah in Bengkulu cigarettes and S2 declined the request.
Ignorance Malay has curse functions and it attached to other makes S1 angry.
words, for example:
AuWay, lah melawan nian kau, pantek!Ay.
Aumati beranaklah kau!Ay AoYou died .
giving birth!Ao Aohow dare you ignoring me!Ao a a Phatic AoawuAo, in the curse AoanjingAo, has a function The function of the category of Fatis Markers to emphasize.
The context occurs when S2 sit on the motorbike while singing quietly after school.
Curse Malay Language Bengkulu S1 slapped Q2 on his shoulder.
S2 was going to get The results showed that 9 phatic categories had angry, but S1 responded normally.
different functions in use as curses in Bengkulu Malay language.
The function of this phatic there .
AuAwu anjing, biaso baeAy AoEasy, manAo are 9 categories, the explanation is as follows.
Phatic nah, as in the context of curse Aokucing airAo Phatic AoweyAo, as in the curse Aopirik nianAo, has a which has a function to turn the addressee attention function to show annoying.
The conversation to something else.
The context of the conversation occurred when S1 accidentally knocks the soy occurs when Speaker 1 (S.
shows Speaker 2 (S.
sauce bottle, and it almost falls, then S1 screams.
in the market buying vegetables.
S1 was angry S2 saw the incident and immediately angry with because she could not find S2 at her home when cursing.
she came to collect the debt.
AuMangkonyo pelan-pelan, wey ambo pirik nian kau ko kelak!Ay .
AuNah, iko adonya kucing air ko!Ay AuSlow down or IAoll hit you!Ay Well, here is the sneaky girl!Ao Phatic AoyakAo, as in the curse Aomati tegakAo, is used to Phatic AowoyAo, as in the curse Aotino buntingAo, is used to emphasize the state/condition of the speaker.
The confirm the agreement which told by the speaker.
conversation occurs when S1 sit on the motorbike The conversation occurs when S1 and S2 angry in front of the cafe while talking to her male friends.
when they saw their neighborAos daughter (S.
S1 When S2 came.
S1 was asking why she came.
argued that S3 had forced the mother to give her one million for traveling in the new year while they .
AuWoy, tino bunting ngapo kau ke siko?Ay AoHey, pregnant woman, why yo come here?Ao were poor.
Phatic AohoyAo, as in the curse AokeparatAo, is used .
AyYak, pikir ambo kalu mati tegak mak nyoAy tho strengthen the intention of the speaker.
The AoYak.
I think her mother will die soon.
Ao conversation occurred when S1 and S2 were going Phatic AoayAo, as in the curse Aobengak nianAo, has a to the market to buy a lot of kitchen supplies.
function to express doubt or uncertainty about a is a child.
He was tired to follow and whined, asking to go home.
S1 was angry because she had The conversation occurs when S1 watching the not finished shopping yet.
She had told the child children swimming at the beach.
Then.
S2 pointed not to go with her before, but the child insisted on to the sea and shouted to warn the children that following her.
S1 became angry and cursed the S2.
the sea had started to tide.
When S1 saw that the .
AuHoy, lah dikecek dak usah ngikut tadi.
Keparat children ignored the warning, she cursed.
nian anak sorang ko!Ay AuI told you before not to go me, you bastard! Ao Eli Rustinar / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol.
7 No.
Phatic -lah, as in the curse AoMatilahAo, is attached to another word and used as an affirmation.
The particle mostly used with imperative sentences and strengthens the imperative meaning.
The conversation occurred when S1 saw S2 buying candy at a food stall and asks for a treat.
S2 rudely refused the request and made S1 angry.
Phatics form is used to express anger in the form of swearing.
It indicates that the phatic form used as an effect of disharmony in social contact.
This phatic form, as mentioned before, take a clitic Kridalaksana .
8: .
mentioned that the clitic form could be attached in the initial position .
or following the word .
Bengkulu Malay language can be categorized as an .
AuMatilah cepek kau!Ay enclitic form since most of the clitic forms follow AoGo to hellAo the word.
The -lah form in Bengkulu Malay does After analyzing the data, the phatic category as not occupy any syntactic function since it has a curse marker in Bengkulu Malay language has phatic function and considered as a clitic form.
forms and functions, as indicated in table 3.
From the analysis of Bengkulu Malay language Table 3.
The form and function of phatic as curse mark- used, there are 8 phatic forms which has a role as er in Bengkulu Malay language particles, including nah AonahAo, yak AoyahAo, ay AoaiAo, way AowaiAo, awu AoyaAo, woy AowoiAo, wey AoweiAo, hoy Form Function AohoiAo.
Meanwhile, there is only one clitic form of Nah To ask the speaker to turn his attention to something else phatic form in Bengkulu Malay language, the -lah Yak To affirm the speaker statement To show hesitant or uncertainty Way To emphasize refusal Awu To emphasize IV.
CONCLUSION
Woy The emphasize the state or the condition.
Wey To shows annoyance Hoy To emphasize the intention -Lah To emphasize the imperative meaning Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the phatic in curses as impoliteness in Bengkulu Malay language has several forms and There are two general groups of phatic form as cursing in Bengkulu Malay language.
lexical phatic .
ah, yak, ay, way, awu, woy, wey, ho.
which can be placed in front clauses.
clitic phatic .
nly one form -la.
, which is attached to a word.
Moreover, the phatic category as curse markers has 9 different functions: .
To ask the speaker to turn his attention to something .
To affirm the speakerAos statement, .
To show hesitant or uncertainty.
To emphasize .
To emphasize.
Faty WeyAos function in the context of this invective is to emphasize .
To shows annoyance .
To emphasize the intention.
To emphasize imperative meaning.
From the analysis, it can be inferred that phatic form in Bengkulu Malay has certain characteristics: .
phatic for is not used to emphasize the content of the information, .
phatic form is used to enhance and to maintain the communication, .
the meaning of phatic of is not defined, it depends on the context of communication, .
phatic form is used directly in during the conversation, .
phatic form can be used as swearing to indicate impoliteness and to show anger.
This is in line with several previous research (Alwi, et.
al, 2003.
Kridalaksana , 2008.
Faizah, 2012.
Rahardi, et.
al, 2014.
Wahya, al, 2.
REFERENCES