Legitimacy:
Journal of Law and Islamic law E-ISSN: x-x P-ISSN: x-x Research Article Restorative Justice and Social Reintegration of Juvenile Sexual Offenders: A Case Study of the Surakarta Juvenile Probation Office (BAPAS) Muhamad Nugraha Putra 1* Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang.
Indonesia e-mail : hk21.
muhamadputra@mhs.
* Corresponding Author : Muhamad Nugraha Putra Abstract: This study examines the legal and rehabilitative framework for juvenile sexual offenders in Surakarta.
Indonesia, focusing on the role of the Balai Pemasyarakatan (BAPAS) under Law No.
11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.
Despite intact family structures, many juveniles engage in rape due to inadequate parental supervision, restricted sexual education, and unmonitored exposure to digital pornography.
The research objectives are to identify the underlying socio-psychological factors driving juvenile sexual offenses, evaluate current rehabilitation and restorative justice practices, and propose enhanced legal and social interventions to prevent recidivism.
Employing a qualitative empirical approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with community guidance officers at BAPAS Surakarta and supplemented by a comprehensive literature review of criminal and social control theories.
Findings reveal that deficits in emotional regulation, impulse control, and moral comprehension exacerbated by early and unsupervised access to pornographic content constitute primary drivers of deviant sexual behavior among adolescents.
Restorative justice measures, including diversion, community-based supervision, and trauma-informed counseling, demonstrate significant promise in reducing stigma and recidivism while fostering offender accountability and social However, the effectiveness of these measures is often undermined by limited resources, insufficient coordination among stakeholders, and the absence of structured parental involvement The study concludes by recommending the integration of mandatory healthy-sexuality curricula in schools, strengthened oversight protocols for digital media usage, and capacity building for BAPAS personnel to deliver holistic rehabilitation services.
These reforms aim to align Indonesian juvenile justice practices with international child-rights standards and enhance long-term behavioral outcomes for young offenders.
Received: date Revised: date Accepted: date Published: date Curr.
Ver.
: date Keywords: Juvenile Sexual Offenders.
Restorative Justice.
Rehabilitation.
Digital Pornography.
Community Supervision.
Introduction Copyright: A 2025 by the authors.
Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY SA) license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/li censes/by-sa/4.
In Indonesia, juvenile delinquency is a well-known and growing concern.
Children constitute the nationAos youth and represent a vital component of future human resources entrusted with carrying forward the ideals of the republic.
Accordingly, they merit special attention in order to receive both guidance and protection that ensure their physical, mental, and social growth and development in a comprehensive, harmonious, congruent, and balanced manner.
As mandated by the Republic of Indonesia Law No.
17 of 2016 concerning the Ratification of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No.
1 of 2016 on the Second Amendment to Law No.
23 of 2002 on Child Protection, these rights encompass the realization of optimal growth and development physically, mentally, and socially.
Furthermore, childhood is the period of sowing seeds, erecting pilings, and laying it is the stage in which a personAos character, personality, and identity are formed, https://jurnal.
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13 of 19 equipping them with the resilience and capacity necessary to stand firm as they navigate the course of life .
However, in practice, children may sometimes engage in behavior beyond their control as a means of seeking identity, including acts that contravene the law and thereby harm themselves, others, and society at large.
It is incumbent upon preceding generations to safeguard and nurture children, for they are not yet capable either morally or socially of standing independently.
Indonesia has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child by Presidential Decree No.
36 of 1990, thereby expressing its consent to be bound by the Convention.
As a result.
Indonesia, as a signatory state, is obligated to implement the rights enshrined therein through domestic legislation.
These obligations are reflected in Law No.
of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and Law No.
23 of 2002 on the Protection of Children.
According to Agustinus et al.
, in Law No.
23 of 2002, the protection of children is carried out on the basis of Pancasila, grounded in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and in accordance with the core principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which include: non-discrimination.
the best interests of the child.
the right to life, survival, and development.
and respect for the views of the child .
Accordingly, under Indonesian law, the State bears the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights of the child, which are fundamental human rights vested in every child within the Republic of Indonesia.
These childrenAos rights form an integral part of human rights and must be guaranteed, safeguarded, and realized by parents, families, communities, the State, the national government, and regional authorities.
In 2017, the City of Surakarta was awarded the AuChildAaFriendly City Primary CategoryAy distinction, becoming the first city or regency in Central Java to achieve this highest Surakarta has maintained the Primary Category status for six consecutive years, from 2017 through 2023.
Nevertheless, in practice, the rights of children in Surakarta have yet to be fulfilled in a structured and sustainable manner.
Data from the UPTD for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA) indicate a steady increase in reported incidents of violence against children over the past four years .
0Ae2.
: 36 cases in 2020, 53 cases in 2021, 70 cases in 2022, and 86 cases in 2023.
The most frequently reported forms of violence to the UPTD PPA Surakarta are domestic violence (KDRT) followed by sexual The Surakarta Probation Office (Balai Pemasyarakatan Surakart.
plays a crucial role in handling rape cases committed by minors, particularly in the context of children in conflict with the law (Anak Berhadapan dengan Hukum.
ABH).
This role commences at the earliest stage of the criminal justice process with Probation Officers providing assistance to the child during investigation, prosecution, and trial phases.
Such assistance is complemented by a thorough assessment of the childAos background, including psychological condition, family environment, and social factors that may influence behavior.
In the rehabilitation phase, social reintegration constitutes a critical function of BAPAS Surakarta.
The objective is to prepare the child for reentry into society through a range of programs skills training, formal education, and other constructive activities to prevent social stigma and reduce the risk of recidivism.
Furthermore, coordination with multiple stakeholders police, prosecutors, courts.
UPTD PPA, social services, and nonAagovernmental organizations ensures that the child receives comprehensive legal representation, rehabilitation services, and psychological support.
Through this comprehensive mandate.
BAPAS Surakarta endeavors to ensure that minors involved in rape cases not only undergo the legal process but also obtain adequate protection, rehabilitation, and guidance in accordance with the best interests of the child.
Literature Review Criminology Theory The criminological theory of Edwin H.
Sutherland and Donald R.
Cressey defines criminology as a body of knowledge that studies crime as a social phenomenon .
This theory encompasses the processes of law formation, legal transgression, and the responses to such transgressions.
In the context of this study.
Sutherland and CresseyAos theory provides a foundation for understanding that juvenile rape offenses do not occur in a vacuum.
they represent a manifestation of complex social phenomena.
This approach enables researchers to analyze child criminality not solely from a legal perspective but also through Legitimacy: Journal of Law and Islamic Law 2025 (Augus.
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14 of 19 the social dimensions underpinning it, including the processes of socialization, the learning of deviant behavior, and societyAos response to such offenses Social Control Theory The social control theory developed by Travis Hirschi explains that behavioral deviation occurs when the bonds between individuals and important elements of society are weakened .
Hirschi identifies four elements of the social bond that inhibit criminal behavior:
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
In this study.
HirschiAos theory is particularly relevant for explaining why juveniles who commit rape often come from families with ostensibly intact structures yet manifest weak mechanisms of social control.
When emotional attachment to parents diminishes, commitment to societal values weakens.
participation in prosocial activities declines.
and faith in moral norms erodes, the youth become increasingly susceptible to engaging in deviant behavior, including sexual offenses.
Labeling Theory Howard Becker's labeling theory fundamentally asserts that an individual's identity as a "deviant" or "criminal" is not inherent to their actions but rather emerges through processes of social labeling that subsequently influence their future behavior .
Becker argues that negative labeling of an individual can produce a deviant selfAaidentity, which in turn increases the risk of recidivism.
In the context of addressing juvenile perpetrators of rape, this theory issues a crucial warning: an inappropriate punitive process may exacerbate the young offenderAos condition.
Consequently, the restorativeAajustice approach advocated by the Surakarta Probation Office aligns with BeckerAos theory by avoiding excessive stigmatization and concentrating on the restoration of a positive identity in order to prevent the youth from becoming trapped in a cycle of criminal behavior.
Theory of Social Inequality Teori dari W.
Bonger menekankan bahwa kejahatan muncul dari ketimpangan sosial dan lemahnya struktur nilai dalam masyarakat kapitalistik .
Bonger berpendapat bahwa kondisi sosial-ekonomi yang timpang, kemiskinan, dan ketidakadilan sosial dapat menciptakan frustrasi yang kemudian dimanifestasikan dalam bentuk perilaku kriminal.
Dalam penelitian ini, meskipun sebagian besar anak pelaku tidak berasal dari keluarga miskin secara ekonomi, teori Bonger tetap relevan dalam menjelaskan adanya "kemiskinan moral" dan "ketimpangan akses pendidikan nilai" yang dialami anak-anak tersebut.
Ketidakseimbangan antara kemudahan akses teknologi dengan minimnya bimbingan moral, serta kesenjangan antara dorongan biologis anak dengan lemahnya pendidikan seksual, menciptakan kondisi yang memungkinkan terjadinya penyimpangan perilaku seksual.
Proposed Method Jenis penelitian yang digunakan oleh penulis dalam penelitian hukum ini yaitu metode penulisan hukum empiris yang bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan penelitian Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh peneliti dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan melakukan wawancara dengan narasumber yang berpengalaman dan berkapabilitas untuk memberikan data primer, yaitu Balai Pemasyarakatan Surakarta yang telah berpengalaman dan bersinggungan langsung dengan proses penanganan pelaku tindak perkosaan oleh Anak dan proses hukum yang berlaku.
Selain dengan wawancara, peneliti juga melakukan studi kepustakaan terhadap literatur maupun sumber bacaan ilmiah lain yang kredibel sebagai pelengkap data primer tersebut .
Results and Discussion Factors Causing Children to Become Perpetrators of Rape Indonesia is currently facing a grave issue concerning child welfare, as evidenced by the rising incidence of minors perpetrating sexual assault.
This phenomenon signals a profound crisis within both formal and informal mechanisms of social control.
According to NurlatifahAos research, juveniles involved in sexual offenses generally lack accurate understanding of human sexuality and suffer from insufficient moral guidance and selfregulation.
Consequently, they become susceptible to misdirected curiosity that can precipitate criminal behavior .
This indicates that the primary socialization mechanism Legitimacy: Journal of Law and Islamic Law 2025 (Augus.
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15 of 19 within the family, which ought to serve as the foundation for character formation, is not functioning optimally when moral values are not instilled.
In an interview conducted by the author with a community guidance officer at the Surakarta Juvenile Probation Office (Balai Pemasyarakatan Surakart.
, it was explained that nearly all juveniles involved in rape cases are processed under the provisions of Law No.
of 2016 amending Law No.
23 of 2002 on Child Protection.
In practice, the juvenile offenders are charged not only under Article 285 of the Criminal Code but also under the articles relating to sexual intercourse with minors pursuant to the Child Protection Law.
This is because the majority of the victims are also children under eighteen years of age.
One important point conveyed during the interview concerns the role of family upbringing as the root of most deviant behaviors exhibited by juveniles.
The community guidance officer stated that families often fail to provide basic understanding of healthy sexual Sexual education remains a taboo topic for open discussion at home, leaving children without adequate knowledge of their bodies, personal boundaries, and sexual responsibilities.
When children are not equipped with such information, they seek it through other media particularly the internet which instead exposes them to uncontrolled, negative influences in the form of pornographic content.
This assertion is reinforced by criminological data and theory, which identify the family environment as one of the most important agents of socialization in the development of a childAos moral sense and self-control.
In his theory of social institution dysfunction.
Soerjono Soekanto posits that if the family institution does not function as intended, behavioral deviance will occur especially among children in psychologically and socially vulnerable developmental stages .
Although many juvenile offenders do not come from broken homes, the probation officers explain that the primary cause lies in these youthsAo underdeveloped capacity to regulate impulses and satisfy curiosity.
Generally, these children do not present structural familial dysfunction.
rather, their deficits in emotional regulation, comprehension of consequences, and control over sexual urges serve as the main precipitating factors.
Interviews conducted with the Surakarta Probation Office (Balai Pemasyarakatan Surakart.
reveal that the majority of juvenile perpetrators of rape originate from ostensibly intact families.
In these cases, both parents remain present, and there is no significant history of divorce or domestic violence.
However, the quality of parenting and supervision is markedly deficient, particularly regarding technology use and monitoring of social Emotional absence of parents whether due to work commitments or lack of interest deprives children of clear behavioral boundaries.
This situation is exacerbated by unrestricted access to smartphones without adequate oversight.
In numerous cases handled by the probation office, juveniles accessed pornographic content via personal devices unmonitored by their parents.
Parents frequently neither know their childrenAos device passwords nor establish usage agreements at the outset.
Consequently, the internet becomes a value-neutral space that profoundly influences adolescentsAo thought processes and behaviors.
This phenomenon aligns with the theories of renowned criminologist Alfred Adler, who asserted that crime arises not solely from a corrupt social structure but also from an individualAos weakened self-control in responding to environmental pressures .
The Department of Child Guidance and Protection (BAPAS) in Surakarta has identified exposure to digital pornography as a significant contributing factor.
BAPAS Surakarta further emphasizes that digital media particularly pornographic content exerts a dominant influence on minors, often precipitating their involvement in sexual offenses.
Adolescents aged fifteen to eighteen, undergoing puberty, experience strong biological impulses yet lack adequate early sexual education.
Consequently, their curiosity is neither channeled constructively nor guided by a sound understanding of legality and morality.
instead, it manifests in deviant sexual behaviors learned from pornographic material.
These youths develop the erroneous perception that sexual intercourse may be freely conducted without legal or moral Most juvenile offenders supervised by community officers report that their deviant behavior commenced after becoming addicted to viewing pornography.
Their ignorance of healthy coping mechanisms, compounded by the absence of parental or community guidance, leads them to replicate what they observe, oblivious to the fact that such conduct constitutes a serious criminal offense with legal repercussions.
This finding aligns with HarrelsonAos research, which asserts that early exposure to pornography Legitimacy: Journal of Law and Islamic Law 2025 (Augus.
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addressing juveniles who have committed the criminal offense of rape, a restorative justiceAe oriented approach stands out as a vital alternative that warrants prioritization.
Restorative justice aims to redress the harm caused by the offense through the active involvement of the offender, the victim, and the community, while seeking to foster the offenderAos accountability within a framework of healing rather than retaliation.
This approach aligns with Law No.
of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System, which emphasizes diversion and restorative justice as the primary mechanisms for resolving cases involving children.
Furthermore, the implementation of rehabilitation policies for juvenile sexual offenders must be conducted comprehensively and based on psychological, social, and moral restoration.
Rehabilitation should extend beyond mere removal of the child from their environment.
it must include structured guidance through counseling programs, trauma therapy, healthy sexual education, and effective social reintegration.
Juvenile correctional institutions (LPKA) and the Probation and Parole Office (BAPAS) bear the crucial responsibility of ensuring that the rehabilitation process benefits not only the offender but also minimizes the risk of reoffending .
and protects society at large.
Accordingly, it can be concluded that efforts to address the involvement of juveniles in the crime of rape must be guided by an integrative approach that combines restorative justice mechanisms as a recovery alternative with the efficacy of rehabilitation as a long-term development instrument.
Only through such a comprehensive and collaborative approach can the protection of children be realized in concrete terms not solely from a legal perspective but also from humanitarian, educational, and character-building standpoints for the nationAos future generation.
Criminological Study of the Case of Decision Number 26/Pid.
Sus-TPK/2024/Pn Amb From the perspective of social inquiry, crime emerges as a social phenomenon resulting from the interaction of internal factors psychological, biological, and personality-related and external factors family, social environment, culture, economy, and media.
Criminology not only examines criminal acts themselves but also investigates the individuals who commit them and the social conditions that enable crime.
According to Sutherland and Cressey, criminology is the systematic study of the creation of laws, the violation of those laws, and societyAos reactions to such violations .
The criminological treatment of juveniles implicated in rape offenses must differ fundamentally from that applied to adult offenders.
According to the community guidance officer at the Surakarta Probation and Parole Office (BAPAS), the role of a juvenile in the commission of a crime cannot always be categorized in black-and-white terms as solely an Auoffender.
Ay In many instances, the juvenile also constitutes a victim of a social structure that has failed in its functions.
Children frequently suffer from inadequate parental care, educational systems that do not sufficiently instill moral values, and community and media environments that are permissive toward violent and sexual content.
Consequently, when providing guidance to juvenile offenders.
BAPAS employs an individualized, holistic approach that explores each childAos social, psychological, and familial background in depth to determine why the deviance occurred and how rehabilitation can be achieved.
Notably.
BAPASAos case evaluations have revealed that the majority of juveniles who commit rape come from structurally intact families those with both a mother and father, without divorce, and with continued enrollment in formal education.
Nevertheless, familial functions of control and communication often fail to operate effectively.
Parents tend to be overly preoccupied with work, neglect monitoring their childrenAos use of digital devices, and do not cultivate healthy emotional bonds.
This breakdown undermines the familyAos role as an institution that regulates behavior and transmits values.
Travis HirschiAos social control theory elucidates this phenomenon by asserting that deviant behavior arises when the bonds between an individual and key societal elements weaken specifically attachments to oneAos parents, commitment to norms, involvement in social activities, and belief in the social value system .
Not only from the family perspective, the criminological approach employed by the Community Guidance Center (Balai Pemasyarakatan.
BAPAS) also demonstrates that many juvenile offenders are, in fact, victims of a permissive social environment particularly concerning social media use and exposure to pornography.
BAPAS has found that a Legitimacy: Journal of Law and Islamic Law 2025 (Augus.
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17 of 19 substantial proportion of rape cases committed by minors originate in seemingly romantic relationships between perpetrator and victim that spiral out of control, especially after initial contact via social networking platforms such as Facebook.
In numerous instances, these relationships begin as mutual affection but evolve into sexual activity devoid of any understanding of moral and legal boundaries.
This phenomenon indicates a failure on the part of educational institutions and families to provide ageappropriate and healthy sexual Moreover, hormonal changes and strong curiosity during puberty accelerate this process, especially when adequate guidance is lacking.
With respect to sentencing, the contemporary criminological framework developed by BAPAS no longer rests on a punitive paradigm but rather on restorative justice.
This paradigm views crime as a social conflict that must be resolved by repairing relationships among the offender, the victim, and the community.
In interviews, community guidance officers emphasize that BAPAS does not exist to defend the offender but to ensure that the deviant minor can still be rehabilitated and reintegrated into society.
Consequently, the recommendations prepared by BAPAS include assessments of the youthAos remorse, the offenderAos acceptance of responsibility, the familyAos readiness to support reintegration, and the communityAos willingness to welcome the minor back into the social environment.
The implementation of this restorative approach is evident in the mechanisms of diversion and alternative sentencing.
BAPAS issues recommendations that eligible juveniles be diverted from conventional criminal sanctions for instance, by means of conditional sentences under supervision or community rehabilitation.
The aim is to shield the minor from the harmful effects of incarceration, including prisonization, whereby a young inmate absorbs the criminal values of adult prisoners if placed in correctional facilities.
This approach is further underpinned by Howard BeckerAos labeling theory, which asserts that negative labeling of an individual as a AucriminalAy can foster a deviant selfAaidentity and increase the risk of recidivism .
Nevertheless, the Probation and Community Development Agency (BAPAS) also acknowledges the limitations of fully implementing restorative principles.
Certain cases, such as rape and sexual molestation punishable by more than seven yearsAo imprisonment, do not qualify for diversion.
However, educational values remain the primary concern in sentencing Punishment is not regarded as retribution for wrongdoing but rather as a means of moral and social rehabilitation for the child.
Consequently, the penal approach to child offenders of rape is oriented toward maintaining elements of education, recovery, and reintegration into society.
The criminological approach developed in BAPAS SurakartaAos practice illustrates that juvenile delinquency is not a singular phenomenon subject to narrow judgment.
It arises from a complex interplay of personal, structural, and cultural factors.
Therefore, solutions to juvenile crime cannot be confined solely to the courtroom.
they demand the combined involvement of family, community, and state institutions.
As affirmed in Article 3 of the Indonesian Law on the Criminal Justice System for Children (Law No.
11 of 2.
, the juvenile justice system must guarantee child protection, prioritize the best interests of the child, and avoid stigmatization that could damage the childAos future.
Considering that not all offenses committed by children can be resolved through diversion due to limitations in formal criminal law, the integration of formal legal processes with social approaches becomes essential.
In this context, the role of probation officers is vital in bridging the demands of law enforcement with the principles of child recovery and A criminological approach grounded in empathy, social understanding, and restorative justice must serve as the mainstream paradigm in handling cases involving child sexual offenders in the future.
The Role and Efforts of the Surakarta Correctional Center (BAPAS) in Handling Child Perpetrators of Rape Crimes The consideration arises that not every criminal act committed by a juvenile can be resolved through diversion due to limitations in procedural criminal law.
consequently, the integration of formal legal processes with social approaches becomes essential.
In this context, the role of the community probation officer is vital, as they bridge the demands of law enforcement with the principles of rehabilitation and child protection.
A criminological approach grounded in empathy, social understanding, and restorative justice must become Legitimacy: Journal of Law and Islamic Law 2025 (Augus.
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18 of 19 the prevailing paradigm in handling cases of juveniles who commit sexual offenses in the Handling juveniles involved in criminal conduct, such as rape cases, presents a complex legal challenge that cannot be equated with procedures for adult offenders.
Juveniles charged with criminal offenses hold a special status as AuChildren in Conflict with the LawAy (ABH) under Law No.
11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System .
nown as UU SPPA).
This statute emphasizes that any legal action against a child must accord with the principles of child protection, the best interests of the child, education, rehabilitation, and the avoidance of stigmatization and the destructive effects of penal sanctions.
Therefore, every phase of juvenile case management must adopt a more humane, rehabilitative approach oriented toward the childAos social reintegration.
Within this framework, the Community Corrections Center (Balai Pemasyarakatan, or BAPAS) plays a strategic role as the implementing body for non-custodial policies, providing guidance, supervision, and oversight of ABH during pre-adjudication, adjudication, and postadjudication stages.
One of BAPASAos primary functions is to prepare a Social Investigation Report (Penelitian Kemasyarakatan, or Litma.
an assessment document detailing the juvenileAos social background, family environment, educational history, and psychological This Litmas report serves as a foundational reference for law enforcement officials investigators, prosecutors, judges, and defense counsel when making legal determinations regarding the juvenile, including decisions on diversion or alternative sentencing.
This process demonstrates that the approach to juvenile offenders is not purely retributive but integrative, taking into account the individual and social contexts surrounding the child.
The role of the Community Probation Officer under BAPAS is crucial in reconciling the criminal justice systemAos requirements with a rehabilitative approach better suited to juveniles.
Community Probation Officers not only accompany juveniles throughout judicial proceedings but also act as moral mentors, facilitate mediation between the juvenile and the victim, and serve as liaisons among the juvenile, family, and community.
This responsibility demands acute social assessment skills and sensitivity to the juvenileAos emotional and psychological needs.
In this regard.
BAPASAos methodology aligns with the principles of restorative justice a criminal justice model focusing on restoring relationships among the offender, the victim, and the community, while upholding the dignity of the developing child.
Empirical evidence indicates that the restorative and educational approaches employed by Community Probation Officers positively influence recidivism prevention, expedite juvenilesAo social reintegration, and foster healthier, more responsible character development.
Through mechanisms such as diversion, community-based supervision, and social rehabilitation, juveniles are afforded the opportunity to amend their wrongdoing without undergoing formal penal sanctions that could undermine their identity and future prospects.
This approach is not only legally effective but also more humane and consistent with both international and national standards on childrenAos rights .
The urgency of the probation servicesAo role becomes particularly pronounced in cases involving serious crimes such as sexual offenses, including rape.
These offenses present multifaceted challenges psychological, social, and legal in nature.
In many instances, juvenile offenders do not fully comprehend the legal consequences of their actions or may act under the influence of their environment, peer pressure, or exposure to pornography.
It is at this juncture that community guidance officers must adopt a more comprehensive and humane Probation officers occupy a central role in developing rehabilitation plans for youthful offenders that transcend punitive measures to encompass the reinforcement of values, personality development, and the cultivation of social and moral responsibility .
The Surakarta Probation Office (Balai Pemasyarakatan Surakart.
plays a pivotal role in addressing cases involving minors who commit rape, encompassing legal, social, and psychological dimensions.
Its approach extends beyond mere administrative oversight to include comprehensive interventions that account for criminogenic backgrounds, emotional states, and the familial and environmental dynamics of each child.
Through the active involvement of Community Guidance Officers, the Probation Office conducts in-depth analyses and issues recommendations for appropriate criminal or non-criminal measures, prioritizing principles of rehabilitation and restorative justice as mandated by the Child Criminal Justice System Law.
Empirical observations indicate that the majority of such cases do not stem from inherent malicious intent but rather from deficits in self-control, exposure to pornography.
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19 of 19 and inadequate sexual education within the family context.
Consequently, the Surakarta Probation Office serves as a bridge between formal judicial procedures and humanizing rehabilitative strategies.
Utilizing social assessments, tailored case plans, and cross-sectoral collaboration with psychologists and child protection agencies, the Office implements educational programs and therapeutic interventions designed to facilitate the minorAos reintegration while safeguarding community welfare.
Conclusions The causes of juvenile involvement in rape are multidimensional, comprising interrelated internal and external factors.
Internal factors include emotional instability, psychological disorders, past trauma, and insufficient moral understanding and self-control.
External factors encompass a dysfunctional family environment, permissive parenting styles, inadequate supervision of technology use, a social milieu tolerant of pornography, weak sexual literacy among children, and the pervasive influence of digital media.
This analysis demonstrates that the Probation and Parole Board (BAPAS) must not only provide legal guidance but also formulate recommendations that address the psychological and social dimensions of the child.
Consequently, parental accompaniment is essential for educating and guiding children.
educational institutions must integrate character education into their curricula.
and the authority and resources of BAPAS should be strengthened to enable it to perform its supervisory, rehabilitative, and mentoring functions effectively.
References