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15 No.
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STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXTRACT COCOA PODS (Theobroma caca.
AS A PRESERVATIVE INGREDIENT ON MAHONI WOODS (Swietenia mahogan.
THROUGH COLD SOAKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Muh Anhar1.
Yusuf2.
Asep Ruchiyat3.
Etri Suhelmidati4.
Syarif Abdian Putra5.
Danial6.
Yuli Yetri7* 12356Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Politeknik Negeri Ketapang 4Department of Civil Engineering.
Politeknik Negeri Padang 7Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Politeknik Negeri Padang
A R T IC L E I N F O
Article history:
Received August 18 2024 Received in revised form September 19.
Accepted October 29, 2024 Available online November 23, 2024 Keywords:
Cocoa husk extract Wood Preservation Mechanical properties ABSTRACT An attempt has been made to extend the service life of mahogany wood (Swietenia mahogan.
by preserving it.
The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of mahogany wood after cold soaking with preservatives of cocoa pods extract (Theobroma This research uses an experimental method of cold soaking which is carried out in the Material Testing Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department of Padang State Polytechnic.
The preservation process used cacao pod extract preservative solution at concentrations of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15%.
The observed responses were the preservative retention values and mechanical properties .
ompressive strength parallel to the fiber direction, flexural strength, and surface hardnes.
of the wood.
The preservation method applied was cold soaking for 120 hours.
The increase in retention value was directly proportional to the increased concentration of extract added.
The improved properties of wood .
ompressive strength in the grain direction and flexural strengt.
also increased with increasing extract concentration.
The results obtained showed that the highest value was obtained at a 15% concentration of the added extract with a retention of 7.
6078 kg/cm2, a compressive strength parallel to the fiber of 227.
92 kg/m2, and a flexural strength of 387.
82 kg/m2.
This data shows that cocoa pods extract has the potential to be used as an environmentally friendly wood preservative.
INTRODUCTION
The need for wood for industrial raw materials is increasing, this means that the supply of raw materials for the timber industry is increasingly difficult if it only relies on wood from natural forests.
To make new plantations, it takes a long time to be harvested, so that at this time a lot of wood that is still young has been cut down, to meet these needs .
Therefore, it is necessary to look for substitute types of wood that can meet the requirements for various One of the woods that is very much utilized and used in everyday life is mahogany wood (Swietenia mahagon.
The mahogany tree is a hardwood species commonly utilized for crafting furniture and intricate carvings.
Mahogany trees can grow wild in teak forests or other places close to the coast and are usually planted on the roadside as protective trees .
On the other hand, the use of wood as raw material for the wood working and furniture industry has recently increased, but the drawback is that young wood is easily eaten by termites .
Wood materials for structures with a high level of durability and strength are currently difficult to obtain and prices are getting more expensive, so it is necessary to carry out technology to preserve medium-class wood to meet the *Correspondence author.
E-mail: yuliyetri@pnp.
id (Yuli Yetr.
doi: 10.
21771/jrtppi.
2503-5010/2087-0965A 2024 Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri-BBSPJPPI (JRTPPI-BBSPJPPI).
This is an open acces article under the CC BY-NC-SA license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.
0/).
Accreditation number: (Ristekdikt.
158/E/KPT/2021 Muh.
Anhar et.
/ Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 15 No 2 .
50-58 needs of strong and long-lived structural wood.
Wood raw materials can be efficiently exploited through the implementation of preservation technology, drying processes, and residual wood consumption.
One alternative that can be done is to do a wood preservation process that is easy to do through a cold soaking process to extend the life of wood so that it can save the use of wood.
In terms of physical and mechanical properties, mahogany wood is classified as strong class II to i wood, while for its durability class mahogany wood is classified as durable class i or equivalent to Ramin wood.
However, the level of susceptibility of mahogany wood to insects and blue mold (Blue Stai.
is better than Ramin wood .
Therefore, to minimize these shortcomings in its utilization, more intensive preservation is needed, especially after cutting or sawing .
Termites have caused a lot of damage to buildings in Indonesia, especially from the subterranean termite class, namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren .
In terms of the efficiency of forest resource utilization, termite attacks on wood and wood products by these organisms are very detrimental because they can shorten the life of the Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to extend the service life of wood, for example through chemical The method of controlling termite attacks on buildings in Indonesia is generally carried out using insecticides, which are insect-killing chemicals that are technically very effective as insect poisoning agents, but sometimes not selective, and not environmentally friendly .
Efforts can be made to increase the life of wood through wood preservation.
Currently, the preservatives used are generally synthetic chemicals that have the potential to pollute the environment because, in addition to being non-biodegradable, they are also non-renewable In the case of many available biomass waste materials that can be used as preservatives that are environmentally friendly, and non-toxic .
To reduce these negative impacts, efforts to utilize natural products or extractive substances contained in wood as natural preservatives are very important .
In order to find natural insecticides, it is necessary to conduct research using materials that are more environmentally friendly.
One of the biological resources that can be utilized as a natural preservative is cocoa pod peel extract (Theobroma caca.
Natural extracts containing phenolic compounds are thought to have effective insecticidal activity and can be adsorbed on the surface of the wood to form a thin layer on the wood surface .
This underlies the need to research the preservation of mahogany wood with cocoa fruit peel extract with variations in the concentration of the extract.
Starting from the background of the problem which is abundant in availability, the main problem arises, namely how much is the increase in compressive strength parallel to the fiber and flexural strength by using this natural preservative by cold soaking with variations in the concentration of cocoa pod extract used 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% with a soaking time of 120 hours and its effect on mechanical properties.
METHODS
The research was conducted at the Material Testing Laboratory of Padang State Polytechnic.
Payakumbuh Agricultural Polytechnic and Wood Workshop of the Faculty of Forestry.
Muhammadiyah University of West Sumatra for A 3 .
The tools used were a Moisture meter.
Mesh screen.
Thermo-Hygrometer, grinding machine.
Electric oven.
Rotary evaporator.
Measuring flask, and Analytical scales.
Ketam.
Saw.
Sandpaper.
Scales.
Hallway.
Oven.
Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
The materials used in the study were mahogany wood that had been made according to the test sample with a size of 5 cm x 5 cm x 1 cm and cocoa pods (Theobroma caca.
Cocoa pods were pre-prepared by slicing and drying in the sun until dry.
The dried skin was mashed and sieved into Then the powder was macerated with an alcohol The maceration results were then evaporated using a rotary evaporator to separate the alcohol from the extract.
The extract obtained is then stored in a bottle to be used as a wood preservative.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Sample preparation begins with the collection of fresh cocoa pods, then the sample is cleaned and followed by slicing or thinly chopping with a chopping machine.
The results of the slices are dried in the sun by air drying in the room until the water content is reduced to about 85% (A 914 day.
The dried skin is then mashed until it becomes powder .
The powder was then macerated with an ethanol solvent to extract the extract from the cocoa fruit skin.
The maceration process is done repeatedly until enough extract is obtained.
The extract that is still mixed with alcohol is Muh.
Anhar et.
/ Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 15 No 2 .
50-58 then evaporated with a rotary evaporator to separate the extract from the alcohol.
The pure extract of cocoa fruit peel resulting from the separation will be used as an ingredient for wood preservatives.
The next stage of mahogany wood that has been prepared is to sand the surface until it is smooth with sandpaper according to the desired smoothness size, then dried with the help of sunlight.
After it is dry enough, the wood is cut into 5 cm x 5 cm x 1 cm sizes.
Wood samples that are ready for preparation are stored in an open box so that the dryness is maintained.
The dried mahogany wood was subjected to proximate testing, the results of which can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1.
Proximate Analysis Analy Sample Code
Wood 1
Wood 2
Cellulose Hemicellul
(%)
ose(%) Lignin
(%)
Analysis from Table 1 shows that mahogany wood contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compounds, where the average content of cellulose: is 62.
30 A 0.
32, the average hemicellulose: is 7.
06 A 0.
22, and average lignin:
24 A 0.
The high cellulose content causes this wood to be easily attacked by pests.
When viewed from an economic perspective, mahogany wood has a fairly high economic value.
The quality of the wood is hard and is very well used for furniture, furnishings, and home accessories.
The quality of mahogany wood is almost the same as teak, but mahogany wood has good durability and strength, besides that, it also has a long service life.
In terms of quality, mahogany wood has the advantage of being durable and not easily deformed.
So, it is suitable for use as a house-building material, but it is quite prone to pests .
, .
Prepared mahogany wood samples were then immersed into the cocoa pod peel extract solution with concentration variations of 0, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15%.
The soaking process was carried out for 120 hours, where every day the wood samples were reversed in position so that the cocoa fruit peel extract was evenly adsorbed on the surface of the wood.
After the targeted time was reached, the wood samples were removed from the container and then hung to dry.
After it was dry and not sticky when held, the moisture content was tested, as presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
Moisture Content Test No.
Extract
(%)
Average Moisture Content
(%)
Based on the results of the mass gain of mahogany wood during 120 hours of immersion in cocoa pod peel extract, the average value of retention of cocoa pod peel extract on mahogany wood (Swietenia mahagon.
at each extract concentration can be seen in Table 3.
From the table, it can be seen that the increase in retention is directly proportional to the increase in cocoa pods extract concentration.
This condition shows that mahogany wood has better retention than other woods .
Table 3.
Retention of Cocoa Pods Extract Against Mahogany Wood No.
Extract Concentration (%) Retention (Kg/cm.
Table 3 shows the results of the calculation of wood retention at various concentrations of cocoa pods extract.
It can be seen that the greater the concentration of cocoa pod extract, the greater the average retention.
This is supported by the results of research by Malau .
which explains that the retention of merbau wood extract on rubber wood test samples has the lowest value of 0.
Kg/m3 at 0% concentration and the highest value is 3.
Muh.
Anhar et.
/ Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 15 No 2 .
50-58 Kg/m3 at 10% concentration.
The range of average retention values of Gerunggang bark extract (C.
0000 kg/m3 to 2.
2480 kg/m3.
The lowest mean retention value of 0.
0000 kg/m3 was at 0% extract concentration and the highest mean retention value 2480 kg/m3 was at 5% extract concentration.
The highest average retention value of 2.
2480 Kg/m3 includes a low retention value because it does not comply with the SNI 03-5010-1999 standard which requires the minimum use of wood under the roof and outside the roof, the retention is 8.
2 Kg/m3 and 11.
3 Kg/m3 respectively .
This is supported by the results of Daviyana's research, .
which states that the retention in the soaking process in 5% CB Wolmanite solution on rubber wood (H.
Brasiliensi.
test samples only has a value of 3.
6 Kg/m3.
The results of the analysis in Table 3 show that the concentration, preservation method, and their interaction have a significant effect on the retention value of wood In this case, the increase in concentration increases the retention value of wood.
Priadi.
Stated that variations in wood volume affect the retention Wood density also affects the spread of preservatives, this density depends on the moisture content and constituent materials in the cell wall, wood with low density usually has large open vessels with a larger proportion and a more uniform distribution than wood with high density and therefore can receive better infiltration of Similarly, the anatomical properties of mahogany wood include a smooth, soft, and malleable texture.
The grain is straight and even, and relatively free of voids and Mahogany wood has a reddish-brown color that will darken over time.
Quality mahogany wood will have a dark color indicating that the wood is old.
Mahogany wood has a high economic value.
The quality of the wood is hard and very well used for furniture, furniture, and complementary home accessories.
the quality of mahogany wood is almost the same as teak, mahogany has good durability and strength, and besides that, it also has a long service life.
In terms of quality, mahogany wood has the advantage of being durable and not easily deformed.
So it is suitable for use as a house building material.
wood is quite prone to pests .
Mahogany wood has the advantage of tending to be durable and not easily deformed, making it suitable for home building materials.
then from cell to cell, the flow is only possible through the cell wall in the north pair .
, .
In addition, the mortality may be caused by the extractive substances contained in the cocoa pods extract causing the protozoa in the stomach of termites to die or damaging the nervous system in termites.
This research is collaboborated by Sari and Hadikusumo .
, which asserts that termite mortality may result from two factors:
firstly, the bark extract induces the death of protozoa in the termite's stomach, and/or secondly, the bark extract inflicts damage to the termite's nervous system.
The protozoa in the termite stomach destroy cellulose that cannot be destroyed by termites or enzymes contained in the termite stomach itself.
So with the death of the protozoa in the termite's stomach, the termite also dies because the bait eaten by termites, which mainly consists of cellulose, cannot be absorbed by the termite's body.
As a result of its resistance to termite attack, the service life of wood becomes longer .
,8,.
Mass Gain of Test Sample The observation of the increase in the mass of the test sample shows that the soaking treatment has caused adsorption on the surface of the wood.
Table 4 shows that the average value of the increase in mass is directly proportional to the increase in soaking time, at a constant extract concentration of 9%.
Table 4 shows that the highest average value level is produced with a 144-hour soaking time of 2.
6797 grams and the lowest at 24 hours of 0.
The results of the study of the addition of the test sample period have a relationship that is directly proportional to the time variation.
The longer soaked the more extracts are adsorbed on the surface of the wood.
The extract contained in the mahogany wood test sample causes the wood to be resistant to termite attack because basically, the extract contains poison for termites so that termites will die after eating it .
Table 4.
Mass gain of mahogany wood after soaking No.
Soaking Time .
Initial Mass .
Final Mass .
i Mass .
i Average .
Muh.
Anhar et.
/ Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 15 No 2 .
50-58 The results of surface morphology analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) as shown in Figure 1 show that there are very different surfaces between those immersed in the extract solution and those without the addition of extracts in the solution.
Muh.
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/ Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 15 No 2 .
50-58 Figure 1.
Surface morphology of wood soaked in different variations of cocoa pod shell extract at 15,000x magnification.
0%, b.
3%, c.
6, d.
9%, e, 12%, and f.
Based on Figure 1, it can be analyzed that for 1a, the surface is flat and there is no absorption because the wood sample has not been immersed in cocoa pods However, from Figure 1b to 1f, it can be seen that the surface of the wood is getting rougher and there is a lot of build-up.
The build up is thought to be cocoa pod extract adsorbed and attached to the surface of the wood, and it can be seen that the greater the concentration of the extract, the more sediment, and build up on the surface of the wood.
The amount of adsorption that occurs on the surface of the wood is proven by SEM-EDX analysis to see the composition of the elements on the surface of the wood.
The results of the analysis of the composition of the elemental Muh.
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50-58 content on the surface of the wood after soaking can be which can inhibit the attack of pests and termites so that seen in Table 6.
From the table, it can be seen that the the wood can be more durable .
, 18, .
higher the concentration of cocoa pods extract added, the higher the carbon content on the surface of the This indicates that adsorption has occurred on the surface of the wood in the form of a thin layer.
Table 6.
Chemical Composition of Wood Surface of Concentration Variation Concentrations (%) Elements %Mass %Atom %Mass %Atom %Mass %Atom %Mass %Atom %Mass %Atom %Mass %Atom 92,01 94,32 95,25 5,02 4,09 0,50 0,49 0,40 0,50 0,58 0,65 0,30 0, 21 Adsorption formed on the surface can improve the mechanical properties of wood .
, .
The results of the analysis of mechanical properties, namely compressive strength and flexural strength, show that the compressive strength parallel to the fiber and flexural strength increases with increasing concentration of extract added, as can be seen in Table 7 and Table 8.
Tabel 7.
Mahogany wood fiber parallel compressive strength test
(%)
Compressive Strength in Fiber Direction (Kg/cm.
Extract concentration Tabel 8.
Mahogany Wood Flexural Strength Test
Extract
(%)
Flexural Strength (Kg/cm.
Muh.
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/ Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol 15 No 2 .
50-58 Based on Tables 7 and 8, it is known that the cold soaking method has increased the value of flexural strength (MOR), and compressive strength parallel to fiber (TSS) from the control that did not undergo wood The highest increase occurred at a 15% concentration of cocoa husk extract added, namely 82 Kg/m2 for MOR and 227.
92 Kg/m2.
The study showed a decrease in the strength of A.
mangium wood up to 25% with the vacuum press method at preservative concentrations of 0.
except for the MOR value which decreased by 14.
followed by the TSS value by 6.
88% and Vus by 4.
from the control.
The study results in Tables 7 and 8 indicate that the cold soaking wood preservation method significantly influences the flexural strength (MOR) and wood fiber parallel compression (TSS) CONCLUSION Preservation of mahogany wood with variations in the concentration of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% with a cold soaking process for 120 hours has been carried out following established standards to determine the mechanical properties of the material.
The results showed that the value of moisture content, retention, and mechanical properties of mahogany wood were influenced by the preservation treatment, and the concentration of extract used.
In general, the value of moisture content, mass, and mechanical properties .
ompressive strength parallel to the fiber direction and flexural strengt.
of mahogany wood increased, with increasing extract levels in The highest increase was obtained with the addition of 15% extract, where the retention.
MOR, and TSS values were 7.
6078 Kg/m2, 387.
82 Kg/m2, and 227.
Kg/m2, respectively.
The cold soaking method was found to be influenced by two key factors: the length of soaking and the concentration of cocoa pods extract used.
The interaction between the type of cocoa pods extract and the soaking period yielded a highly significant effect on the adsorption of the extract onto the wood surface.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our thanks to the BOPTN Funding for the Research and Community Service Program Vocational Lecturer for Fiscal Year 2024 for research funding support that has been provided through 408/SPK/D.
D4/PPK.
APTV/Vi/2024 so that the research can be completed well.
REFERENCE