Vol. 9(2): 269-279, May 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl29269-279

Jurnal Sylva Lestari

P-ISSN: 2339-0913
E-ISSN: 2549-5747

Journal homepage: https://jurnal.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT

Full Length Research Article

Efficacy of Liquid Smoke Produced from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.)
against Schizophyllum commune
Rizka Diah Permana1, Hasan Ashari Oramahi2,*, Farah Diba2
1

Master Program of Forest Science, Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University. Jalan Daya Nasional, Pontianak, 78124,
Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
2
Study Program of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University. Jalan Daya Nasional, Pontianak, 78124, Kalimantan
Barat, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author. E-mail address: oramahi@fahutan.untan.ac.id
ARTICLE HISTORY:
Received: 4 February 2021
Peer review completed: 16 February 2021
Received in revised form: 3 March 2021
Accepted: 12 March 2021

KEYWORDS:
Efficacy
Inhibition of fungal growth
Liquid smoke
Medang wood
Schizophyllum commune

© 2021 The Authors. Published by
Department of Forestry, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Lampung in
collaboration with Indonesia Network for
Agroforestry Education (INAFE).
This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC license:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/.

ABSTRACT
The efficacy of liquid smoke obtained from medang wood (Cinnamomum
sp.) against Schizophyllum commune fungus was evaluated. This study
aims to evaluate the antifungal properties of liquid smoke from medang
against S. commune fungus. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was
used to determine the efficacy of the liquid smoke of medang wood on S.
commune fungus growth. Three kinds of liquid smoke were obtained from
the pyrolysis of medang wood at 370, 400, and 430°C. The efficacy of
liquid smoke from medang wood for antifungal is a factorial 3 by 4 in a
completely randomized design; the first factor was pyrolysis temperature
of liquid smoke from medang (370, 400, and 430°C), and the second factor
was the treatment of concentration of liquid smoke from medang wood (0,
0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%, v/v). The results showed that pyrolysis
temperature affected liquid smoke from medang, and the concentration of
liquid smoke was significantly different for inhibition of fungal growth.
The results indicated that the pyrolysis temperature of liquid smoke
production and the concentration of liquid smoke had a significant effect
on S. commune fungus growth inhibition. Medang wood liquid smoke
effectively inhibited the growth of S. commune fungus about 98.57% at a
concentration of 2.5% with liquid smoke pyrolysis temperature used is
430°C.

1. Introduction
The community has currently begun to use the low durable class wood because of the limited
types of wood with high-quality and durable class. Low durable wood is very susceptible to attack
by destructive organisms such as subterranean termites and wood rot fungi. Residential buildings
with wood structural components are generally very vulnerable to attack by wood-destroying
organisms. Structural components in a building that uses wood include poles, roof truss, walls, and
floors. The wood was used as a structural material at this time comes from wood with durability
class III-V and strength class III-IV. Tropical climatic conditions have strongly supported the
development of wood-destroying organisms. Wood damage can be caused by a group of
microorganisms such as fungi. Wood rot fungi are fungi that can break down cellulose and lignin

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so that wood becomes rotten and the strength of its elastic fibers descending rapidly (Herliyana et
al. 2011). One of the wood-rot fungi is Schizophyllum commune that can cause wood damage.
One of the wood-destroying organisms is termites. In Indonesia, the termite that causes the
most economic loss is the Coptotermes genus (Arinana 2007). One of the termite species causing
the most damage is Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Wood damage caused by destructive
organisms such as fungi and termites can be prevented and controlled with a precautionary
measure, namely preservation by providing preservatives, especially wood materials.
Preservatives can be used as synthetic pesticides but have the potential to cause environmental and
health problems for humans. Hence, a safer way to control wood-destroying organisms is by using
natural pesticides such as liquid smoke.
Liquid smoke is a biopesticide used in the control of wood-destroying organisms. The use
of liquid smoke for agricultural pest control has long been practiced in Thailand. Lee et al. (2011)
stated that liquid smoke is a product of burning wood through pyrolysis at high temperatures
without air). Raw materials such as wood or biomass to manufacture liquid smoke contain the
main components as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (Kan et al. 2016). Some researchers have
reported that liquid smoke can be used as an anti-termite (Adfa et al. 2017; Indrayani et al. 2012;
Oramahi et al. 2014), antifungal (Adfa et al. 2020; Oramahi and Yoshimura 2013; Subekti and
Yoshimura 2020), and insect repellents (Prabowo et al. 2016; Sapindal et al. 2018).
The ability of liquid smoke to inhibit fungal growth is influenced by various factors,
including the chemical components of liquid smoke (Kan et al. 2016). The chemical components
of liquid smoke are influenced by wood chemical components and pyrolysis temperature (Wu et
al. 2015). The pyrolysis temperature in liquid smoke production is an essential factor that causes
changes in the chemical components of liquid smoke, especially phenol components and their
derivatives and organic acids (Lee et al. 2011).
Medang wood, included in strength wood class II and durable wood class III, is used as a
building material. Oramahi et al. (2020) stated that medang wood was processed into liquid smoke
with the response surface method resulted in a liquid smoke yield of 22.90%. Medang wood liquid
smoke has the potential as a biopesticide. This study evaluates the ability of liquid smoke from
medang wood as an antifungal against S. commune fungus. The species is an important fungus
causing the decline in wood quality, especially in tropical areas such as Indonesia.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Liquid Smoke Production
Liquid smoke was obtained from previous studies (Oramahi et al. 2020). The making process
of liquid smoke is as follows: (1) medang wood powder measuring 3.36 mm (6 mesh) was inserted
into the reactor, then the reactor and condenser circuit were adjusted, (2) the reactor then turned
on, (3) the pyrolysis was carried out for 120 minutes at temperatures of 370, 400, and 430°C, (4)
the smokes that appears through the reactor then flowed into the cooling column through the
distribution pipe, and into this cooling column the water was channeled using a pump, and (5) the
condensed vapor of liquid smoke was collected in Erlenmeyer; otherwise, the uncondensed smoke
was streamed through the exhausted pipe as residual smoke. The production of liquid smoke was
carried out at the Engineering Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada
University.

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2.2. Analysis of Total Phenol and Acid of Liquid Smoke
The total phenol analysis procedure is as follows (1) about 1 ml of liquid smoke from medang
wood was weighed and diluted to a volume of 1,000 ml, (2) 1 ml of the solution was taken and
then added as much as 5 ml of alkaline NaCO3 solution, (3) the solution was left at 27°C for 10
minutes, (4) then added as much as 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (commercial reagent: 1: 1
v/v distilled water) and shaken using a vortex-shaker, (5) then the absorbance was left for 30
minutes in the blank solution using a wavelength of 750 nm, and (6) the phenolic concentration of
the sample solution was calculated based on the standard curve obtained from the pure phenol
solution (Senter et al. 1989).
The acid analysis procedure was as follows: (1) liquid smoke from medang wood was
weighed about 1 ml, (2) then it was diluted to reach a volume of 100 ml, (3) the solution was
titrated with 0.1 N NaOH standard solution until reached pH 8 and the acid content was expressed
in percent by weight of acetic acid (AOAC 1990).
2.3. Collection of Isolates and the Efficacy of Liquid Smoke from Medang Wood against
Schizophyllum commune Fungus
S. commune (isolate) fungus was obtained from the Wood Technology Laboratory, Faculty
of Forestry, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak. S. commune fungus was propagated using Potato
Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Testing on fungi refers to the method of Suresh et al. (2019) and
modified from Oramahi et al. (2018). Fungi growth media was used PDA in a petri dish with
concentrations of liquid smoke from medang wood waste 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%,
respectively.
The PDA medium was sterilized using autoclaved for 15 minutes at a temperature of 121°C
and a pressure of 103.4 kPa (15 psi). Fungi isolate with 5 mm size was grown on the middle of a
petri dish containing PDA media at the concentration and temperature of pyrolysis to make liquid
smoke according to the treatment and control such as the petri dish contained PDA media.
Petri dishes (treatment and control) with fungi inoculated were incubated at room
temperature (24–26°C). Treatment and control were repeated three times. The observation and
calculation of the fungal diameter colony were carried out after a colony growing. The observation
was at the end when the colony had covered all the Petri dishes for seven days of incubation.
Measurement of antifungal activity using the formula Mori et al. (1997) as follows:
GC-GT
(1)
x 100%
GC-A
where AFA is anti-fungal activity (%), GC is mycelium growth control (mm), GT is growth of
mycelium in liquid smoke medium (mm), and A is initial incubation mycelium size (mm).
AFA =

2.4. Experiment Design and Data Analysis
A completely randomized design with factorial type design was used to evaluate the effect
of pyrolysis temperature and the concentration of liquid smoke from medang wood on S. commune
fungus growth inhibition. The first factor is the pyrolysis temperature of the making of medang
wood liquid smoke (370, 400, and 430°C). The second factor is the concentration of liquid smoke
from medang wood (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%). Data of S. commune fungus was analyzed
for variance (ANOVA) and presented in the form of the percentage of inhibition power of medang

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wood liquid smoke against fungi. The effect between treatments was carried out by the Tukey’s
Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at the 5% significant level. The SAS software was used
for data analysis.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Components of Liquid Smoke from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.)
The constituent components of liquid smoke from medang wood at various pyrolysis
temperatures are presented in Table 1. The comparison of liquid smoke constituent components
at pyrolysis temperatures of 370, 400, and 430°C showed differences in acid content between the
three temperatures. The higher temperature indicates the higher the acid content. In comparison,
the phenol content between the three pyrolysis temperatures has almost a similar content. Table 1
shows that the highest acid content at the pyrolysis temperature of 430°C is 6.44%. According to
a previous study, Subekti and Yoshimura (2020), the highest acid content in wulung bamboo
(Gigantochloa atroviolacea) liquid smoke at 300°C pyrolysis temperature was 4.47%, and the
highest phenol content at 450°C was 8.03%.
Table 1. The constituent components of medang wood (Cinnamomum sp.) liquid smoke at various
pyrolysis temperatures
Pyrolysis
temperatures
(°C)
370
400
430

Constituent components of medang wood liquid smoke
Phenol (%)

Acid (%)

1.04
1.09
1.06

4.60
6.02
6.44

Wu et al. (2015) stated that liquid smoke from Chinese fir powder had the highest acid
content at 250°C pyrolysis temperature, while the highest phenol content was obtained at 350450°C. The results showed a decrease in acid levels and an increase in phenol with the increase of
pyrolysis temperature. Hagner et al. (2020) reported that the phenol content and total acid in liquid
smoke from birch wood (Betula sp.) were 2.4 and 11.2%, respectively. The difference in the
constituent components of liquid smoke can occur due to differences in wood species and pyrolysis
temperatures. The results are in line with the previous study from Abnisa et al. (2013), stating that
pyrolysis temperature has an effect on compounds that can be extracted at the time of making
liquid smoke. Oramahi et al. (2020) examined the production of liquid smoke from Shorea leavis
and concluded that different pyrolysis temperatures produce different liquid smoke constituents.
3.2. The Inhibition of Liquid Smoke from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.) against
Schizophyllum commune Fungus
Liquid smoke inhibition of Cinnamomum sp. against S. commune at various temperatures of
liquid smoke pyrolysis is presented in Table 2. The HSD test results show that the concentration
of 3.0% at the three temperatures (370, 400, and 430°C) has the highest inhibition value of fungal
growth, about 100%. Table 2 shows that the temperature of liquid smoke pyrolysis which
effectively inhibited the growth of S. commune fungus was at a temperature of 430°C with a
concentration of 2.5%, which could inhibit the fungus growth by 98.57%.

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Table 2. The inhibition of liquid smoke from medang wood (Cinnamomum sp.) against
Schizophyllum commune fungus
Treatment
Pyrolysis temperature
Liquid smoke concentration
(%)
(°C)
Control
0
370
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
400
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.5
430
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

Inhibition of S. commune
fungus growth (%)
0±0a
0±0a
24.57 ± 0.61 c
40.34 ± 0.03 e
72.95 ± 0.08 g
92.51±0.03 i
100 ± 0 l
0±0a
25.11± 0.15 c
38.67± 0.39 d
81.53 ± 0.22 h
93.39±0.11 j
100 ± 0 l
18.18± 0.03 b
38.31± 0.005 d
69.06± 0.13 f
81.01 ± 0.16 h
98.57± 0.43 k
100 ± 0 l

Notes: The mean followed by the same letter is not significantly different at 5% significant level based on the HSD
test.

Fig. 1-3 show the inhibition of fungal growth on media given liquid smoke with different
pyrolysis temperatures and concentrations. Pyrolysis temperatures of 370 and 400°C with liquid
smoke concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% and pyrolysis temperatures of 430°C with a
concentration of 3.0% had no significance different fungus sizes. Pyrolysis temperatures at 370
and 400°C at concentrations of 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% showed different sizes. The pyrolysis
temperature at 430°C is significantly different in size than the pyrolysis temperature of 370 and
400°C at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5%. The difference in the size of the fungus
growth indicated smaller with the greater the concentration of liquid smoke given to the fungi
growth medium. The control treatment had the full size of the fungus around the Petri dish plate,
then the greater the concentration of liquid smoke from the medang wood indicated the smaller
the size of the fungus.
The effective inhibition of the S. commune fungus growth is at a pyrolysis temperature of
430°C with a concentration of 2.5%. This is based on the regression analysis results of the
inhibition value of fungal growth obtained at each pyrolysis temperature and different
concentrations of liquid smoke. Liquid smoke produced from pyrolysis temperature of 430°C had
the highest average value of S. commune fungus growth inhibition compared to the pyrolysis
temperatures of 370 and 400°C. The higher concentration of liquid smoke indicated a higher
antifungal index. According to previous studies, liquid smoke can function as an antifungal (Lee
et al. 2011; Oramahi and Yoshimura 2013; Yatagai et al. 2002). Zabka and Pavela (2013) stated
that liquid smoke from wheat straw contained 2-ethyl phenol and 4-ethyl phenol and effectively
controlled fungi of the Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus genus. In addition, Dambolena et
al. (2012) stated that m-cresol and o-cresol act as antifungals against Fusarium verticilliodes.

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Fig. 1. The growth of Schizophyllum commune fungus colonies with a pyrolysis
temperature of 370ºC at 0% control (a), liquid smoke concentration of 0.5% (b), 1.0% (c),
1.5% (d), 2.0% (e) , 2.5% (f), and (g) 3.0%.

Fig. 2. The growth of Schizophyllum commune fungus colonies with a 400ºC pyrolysis
temperature at 0% (a) control, liquid smoke concentration of 0.5% (b), 1.0% (c), 1.5% (d),
2.0% (e), 2.5% (f), and (g) 3.0%.

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Fig. 3. The growth of Schizophyllum commune fungus colonies with a pyrolysis
temperature of 430ºC at 0% control (a), liquid smoke concentration 0.5% (b), 1.0% (c), 1.5%
(d), 2.0% (e), 2.5% (f), and (g) 3.0%.
According to Uysal et al. (2014), liquid smoke from peach stone can inhibit the fungus
Coriolus versicolor growth. Baharom et al. (2020) stated that the liquid smoke from Averrhoa
carambola, Cocos nucifera, and Mangifera indica could inhibit plant disease-causing pathogens
such as Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotiopsis microspora, and
Ralstonia solanacearum bacteria. Based on Adfa et al. (2020), the acids and phenols from
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon liquid smoke were suspected of causing antifungal activity.
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon liquid smoke has the potential to prevent the growth of S. commune
and Fomitopsis palustris. The results of research on liquid smoke from Gigantochloa atroviolacea
can also be used as an inhibitor of the growth of wood rot fungi (Subekti and Yoshimura 2020).
Based on Dediwanto et al. (2020), liquid smoke from bengkirai wood (Shorea leavis Ridl)
at 350 and 450°C has the ability as an antifungal in inhibiting the growth of the S. commune fungus.
Oramahi et al. (2018) stated that liquid smoke from bengkirai wood at a pyrolysis temperature of
450°C and a concentration of 1.5% liquid smoke could inhibit the growth of Phytophthora
citrophthora by 100%. Oramahi et al. (2020) stated that the chemical content of liquid smoke from
bengkirai wood at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C produces acetic acid, 1- hydroxy-2-propanone,
furfural, benzene sulfonic acid, mequinol, 4-methyl phenol, and 2-methoxy- 4-methyl phenol.
This occurs due to the components of liquid smoke, especially the levels of acid and phenol
(Table 1), which can act as an antifungal. According to research by Oramahi et al. (2011), the acid
and phenol content of liquid smoke from Acacia sawdust (Acacia mangium Willd) and Laban
wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl) act as an antifungal. Acid content is a compound as an antimicrobial.
This is confirmed by the research of Lou et al. (2011) proved that the mechanism of chlorogenic
acid as an antimicrobial disrupts the intracellular membrane and releases cytoplasmic
macromolecules, leading to cell death. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that
chlorogenic acid kills pathogenic bacterial strains by triggering irreversible permeability of
changes in cell membranes. This causes cells to lose their ability to maintain membranes and
including nucleotide cytoplasmic macromolecules. Medang wood liquid smoke that effectively
inhibited the growth of S. commune fungus was at a concentration of 2.5%, and the pyrolysis

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temperature was at 430°C. Correlation between the concentration of liquid smoke and the pyrolysis
temperature of 430°C with the inhibition of fungal growth is presented in Fig. 4.

Inhibition of fungal growth (%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Concentration of liquid smoke (%)

Fig. 4. The correlation between the concentration of liquid smoke at a pyrolysis temperature of
430°C to the growth inhibition of S. commune fungus.
The concentration enhancement of liquid smoke was increased the growth inhibitory of S.
commune fungus growth. This is shown by the regression equation Y = 3.98 + 35.96x, which has
a coefficient of determination (R2) of about 0.96. This indicates that the higher liquid smoke
concentration shows the higher inhibition of S. commune fungus growth.
Fig. 1-3 and Table 1 showed that the higher the liquid smoke concentration of medang wood
indicates the higher growth inhibition of the S. commune fungus. The pyrolysis temperature and
the concentration of liquid smoke had a very significant effect on the growth of the S. commune
fungus. Hou et al. (2018) stated that the components of liquid smoke from Eucommia ulmoides
consist of phenols, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, organic acids, and benzene. The liquid smoke
obtained has potential as an antifungal agent against Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Rhizopus fungi.
4. Conclusions
Liquid smoke obtained from the pyrolysis of medang wood (Cinnamomum sp.) at
temperatures of 370, 400, and 430°C has the ability as an antifungal agent to inhibit the growth of
the Schizophyllum commune fungus. The pyrolysis temperature and concentration of liquid smoke
concentration had a significant effect on inhibiting the growth of the S. commune fungus. The
ability of liquid smoke to inhibit S. commune fungal growth was effectively obtained at a liquid
smoke concentration of 2.5% with a temperature of 430°C. The ability of liquid smoke to inhibit
S. commune fungal growth shows the potential of liquid smoke as a biopesticide.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the funding from the Indonesian Ministry of Research and
Technology (Ristek/BRIN) through Master Thesis Research Scheme, with a grant number of SP
DIPA-042.06.1.401516/2020.

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