Formulation of serum preparation from the peel of variorus durian varieties .
urio zibethinus murra.
local, montong and musang king Formulasi sediaan serum dari kulit buah durian berbagai varietas .
urio zibethinus murra.
lokal, montong dan musang king Hari Untarto Swandono1,*.
Sony Andika Saputra2.
Maria Magdalena Riyaniarti Estri Wuryandari3 .
Nur Husna4 * 1Program Studi S-1 Farmasi, 2Program Studi D3 Analisis Farmasi dan Makanan.
Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri.
Jalan KH.
Wachid Hasyim 65 Kediri Indonesia, hariuntarto@iik.
saputra@iik.
riyaniarti@iik.
id,ahmadyono279@gmail.
ARTICLE HISTORY:
Artikel diterima: 28 November 2025
Artikel direvisi: 3 Januari 2026
Artikel disetujui:8 April 2026
KORESPONDEN
(Hari Untarto Swandono, hariuntarto@iik.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0009-5145-4911 ) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Halaman: 37 - 46 DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
Penerbit:
Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Yogyakarta.
Indonesia.
Artikel terbuka yang berlisensi CC-BY-SA
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
Background: Durian peel (Durio zibethinus Murr.
), which is often discarded as agricultural waste, contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and tannins that exhibit antibacterial properties, particularly against acne-causing Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics and stability of a serum formulation prepared with durian peel extract (Durio zibethinus Murr.
) at a concentration of 15% and to compare the physical stability among different durian varieties.
Methods: The durian peel extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent and then formulated into a serum Physical quality evaluations included tests for color, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity.
Results: The Musang King variety produced the best formulation, characterized by a yellowish-brown color and homogeneous appearance.
The pH remained stable between 4.
67 and 6.
65 before and after stability Conclusion: The durian peel extractAebased serum demonstrated good physical quality and stable characteristics during storage, suggesting its potential use as a natural active ingredient in cosmetic formulations for acneprone skin care.
Keywords: Durian,Serum,Extract,Viscosity ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Kulit durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.
) yang sering dibuang sebagai limbah pertanian ternyata mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid dan tanin yang memiliki sifat antibakteri, terutama terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi karakteristik fisik dan stabilitas dari sediaan serum yang diformulasikan dengan ekstrak kulit durian pada konsentrasi 15%.
Metode: Ekstrak kulit durian diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, kemudian diformulasikan menjadi sediaan serum.
Evaluasi mutu fisik meliputi pengujian warna, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar, daya lekat, dan viskositas.
Hasil: Varietas Musang King menghasilkan formulasi terbaik dengan warna kuning kecokelatan dan tampilan yang homogen.
Nilai pH tetap stabil pada rentang 4,67 hingga 6,65 sebelum dan sesudah uji stabilitas.
Kesimpulan: Serum berbasis ekstrak kulit durian menunjukkan mutu fisik yang baik dan stabilitas yang memadai selama penyimpanan.
Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit durian berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan aktif alami dalam formulasi kosmetik, khususnya untuk perawatan kulit berjerawat.
Kata kunci: Durian, serum, extrak, viskositas https://ejournal.
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Introduction The skin is the largest organ of the absorption capacity.
It can be formulated as human body.
It functions as a protective either oil-based or water-based, with high barrier, helps regulate body temperature, and penetration and absorption abilities, making it acts as one of the sensory organs responsible an efficient and effective solution for various for the sense of touch.
Like other tissues, skin problems.
4 The novelty of this research human skin undergoes degenerative and lies in the development of a serum formulation aging processes.
1 Healthy skin is a reflection containing durian peel extract as a natural of overall health, well-being, youthfulness, and active ingredient for acne management.
The characteristics of healthy skin Previous studies have mainly focused on include being soft, moist, smooth, supple, and evaluating the antibacterial activity of durian fresh, without acne, with good elasticity, and peel extract against acne-related bacteria neither excessively oily nor too dry.
Acne is a skin disorder that can cause inflammation and Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas infection, resulting from excessive sebum production by the oil glands.
Acne vulgaris is Serums are specifically designed to deliver a common inflammatory skin disorder that bioactive molecules directly into deeper layers predominantly affects adolescents.
Acne not of the skin, enabling active compounds to act only affects skin appearance but also has more rapidly and with higher efficacy than conventional topical formulations.
In this self-esteem.
Propionibacterium regard, durian peel extract has gained interaction, and reduced quality of life.
Therefore, the development of effective topical ingredient because previous studies have treatments with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities is important for antibacterial activity capable of inhibiting the acne management.
Skin conditions are strongly influenced by Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas species, making it a promising candidate for environmental exposures, both of which can incorporation into serum formulations aimed at accelerate inflammation and trigger acne Propionibacterium Serum has become the latest trend in Durian peel contains several key the cosmetic industry.
A serum typically phytochemicals primarily flavonoids, tannins, contains a high concentration of active and phenolic compounds that possess strong ingredients but has low viscosity, allowing it to be formulated as either oil-based or water- antibacterial activities, making them highly anti-inflammatory.
Formulasi sediaan serum dari kulit buah durian berbagai varietas .
urio zibethinus murra.
lokal, montong dan musang kingNama Hari Untarto Swandono1,*.
Sony Andika Saputra2.
Maria Magdalena Riyaniarti Estri Wuryandari3 .
Nur Husna4 P-ISSN 2252-3413.
E-ISSN 2548-6268
Media Ilmu Kesehatan Vol.
No.
April 2026 https://doi.
org/10.
30989/ mik.
suitable for topical application.
Flavonoids help neutralize reactive oxygen species on the skin surface, reducing oxidative stress that The use of varying concentrations of contributes to acne and premature aging.
durian peel (Durio zibethinus Murra.
ethanol Tannins, known for their astringent and extract in serum formulations is expected to antimicrobial properties, can inhibit the growth influence both the physical characteristics of acne-causing Propionibacterium The stages of this study are as Phenolic compounds further Preparation of Durian Peel Ethanol enhance skin protection by supporting wound Extract Serum Formulation.
healing and reducing inflammation.
The extraction process of durian peel using Preliminary surveys have shown that the maceration method with a ratio of 1:10:
durian peel possesses beneficial properties Weigh 150 g of durian peel powder and add and activities that can inhibit the growth of 96% ethanol as the solvent, then macerate the acne-causing bacteria.
Durian peel contains mixture for 3 days.
During the maceration antibacterial active compounds such as process, the mixture is stirred periodically.
01%), saponins .
61%), and Maceration is carried out in a tightly closed dark bottle at room temperature.
After the constituents are known to exhibit strong maceration process is complete, the solution is filtered, and the obtained filtrate is .
84%).
These anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties.
evaporated using a water bath at 60AC until a Material and Methods thick extract is formed.
The experimental method is a research Physical Quality Evaluation approach that involves conducting controlled The physical quality tests performed on the experiments aimed at determining the effects durian peel ethanol extract serum (Durio of specific treatments.
In this study, three zibethinus Murra.
included organoleptic test, types of durian peel extracts were used as homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, adhesion test, viscosity test, stability test, classified as a true laboratory experimental irritation test, and hedonic .
research with a Completely Randomized Research Materials Design (CRD).
In this study, the independent The main material used in this study variable is the concentration of durian peel was ethanol extract of durian peel (Durio Murr.
formulation, while the dependent variables are varieties: local.
Montong, and Musang King.
its physicochemical properties such as pH, addition, the serum formulation also used https://ejournal.
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xanthan gum as a thickening agent, propylene test was to detect the presence of bioactive glycol as a humectant, methyl and propyl compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and paraben as preservatives, and distilled water .
as the main solvent.
Preparation of Serum Formulation Research Equipment The preparation of the serum formulation was The equipment used included mortar and carried out through several stages.
All pestle, beaker glass, measuring cylinder, ingredients were weighed according to the pipette, test tubes and test tube rack, pipette composition listed in Table 1.
In the initial filler/push ball, watch glass, petri dish, funnel, stage, xanthan gum was dispersed in hot digital balance, pH meter, object glass, scaled water at a ratio of 1:20 of its weight.
The glass plate, magnetic stirrer, hot plate, climatic chamber, and Ostwald viscometer.
approximately 10 minutes until it formed a Simplisia Preparation serum base, referred to as phase A.
Samples of durian peel waste were collected Next, the additional ingredients propylene from durian vendors located in Kanyoran Village.
Semen District.
Kediri Regency.
The parabenwere mixed in a separate container samples were cleaned and sorted first.
The and stirred evenly using a magnetic stirrer at a inner part of the durian peel was separated speed of 500 rpm until homogeneous.
This from the spiky outer shell, cut into small mixture was referred to as phase B.
pieces, and arranged on trays.
The drying After both phases were prepared, phase A and process was carried out for approximately one phase B were combined and homogenized week in a shaded area, protected from direct again using the same stirring speed.
Once completely mixed, the ethanol extract of durian Extraction of Durian Peel peel from each variety (Local.
Montong, and Durian peel extraction was performed using Musang Kin.
, which had been dissolved in the maceration method with 96% ethanol at the Herbal Materia Medica Laboratory.
Batu, according to the concentration specified for East Java.
Simplified durian peel powder from each formula.
The final mixture was then the local.
Montong, and Musang King varieties homogenized once more and transferred into .
grams eac.
was used, yielding a thick sterile containers for serum storage.
extract from the local variety weighing Table 1.
Formulation of durian peel serum from .
, 5 grams.
various varieties (Durio zibethinus Murra.
Phytochemical Screening Material Phytochemical screening of the durian peel Durian peel extract Xhantam gum Propilen glikol Methyl paraben extract was conducted based on the method adapted from reference.
9 The purpose of this Formula (%B/V) Formulasi sediaan serum dari kulit buah durian berbagai varietas .
urio zibethinus murra.
lokal, montong dan musang kingNama Hari Untarto Swandono1,*.
Sony Andika Saputra2.
Maria Magdalena Riyaniarti Estri Wuryandari3 .
Nur Husna4 P-ISSN 2252-3413.
E-ISSN 2548-6268
Media Ilmu Kesehatan Vol.
No.
April 2026 https://doi.
org/10.
30989/ mik.
Propil paraben
Aquadest add
0,02
0,72
0,02
sample is weighed and placed in the center of graph paper, then subjected to incremental weights .
Ae200 gram.
every 1 minute.
The Physical Quality Evaluation spread area is measured after spreading Organoleptic Test ceases to determine the effectiveness of Organoleptic evaluation involves the senses of sight and smell to directly assess the physical condition of the preparation.
The parameters: color, form or consistency, and Homogeneity Test The homogeneity test aims to ensure the uniform mixing of components in the serum About 0.
1 grams of the sample is taken and spread thinly on the surface of a glass slide.
The preparation is considered homogeneous if no coarse particles or irregular material distribution are observed, and the texture appears evenly distributed to the naked eye.
pH Test The pH test is performed to evaluate the acidity level of the serum and ensure its compatibility with the physiological pH of the Measurement is carried out using a digital pH meter, with the electrode immersed directly into the sample to ensure optimal The ideal pH range for facial topical preparations is 4.
5Ae6.
5 to match the natural skin pH and minimize irritation risks.
Spreadability Test The spreadability test aims to assess the serumAos ability to spread over the skin surface, which affects comfort and active ingredient Approximately 0.
5 grams of the serum application.
Adhesion Test The adhesion test measures how long the serum preparation remains attached to a About 0.
2 grams of serum is placed between two glass plates and subjected to a 250-gram weight for 5 minutes.
The longer the separation time, the stronger the adhesive property of the serum.
Ostwald Viscosity Test The Ostwald viscometer operates based on the capillary viscometer principle, measuring the time required for a fluid to flow through a capillary tube from the upper to the lower The procedure begins by filling the left tube with the test fluid .
ubricant or seru.
until half of tube A is filled.
The fluid is then drawn through the right tube until it passes tube B and reaches the start line.
The fluid is allowed to flow by gravity.
when it reaches the start line, the stopwatch is started and stopped when the fluid touches the stop line.
According to standards, suitable viscosity for serum formulations ranges from 230Ae3000 cPs.
Freeze and Thaw Stability Test The stability test is conducted to evaluate the resistance of the serum preparation to fluctuating extreme temperatures, simulating long-term storage conditions.
About 5 grams of serum are weighed and placed in a sealed vial inside a climatic chamber.
The stability is https://ejournal.
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tested by storing the preparation at 4AC for 24 significant difference was found, it was hours, followed by 40AC for another 24 hours.
followed by the Mann-Whitney test.
One cycle consists of these two temperature Results and Discussion stages, repeated for six consecutive cycles.
Results of Durian Peel Extraction After completing all cycles, observations are This study includes the formulation and quality made for possible phase separation and testing of serum preparations made from reevaluation of organoleptic characteristics, durian peel (Durio zibethinus Murr.
) of three homogeneity, and pH before and after testing.
varieties: local.
Montong, and Musang King.
This test aims to assess the physical stability and quality of the formulation under extreme The results obtained are presented as follows:
temperature changes.
Table 2.
Yield Result Irritation Test Formula The irritation test is conducted by applying the sample openly to the inner upper arm area (A5 After 1 hour, the skin is observed for any Weight of Simplisia 200 Gram from different varieties.
Data Analysis Method
10,0 %
Source: Research Data 2025 Table 3.
Phytochemical Identification Formula as texture, aroma, and color to determine serum formulas made from durian peel extract Etanol Hedonic (Preferenc.
Test
respondentsAo preference levels for the three
Yield
11,2 %
The hedonic test evaluates parameters such Solvent
Result
Flavonoid
Tanin
Saponin
( )
( )
(-)
( )
( )
(-)
( )
( )
(-)
Source: Research Data 2025 Data related to the preparation of serum formulations from durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.
) peel extracts of various varieties were analyzed using descriptive methods and statistical tests.
The analysis was performed using One Way ANOVA.
If the significance value .
< 0.
, the test was followed by an Based on the table above, it shows that durian peel from various varieties contains flavonoid and tannin compounds, both showing positive results, while the saponin test showed a negative result.
LSD test to determine differences between treatments .
If the data did not meet normality and homogeneity assumptions, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used, and if a Formulasi sediaan serum dari kulit buah durian berbagai varietas .
urio zibethinus murra.
lokal, montong dan musang kingNama Hari Untarto Swandono1,*.
Sony Andika Saputra2.
Maria Magdalena Riyaniarti Estri Wuryandari3 .
Nur Husna4 P-ISSN 2252-3413.
E-ISSN 2548-6268
Media Ilmu Kesehatan Vol.
No.
April 2026 https://doi.
org/10.
30989/ mik.
Based on the table above, the results of the Table 4.
Organoleptic Test Formula Form Liquid Liquid Test Color Brown Odor Characteristic Yellowish Characteristic Liquid Yellowish Characteristic Source: Research Data 2025 The table above shows the organoleptic results for F1.
F2, and F3 based on homogeneity test for formulas F1.
F2, and F3 show that all preparations are homogeneous, with evenly mixed components and no coarse particles, in accordance with the homogeneity test criteria.
Table 6.
pH Test Formu Avarage Standard Descripti 7,07 A 0,26 7,05 A 0,18 Meets the observations of the three formulas.
All formulas exhibited a liquid form with the characteristic durian scent.
In terms of color, 6,83 A 0,16 Source: Research Data 2025 F1 appeared brown, while F2 and F3 showed From the table above, it can be seen that the a yellowish-brown color.
pH test results for F1.
F2, and F3 meet the pH test requirements.
Based on the data in the table above, the results of the spreadability test on the serum preparations show that formulas F1.
F2, and F3 have spreadability values ranging from 5Ae 7 cm.
These values are in accordance with the standard parameters for topical preparations, which state that a good preparation should Source: Research Data 2025 to facilitate application and ensure even distribution of Figure 1.
Durian Extract Formulas (F1.
F2, and F.
active ingredients on the skin surface.
Discussion Table 5.
Homogeneity Test Formula Examination Form Description Homogeneous Meets the This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of durian peel extract from three varieties local.
Montong, and Musang Kingas well as the quality of the resulting serum formulations.
The yield test showed variations among the three formulas, namely Source: Research Data 2025 2% for F1, 10.
0% for F2, and 12.
5% for F3.
These differences in yield are likely influenced by variations in secondary metabolite content https://ejournal.
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across durian varieties, the ripeness level of The organoleptic evaluation showed the fruit, and the physical structure of the raw that all formulas exhibited a liquid consistency This finding is consistent with with the characteristic durian aroma.
The color previous research reporting that different differences observed among formulas were durian varieties possess varying levels of influenced by the composition of flavonoids, bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids the degree of oxidation of phytochemical components, and the extraction process.
This extraction yield (Rahman et al.
, 2.
result is in agreement with Adawiyah et al.
The phytochemical screening in this .
who reported that plant extracts rich in study showed that all three formulas (F1.
F2, phenolic compounds tend to produce brown to and F.
tested positive for flavonoids and yellowish-brown coloration due to oxidation.
tannins but negative for saponins.
The In the homogeneity test, all formulas presence of flavonoids and tannins in durian demonstrated uniform consistency with no peel has been reported in previous studies as coarse particles, meeting the criteria for topical the main components contributing to strong Homogeneity is an essential parameter, as inhomogeneous products may affect stability and the distribution of active compounds on the skin.
anti-inflammatory, free-radical Flavonoids modulation of inflammatory signaling, while The pH test results showed that the tannins exhibit astringent and antimicrobial three formulas had pH values ranging from properties, making them particularly useful in 83 to 7.
07, which fall within the acceptable cosmetic applications such as anti-acne and skin pH range .
Ae.
This parameter is antioxidant serums.
The results of this study important for maintaining skin barrier integrity align with these findings, as all three varieties and preventing irritation.
Previous studies have also reported The spreadability test results showed that all serum formulations had spreadability values of 5Ae7 cm, which meet the standard that durian peel extract exhibits antibacterial Good activity against Propionibacterium acnes, spreadability enhances ease of application.
Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas user comfort, and effective penetration of aeruginosa, making it highly relevant for active compounds.
This finding is consistent cosmetic applications, particularly for acne- with Puspitasari et al.
, who stated that prone skin.
22 Therefore, the phytochemical the ideal spreadability range for serum and gel findings in this study further support the preparations is between 5Ae7 cm to ensure potential of durian peel as an active ingredient uniform application on the skin surface.
for herbal serum formulations.
Formulasi sediaan serum dari kulit buah durian berbagai varietas .
urio zibethinus murra.
lokal, montong dan musang kingNama Hari Untarto Swandono1,*.
Sony Andika Saputra2.
Maria Magdalena Riyaniarti Estri Wuryandari3 .
Nur Husna4 P-ISSN 2252-3413.
E-ISSN 2548-6268
Media Ilmu Kesehatan Vol.
No.
April 2026 https://doi.
org/10.
30989/ mik.
Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that durian peel extract from the three varieties can be formulated into serums .
rganoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and spreadabilit.
and contain phytochemicals with potential antioxidant and antibacterial Supported reporting the ability of durian peel extract to inhibit acne-causing bacteria and oxidative stress, durian peelAebased serum has strong potential to be developed into an effective herbal cosmetic product.
CONCLUSION
Serum formulations made from various durian peel varieties .
ocal, montong, and musang kin.
showed different organoleptic colors, which influenced the pH parameter.
The stability test showed no observable changes, indicating that the serums were The hedonic .
test showed that Formula 3 was the most preferred.
None of the formulations caused irritation in most The Freeze and Thaw stability test results confirmed that all durian peel serums were physically stable.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research team would like to express gratitude to the Bachelor of Pharmacy Study Program.
Faculty of Pharmacy.
Bhakti Wiyata Institute of Health Sciences.
Kediri.
REFERENCES