ISSN: 1412-5269
EISSN: 2354-6700
Akuakultur JurnalAkuakultur AkuakulturIndonesia Indonesia25 ,119Ae128 55Ae69 .
Jurnal .
Vol.
25 No.
January 2026 Indonesia DOI: 10.
19027/jai.
Jurnal The effectiveness of Solanum ferox and Zingiber zerumbet extracts on the survival of Penaeus monodon in different salinity levels of the cultivation media Efektivitas ekstrak Solanum ferox dan Zingiber zerumbet terhadap kelangsungan hidup Penaeus monodon pada berbagai tingkat salinitas media budidaya Esti Handayani Hardi1*.
Raviv Zaidan Fadhilah2.
Gina Saptiani1.
Yushinta Fujaya3.
Wiwin Suwinarti4 Aquaculture Department.
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science.
Mulawarman University.
Samarinda East Kalimantan.
Indonesia Student in Aquaculture Department.
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science.
Mulawarman University.
Samarinda East Kalimantan.
Indonesia Fisheries Department.
Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries.
Hasanuddin University.
Makassar.
South Sulawesi.
Indonesia Faculty of Forestry.
Mulawarman University.
Samarinda.
East Kalimantan.
Indonesia *Corresponding author: estie_hardie@fpik.
(Received January 22, 2024.
Revised May 6, 2025.
Accepted September 18, 2.
ABSTRACT Decreasing the salinity of the water in the cultivation shrimp disease outbreaks, sluggish development, and mortality.
Rainfall, water pollution, and climate change lower salinity.
Thus, efforts to enhance tiger shrimp that can survive high salinity changes must be anticipated.
This study will examine the effect of adding Solanum ferox and Zingiber zerumbet extracts to diet to improve tiger shrimp adaption at 10, 15, and 20A salinities.
Penaeus monodon .
were randomly dispersed into nine boxes .
8 m.
with 200 shrimp per container and three replicates per group.
The shrimp were fed 1:1 extract.
, and Z.
for 40 days.
The study found that adding 5 mL of extract to the feed significantly increases shrimp body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate at different salinities (P<0.
The difference in salinity remained 100% in all treatments on the 40th day of culture (P>0.
At salinities of 10 and 15A, the total bacteria and Vibrio bacteria in culture media and shrimp were lower than at 20A (P<0.
Administration of the extract enhances P.
monodon adaption at difference Research suggests that adding 5 mL of a S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet extract to shrimp feed improves growth, survival, and reduces bacteria and Vibrio in media and shrimp bodies at salinities of 10-20A.
Keywords: adaptation, salinities.
Solanum ferox, tiger shrimp.
Zingiber zerumbet
ABSTRAK
Penurunan salinitas air media budidaya memicu terjadinya penyakit, perkembangan yang lambat, dan kematian pada udang budidaya.
Curah hujan, polusi air, dan perubahan iklim menurunkan salinitas.
Oleh karena itu, upaya untuk memperkuat ketahanan udang windu yang dapat hidup dari perubahan salinitas tinggi perlu diantisipasi.
Studi ini akan menguji pengaruh penambahan ekstrak Solanum ferox dan Zingiber zerumbet ke dalam pakan untuk meningkatkan adaptasi udang windu pada salinitas 10, 15, dan 20A.
Penaeus monodon .
017 A 0.
didistribusikan secara acak ke dalam sembilan kotak container .
y0,5y0.
8 m.
dengan 200 udang per wadah dan tiga ulangan per kelompok.
Udang diberi makan ekstrak gabungan S.
, dan Z.
perbandingan 1:1, selama 40 Studi ini menghasilkan data, bahwa penambahan 5 mL ekstrak ke pakan secara signifikan meningkatkan berat badan udang, pertambahan berat badan, dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik udang yang dipelihara pada salinitas yang berbeda (P<0.
Perbedaan salinitas tetap menghasilkan kelangsungan hidup 100% pada semua perlakuan pada hari ke-40 budidaya (P>0.
Pada salinitas 10 dan 15A, jumlah bakteri total dan bakteri Vibrio dalam media kultur dan tubuh udang lebih rendah dibandingkan pada salinitas 20A (P<0.
Pemberian ekstrak meningkatkan adaptasi P.
monodon pada berbagai salinitas.
Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan 5 mL ekstrak gabungan S.
ferox dan Z.
zerumbet ke pakan udang meningkatkan pertumbuhan, kelangsungan hidup, dan mengurangi total bakteri serta bakteri Vibrio dalam media dan tubuh udang yang dipelihara pada salinitas 10-20A.
Kata kunci: adaptasi, salinitas.
Solanum ferox, udang windu.
Zingiber zerumbet Copyright .
2026 @author.
Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
/ Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 25 .
, 119Ae128 .
INTRODUCTION Penaeus monodon is the most widely cultivated type of shrimp in traditional ponds in East Kalimantan (Hardi et al.
, 2023a.
The decline in tiger shrimp pond productivity has been caused by many factors, diseases, low growth, and decrease in water quality, especially fluctuating salinity (Ye et al.
, 2009.
Jaffer et al.
, 2020.
Rahi et al.
, 2.
Water salinity is an important factor for tiger shrimp in ponds, affecting growth and molting cycles, and this is closely related to the success of aquaculture (Brito et al.
, 2000.
Hardi et al.
, 2023a.
Jaffer et al.
, 2020.
Liu et al.
Low salinity also prevents the growth of bacteria and can lessen the virulence of diseases like Vibrio and WSSV (Naim, 2.
Tiger shrimp are typically cultured in water with salinities ranging from 20 to 25A (Rahi et al.
, however the Mahakam Delta waters now have salinities between 8-20A, and adjusting the waterAos salinity is a highly challenging procedure because it is tide-dependent.
Because of this, efforts must be made to ensure that the seeds of grown tiger shrimp are capable of withstanding a variety of salinities.
Raising tiger shrimp at low salinity will have an impact on poor performance (Cui & Chui, 2.
, slow growth, immunity, survivability, and overall biological processes (Rahi et al.
, 2021.
Buranajitpirom et al.
, 2.
which will have an impact on osmotic control (Mugwanya et al.
, 2.
The success of the speed of adaptation of tiger shrimp larvae at low salinity is very important for the success of cultivation.
Providing feed supplements can help improve health and increase the acceleration of shrimp adaptation.
Plant extracts of Solanum ferox.
Zingiber zerumbet, and Boesenbergia pandurata have positive effects on fish health management as prebiotics (Hardi et al.
, 2022.
adjuvants (Hardi et al.
, 2019.
antiparasitic (Hardi et al.
, 2022.
(Hardi et al.
, 2021.
Hardanu, and immunostimulants for fish (Hardi et , 2021.
white shrimp (Hardi et al.
, 2022a.
Umma et al.
, tiger shrimp (Hardi et al.
, 2022a.
and crabs (Hardi et al.
, 2.
In this study, the administration of S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet to tiger shrimp reared at salinities of 10, 15, and 20 A will be tried in an effort to evaluate the growth, survival rate, and bacteria content of tiger shrimp in ponds with water conditions that have a wide range of salinity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Shrimp Individual juvenile tiger shrimp .
with an average length of 1 A 0.
01 cm, shrimp post larval stage (PL .
, originating from the Manggar fish hatchery.
Balikpapan.
A total of 2000 juveniles were collected from the hatchery for these shrimp larvae, which were transported in ten different plastic bags .
ith 200 individuals in each ba.
with oxygen provided.
The salinity in the transport bag is 20A .
he same salinity maintained in the hatchery for grow-ou.
The shrimp were initially housed in two box .
alinity 20A) with a stocking density of 1,000 in one box that measured 75y45y32 cm3, and they were given aeration.
The shrimp were fed artemia and flakes six times a day during the acclimatization procedure, which lasted seven When the shrimp are prepared, they are moved to the maintenance vessel, which is a container tub, to start the aeration process.
Adaptation to differences in salinity media The shrimp were transferred to a 60y70 cm2 container, filled with 20A of seawater and fresh water from a drilled well.
To obtain a treatment medium that is in accordance with the desired salinity, it is diluted with fresh water.
Dilution is carried out based on the formula used (Dara et al.
as follows:
Note:
V = Fresh and sea water volume (L) M = Initial water salinity (A) V2 = Salinity of water after dilution (L) M2 = Desired salinity (A) Tiger shrimp maintenance began with a three days acclimatization phase, followed by a gradual adaptation process that involved gradually lowering the salinity of the seawater in accordance with the therapy.
For instance, using the formula, the drop in water salinity from an initial salinity of 15% is decreased to 10% (Dara et al.
, 2.
It took five days of salinity reduction before the water in the culture media reached the level of salinity required for the treatment.
Prior to the maintenance of tiger shrimp, an acclimatization process was carried out for three hours, then a gradual adaptation process was carried out by steadily lowering the salinity of saltwater according to the treatment.
Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
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, 119Ae128 .
For example, the decrease in water salinity from an initial salinity of 15A is decreased to 10A using the formula utilized.
The procedure of lowering salinity was carried out for five days until the water in the culture medium had the salinity required by the treatment.
The change of water during the acclimation phase is carried out at 25% of the total volume three times a week and is carried out at 07.
00 pm, and water quality is checked.
Water quality measurements were carried out before the water change at 06.
00 pm and the next measurement after the water change was carried out at 06.
00 am.
Shrimp feeding Feeding was given six times delivering as much as 5% of the weight of the shrimp.
The meal given is in the form of commercial feed in the form of Fishery Shrimp Flake (TOPA) 40% protein and Artemia (Supreme PlusA).
Feeding is done at 07.
00 pm, 08.
00 pm, 12.
00 am, 04.
00 am, 00 am, and 08.
00 am.
Artemia feeding was provided at 07.
00 pm and 06.
00 am.
While giving flakes is done every four hours, every morning, evening, and night.
The procedure of blending S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet by enhancing artemia and mixing it with flake feed, prior to feeding the artemia, soak it in 50 mL of S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet solution and then dissolve it in 100 mL of water, and stir until uniformly distributed.
Soak the artemia for 30 minutes, then drain it and give it to the shrimp.
The flake feed is blended with S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet at a dose of 50 mL, then dissolved in 100 mL of water, swirled until equally distributed, then sprayed on the flake feed using a syringe, airdried for 15 minutes, and then fed to the shrimp.
Shrimp Vibrio bacteria screening Shrimp larvae that were used in this research were screening Vibrio bacteria, and all larvae were free from Vibrio sp.
detection using the isolation larvae in TCBSA medium and cultured at 37AC for 48 hours for evidence of growth.
All shrimp samples must be free from Vibrio bacteria.
Experimental The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD), with each of the three treatments repeated three times.
Thus, in this study, there were nine experimental units, and each unit contained 50 shrimp.
The treatments in this study were as follows:
P0: Salinity 10A, with the addition of S.
and Z.
P1: Salinity 15A, with the addition of S.
and Z.
P2: Salinity 20A, with the addition of S.
and Z.
A change of water media of as much as 50 % of the total volume is carried out three times a week at 8:00 pm, and air quality control is carried Water quality measurements were carried out before the water change at 07.
00 am, and the next measurement after the water change was carried out at 05.
00 am.
Research parameters Growth and survival rate Shrimp weight at the conclusion of the trial and shrimp weight gain served as the studyAos primary The following calculating method is based on the formulas developed by Zeynali et al.
and Hardi et al.
Note:
SGR
= Weight gain .
= Final body weight .
= Initial body weight .
= Specific growth rate = Research time .
= Survival rate (%) = Total final shrimp = Total initial shrimp Isolation total bacteria and Vibrio sp.
Each sample from each group research were rinsed thoroughly with sterile distilled water.
Alongside the microbial evaluation of the sterile distilled water washing, the washed samples were also assessed for bacterial growth by mutilating, macerating, and smashing into the distilled water.
Dilution and plating by spread plate method were carried out soon after sampling.
Approximate 15 mL of Plate Count Agar (PCA) for total bacteria and thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose (TCBS) Agar for Vibrio sp.
After inoculation, plates were inverted and placed in incubator at 37AC for 48 hours for evidence of growth.
A total six samples have been analyzed in terms of total bacteria and Vibrio sp.
(Loo et al.
, 2.
Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
/ Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 25 .
, 119Ae128 .
Water quality monitoring Water quality factors such as dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, ammonia (NH.
, nitrate (NO.
, nitrite (NO.
, phosphorus (PO.
, total organic matter, and alkalinity were assessed by The Water Quality Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty of Sciences.
Mulawarman University, accredited by Indonesia number (KAN) LP-1074-IDN .
rom February 24, 2021, until December 22, 2.
dan preparasi sampel diambil oleh petugas dari Lab.
Kualitas Air FPIK UNMUL sesuai dengan SNI : 6964.
08:2015.
Up until the forty-first day of the year, measurements are made every three Data analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze all experiment data, including survival, weight increase, specific growth rate, total bacteria, and total Vibrio sp.
DuncanAos Multiple Range Test was then used to assess differences between treatments.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In 40 days, shrimp cultured in different salinity with S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet supplement, were no significant differences (P>0.
in final weight of shrimp (Figure .
, body weight gain (Figure .
, and specific growth rate (Figure .
Tiger shrimp Figure 1.
TOPA brand flake shrimp feed.
Figure 2.
Average final weight of Shrimp culture in different salinity with S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet application.
Figure 3.
Weight gain of Shrimp culture in different salinity with S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet application.
Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
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, 119Ae128 .
were grown at 10A with the addition of S.
and Z.
zerumbet, which resulted in a maximum weight gain .
and higher average final weights and weight gains.
Similar to daily growth, maintaining at a salinity of 10A while applying ferox and Z.
zerumbet enhanced tiger shrimp SGR above other salinities.
however, maintaining at other salinities while applying S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet had no discernible impact on shrimp Survival rates (Figure .
of Shrimp larvae cultured in salinities of 10, 15, and 20A were 100% and no significantly different (P>0.
Examination of total bacteria and total Vibrio on shrimp and rearing media was carried out at the beginning and end of the study.
The results showed that raising shrimp at a salinity of 10 and 15 A and administering S.
ferox and Z.
could suppress total bacterial growth (Table .
in the shrimpAos body and was significantly different between salinities 20A (P<0.
As well as the total bacteria in the culture media, maintenance with a different salinity from the application of S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet has a total bacterium (Table .
that is up to 102 CFU/mL in 20A salinity.
While the bacteria Vibrio sp.
were not found growing on media or on tiger shrimp.
Discussion Several studies on the success of raising shrimp at low salinity depend heavily on their health conditions.
healthy shrimp have a very fast adaptation ability and only take 3Ae4 days to get used to living at low salinity (Iber & Kasan, 2.
Research by Gao et al.
and Pimentel et al.
showed that when P.
vannamei shrimp were reared at low salinity, only 30% of the Figure 4.
Specific growth rate (%) of shrimp culture in different salinity with S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet application.
Figure 5.
Survival rate of shrimp culture in different salinity with S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet application.
Table 1.
Total counts and Vibrio sp.
detection of shrimp culture in different salinity with S.
ferox and Z.
Zerumbet
Sample Shrimp Total count
CFU/mL) Water Total count
CFU/mL) D40
D40
Shrimp total Vibrio
(CFU/mL) Water total Vibrio
(CFU/mL) D40
D40
02 A 0.
0 A 0.
00 A 0.
230 A 0.
01 A 0.
5 A 0.
30 A 0.
280 A 0.
02 A 0.
Note: No, not growth.
0 A 0.
20 A 0.
350 A 0.
Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
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shrimp could survive.
Silva et al.
stated that tiger shrimp reared at a salinity of 5Ae10A had a survival rate of 50%.
Pimentel et al.
further explained that L.
vannamei shrimp can live 100% at a salinity of 5A through a gradual acclimation procedure.
The adaptation process of moving to low salinity is a determining factor for success.
The adjustment in salinity in this study was carried out in stages within seven days by reducing the salinity of seawater from 25A to 10, 15, and 20A, resulting in a high survival rate of 100%.
This process of gradual reduction in salinity provides enough time for the shrimp to be able to change the ionic concentration of the body to reach a stable condition (Pimentel et al.
, 2.
this study, tiger shrimp reared at a salinity of 10Ae 20A with the addition of S.
ferox and Z.
survived 100%.
The gradual acclimatization process and administration of immunostimulants were a combination of stages that made this research successful.
Valencia-Castayeda et al.
study observed an increase in the survival of the same species after an acclimation period of 72 The gradual acclimatization process and administration of S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet are the main factors in the 100% survival of these tiger Table 2.
Water quality of shrimp culture.
Variable Temperature (AC) Dissolved Oxygen .
g/L) Salinity (A) Ammonia (NH.
g/L) Nitrate (NO.
g/L) Nitrite (NO.
g/L) Phosphate (PO.
g/L) Total Organic Matter .
g/L) Alkalinity .
g/L) Reference: * Ndunguru et al.
Groups Range value* Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
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, 119Ae128 .
In addition to reducing the influence of factors other than salinity and S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet, this study implemented water changes taking into account the salinity in the rearing container so that water quality suitable for tiger shrimp was obtained (Rahi et al.
, 2021.
Golder et , 2.
Water quality includes DO 3-5 mg/L, recommended Alkalinity Ou100 mg/L, and in this treatment range, 66Ae120 mg/L (Pantjara et al.
, and overall water quality in all cultivation media at a salinity of 10, 15, and 20A have appropriate ranges for tiger prawn cultivation.
Rahi et al.
once reviewed that tiger shrimp reared at a salinity of <20A experienced a slowdown in growth, the number of deaths increased, and their susceptibility to infection increased, but this did not happen in this study, the average individual weight of P.
was reared at salinities of 10, 15, 20 ppt did not experience a difference in growth (P<0.
This indicated that at low salinities <20A the shrimp could still grow well, administration of S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet helped increase the immune system so that the shrimp were in healthy condition, physiologically stable, shrimp appetite is normal, metabolism is stable so growth remains good (Moshtaghi et al.
, 2018.
Yilmaz and Goluch, 2.
Rearing at low salinity has beneficial effects in aquaculture, including breaking the chain of development of pathogens that usually attack shrimp, reducing the speed of growth of pathogens, and reducing the virulence of pathogens, so that actually rearing tiger shrimp at a salinity of <20A can be a solution to disease problems (Deris et al.
, 2.
Several species of shrimp.
Panaeus sp.
, can adapt well to low salinity:
brevirostris, and stylirostris (Ye et al.
, 2.
Maintenance at low salinity is actually believed to be a solution for tiger shrimp cultivation in ponds in the face of climate change, which causes fluctuations in water quality.
Administration of plant extract as an immunomodulator is also effective in increasing the success of shrimp ferox and Z.
zerumbet been reported to increase the immune system of fish (Hardi et al.
2019a,b,c.
, vannamei shrimp (Umma et al.
, 2.
, and tiger shrimp (Hardi et , 2022.
The results of this study showed that the difference in salinity of 5A did not show any significant difference in the growth and survival rate of tiger shrimp.
The administration of S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet helped increase shrimp adaptation while increasing growth, so that shrimp growth remained good even though the media salinity was low.
Research on tiger shrimp showed that S.
and Z.
zerumbet was able to suppress Vibrio sp.
(Hardanu, 2.
and increase the total number of hemoglobin in tiger shrimp (Hardi et al.
, 2022.
Furthermore.
Ye et al.
and Reiser et al.
reported that the growth of tiger shrimp was better in seawater with a salinity of >25A, this was a factor in decreasing pond productivity due to a decrease in seawater salinity due to climate change.
However, in this study, growth and survival did not differ at low and high salinities.
Shrimp growth at low salinity is slower than that at ideal salinity.
Additional research indicates that an isoosmotic environment substantially influences digestion and growth in fish (Faulana & Rohmah, 2.
Taqwa et al.
stated that post larvae of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vanname.
cultivated in low salinity necessitate additional feed with enhanced protein to promote Another study showed that monodons survived and grew better when the salinity was over 20A, but they did not test yields below 20A (ValenciaCastayeda et al.
, 2.
Based on the findings of this study, it appears that low salinity does not seem to affect osmotic regulation as far as growth and survival rates in tiger shrimp are concerned.
tiger shrimp growth in low-saline waters shows that salinity is not the only limiting factor for its Although some researchers explain how salinity will affect growth and survival, lower salinity affects physiological stress because most of the shrimpAos energy is used in osmoregulation, limiting growth and preventing them from reaching commercial size.
CONCLUSION
The research results show that the average number of bacteria in the media and tiger shrimp is lower, and no Vibrio sp.
are found growing.
Shrimp growth and survival rate were stable in a 5A fluctuation salinity medium.
This shows that the secondary metabolites of the extract are able to suppress bacterial growth, and the extracts of S.
ferox and Z.
zerumbet can help improve the adaptation of shrimp to live in a salinity range of 5A.
Both extracts have the potential to be used in the cultivation of P.
monodon culture in ponds with salinity fluctuations ranging from 10 to 20A.
Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
/ Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 25 .
, 119Ae128 .
Esti Handayani Hardi et al.
/ Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 25 .
, 119Ae128 .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The researchers express their gratitude for the assistance provided by the Directorate General of Higher Education.
Research, and Technology.
Ministry of Education.
Culture.
Research, and Technology, who generously sponsored our project with Grant Number 495/UN17.
L1/
HK/2023.
Acknowledgements are extended to the Peatland and Mangrove Restoration Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BRGM RI), as well as the esteemed academic institutions, including Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science.
Faculty of Forestry.
Faculty of Agriculture, and Faculty of Law.
Furthermore, gratitude is expressed to the dedicated lecturers and students who actively participated in this project in 2021 and 2022.
REFERENCES