Indonesian Dental Association Journal of Indonesian Dental Association http://jurnal.
id/index.
php/jida ISSN: 2621-6183 (Prin.
ISSN: 2621-6175 (Onlin.
The Effectivity of Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
Decoction Against The Growth of Candida albicans Putu Chintya Nitiyani Santika1.
Janti Sudiono2A 1 Undergraduate Student.
Faculty of Dentistry.
Trisakti University.
Indonesia 2 Department of Oral Pathology.
Faculty of Dentistry.
Trisakti University.
Indonesia Received date: August 30, 2019.
Accepted date: January 14, 2020.
Published date: February 20, 2020.
KEYWORDS
Candida albicans.
Tamarillo decoction ABSTRACT Introduction: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that can become a pathogen which causes candidiasis when the condition of the oral cavity is imbalanced.
Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
) is a low-fat and low-calorie fruit that has high nutritional value and provides a number of micronutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and chemical compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins.
The pharmacological effects of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins are antimicrobial and anti-fungal.
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
) decoction against the growth of Candida albicans.
Method:
The concentrations of tamarillo decoction used in this study were 6.
25, 12.
5, 25, 50, and 100%.
This experimental laboratory study used the well diffusion method by measuring the diameter of the inhibitory zone.
Nystatin and distilled water were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively.
Results: Result showed that Tamarillo has antibacterial effect against Candida albicans.
The decoction of 50% tamarillo was found to be the minimum inhibitory concentration on Candida albicans.
Conclusion: Starting at a 50% concentration, tamarillo decoction is an effective growth inhibitor of Candida albicans.
Hence, this natural product might be applied as an adjunctive therapy for oral candidiasis.
However, further studied are still needed to confirm this result.
A Corresponding Author E-mail address: jantish@hotmail.
com (Sudiono J) DOI: 10.
32793/jida.
Copyright: A2020 Santika PCN.
Sudiono J.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original author and sources are credited.
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association 2020 3.
, 7-10 Santika PCN, et al.
INTRODUCTION
weight decreased malondialdehyde .
52 nmol/mL to 04 nmol/mL) within white male rat (Rattus norvegicus strain wista.
blood contaminated by carbon 14 Another study revealed that flavonoids found within a decoction of papaya leaves inhibited the growth of Candida albicans due to their anti-fungal 15 An additional study revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, polyphenols, and tannins found within a mango leaf ethanol extract were active antifungal components.
16 Extract of Gelinggang leaves (Cassia alata L.
) and Rosella flower leaves (Hibiscus sabdariffa Lin.
have also been shown to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.
17,18 Based on these studies, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
) fruit decoction against the growth of Candida albicans.
Candida infections are often found in the Indonesian population whereas one of these commonly found infections is oral candidiasis.
1 In Indonesia, oral candidiasis account for 50Ae60% of candidiasis found in the human.
2 Candidiasis occurs throughout the world, infecting males and females of every age, although it affects females more often .
%) than males.
3 Candida albicans is part of the normal flora of oral, digestive, and vaginal mucosa.
4 However, it is an opportunistic species that can become a pathogen if the ecosystem within the oral cavity is imbalanced.
5 This imbalance occurs if the immune system is suppressed.
if the skin has constant humidity from sweat, water, urine, or saliva.
or if oral consumption of antibiotics is routine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Candida infection requires anti-fungal therapy.
However, the use of anti-fungal therapy may cause fungal resistance and other side effects such as rash, abdominal pain, diarrhea, indigestion, headache.
Traditional therapy for Candida infection has been started recommended for use more recently in developing countries, including Indonesia.
This traditional or herbal therapy has been used as a public choice due to minimal side effects and decreased risk of resistance, has the capability to replace synthetic drugs.
8 The potency of herbal therapy has often been proved empirically.
Diseases that are not curable by medical therapies may be cured by herbal therapy.
9 Traditional or herbal therapy uses based material derived from plant and natural Herbal therapy has continued to be popular among population because the material of this therapy are easily found.
10 One such example of herbal therapy is that which uses tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
), more commonly known as the Aufruit of Terung Belanda.
Ay The population of this experimental laboratory study was the Candida albicans wild-type strain ATCC 10231 derived from the laboratory culture of the Microbiology Center of Research and Education (MiCORE).
Faculty of Dentistry.
Trisakti University.
One needle was used to obtain one colony from this bank culture of Candida albicans and place it into a broth heart infusion (BHI) It was then incubated for 24h at a temperature of 37AC.
The sample herbal plant used was tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
) fruit from the collection of Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (BALITRO).
Bogor.
As much as 100g, or 4 tamarillo fruits, was cut into small pieces and decocted within 1L of water at a temperature of 90AC for 5min to obtain a 50mL tamarillo decoction with concentration of 100%.
The 100% concentration of decoction was diluted into concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.
5% and 6.
Nystatin and aquadest were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively.
After Candida albicans was incubated, it was cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) media.
A hole was made in each SDA culture of Candida albicans, and then the holes were filled with various concentrations of the tamarillo decoction and the positive and negative controls.
These mixtures were then incubated at 37AC for 24h.
Three repeated samples were used for each concentration.
The inhibitory zone was measured in millimeters by a caliper.
In Indonesia, tamarillo is not popular as herbal plant among population, even though it is a local commodity that is easily produced.
11 Therefore research of the tamarillo fruit is necessary to establish the fruitAos potency as herbal medicine.
The fruit is low-fat, low-calorie, and high-protein, contains various micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and bioactive components like flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, and 12 Flavonoids have been revealed to have antimicrobial properties, especially those within the terpenoid flavonoid, flavon, and isoflavon groups.
The high potency of flavonoids to delay the growth of pathogen spores of plants is the basis of proposed flavonoid usage to treat fungal human pathogens.
Statistical Analysis Data was analyzed using One way ANOVA test and Shapiro-Wilk test for normality data test.
p< 0.
05 was set for the significant level.
Statistical calculations were performed with SPSS Statistics for Windows software version 20 (IBM.
USA).
A previous study proved the effectiveness of tamarillo fruit (Solanum betaceu.
An effective dose of tamarillo fruit .
s much as 200 mg/kg body Journal of Indonesian Dental Association 2020 3.
, 7-10 Santika PCN, et al.
RESULTS
The tamarillo fruit used in this study was Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
This selection was based on the determination test of herbal plant taxonomy at Bogor Institute of Sciences Balitro.
Bogor.
Indonesia.
The phytochemical test of the tamarillo fruit decoction was performed in BALITRO.
The results of the test are shown in Table 1.
The inhibitory zone diameters of the different concentrations of the tamarillo fruit decoction, as well as those of the positive and negative controls, are shown in Table 2 and Fig.
As seen in Table 2, the means of the inhibitory zone diameter of the 100% and 50% concentrations were 8.
71 mm and 8.
19 mm, respectively.
The data were normally distributed .
s shown by the results of the Shapiro-Wilk test.
p>0.
One way ANOVA test also showed a significant difference between concentration of 50% and 100% compared to the negative control with p<0.
Figure 1.
Means of the inhibitory zone diameter of the positive control, tamarillo decoction extract, and negative Candida albicans occurred started at concentrations of The inhibitory potential is categorized into four grades: low, middle, strong, and quite strong.
The grade of inhibitory diameter zones are categorized as < 10mm, 10Ae15 mm, 16Ae20 mm, and > 20mm for low, middle, strong, and quite strong, respectively.
17 In the present study, among concentration of the tamarillo fruit decoction, the 100% concentration had the highest inhibitory zone with the inhibitory zone of .
71A0.
This potency was lower than the positive control of nystatin .
05A0.
56 m.
This study also found that the 50% concentration of the tamarillo fruit decoction was the lowest concentration that still had the potency .
19A0.
34 m.
to inhibit the growth of Candida Table 1.
Phytochemical contents of the tamarillo fruit decoction (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
Results Alkaloid Saponin Tannin Phenol Flavonoid Triterpenoid Steroid Glycoside The potency of tamarillo decoction used in this study against Candida albicans was categorized as low grade.
It is assumed that this low grade potency correlated with the polarity of solution used in this decoction process that was water as non polar solution.
It is in accordance with the previous study that the polarity potential of the solution used influences the extractAos diffusion process into an SDA medium.
Extract by polar solution more easily penetrates the SDA medium, resulting in maximal inhibition of the growth of fungal colonies.
19 The result of this study also in proper with previous study of methanol and ethanol extract herbal plant such as Gelinggang leaves.
Rosella flower against Candida albicans that showed higher inhibition grade than those of tamarillo decoction used in this study.
17,18
Table 2.
Inhibitory zone diameters of the tamarillo decoction extracts (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
) and the positive and negative controls.
Concentration (%) Mean A SD Positive control Negative control 05 A 0.
71 A 0.
19 A 0.
The results of the phytochemical test in this study showed the presence of flavonoids and saponins within the tamarillo fruit decoction.
Both flavonoids and saponins are known for their anti-fungal potency.
20 Low grade inhibition potency of tamarillo decoction in this study might due to less concentration of secondary metabolite compound within the decoction that was needed to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.
DISCUSSION
This study showed that the inhibitory potential of tamarillo fruit decoction extract against the growth of Candida albicans occurred started at concentrations of Journal of Indonesian Dental Association 2020 3.
, 7-10 Santika PCN, et al.
CONCLUSION
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Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.
) fruit decoction showed an inhibitory potential against the growth of Candida albicans, starting with a concentration of 50%.
The concentration of 50% was the minimum inhibitory concentration, while the strongest inhibitory concentration was found at 100%.
Hence, this natural product might be applied as an adjunctive therapy for oral candidiasis.
However, further studied are still needed to confirm this result.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest in this study.
REFERENCES