Molekul, Vol. 20. No. 2, July 2025: 318 – 329

Articles

MOLEKUL
eISSN: 2503-0310

https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.13677

Eco-friendly Sunscreen: Aloe vera and Garlic-Shallot Peel Extract Formulation for Enhanced SPF
Sri Mulyani1,2*, Arumsasi Putri Nugrahani1, Karima Majid1, Elfi Susanti VH1, Sri Retno Dwi Ariani1,
Suryadi Budi Utomo1, Muhammad Hizbul Wathon1 , Widiastuti Agustina Eko Setyowati1
Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher and Training Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret,
Surakarta, Indonesia
2
Center for Research and Development of Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Universitas Sebelas Maret,
Surakarta, Indonesia
1

*Corresponding author email: srimulyaniuns@staff.uns.ac.id
Received December 06, 2024; Accepted June 03, 2025; Available online July 20, 2025
ABSTRACT. In the past 5 years, research has reported that chemical sunscreen products pose risks of irritation and
environmental impact, necessitating safer natural alternatives, such as eco-friendly sunscreen. This study aimed to formulate
a natural sunscreen by combining Aloe vera gel with garlic-shallot peel waste extracts and evaluate their solar protection
factor (SPF), physical stability, overall quality, and organoleptic-hedonic test. The Aloe vera and extracts of garlic and shallot
peels were prepared using modified infusion and solvent extraction techniques. The sunscreen formulas were created in nine
variations with different concentrations of natural ingredient combinations. SPF values were determined in vitro using UV/Vis
spectrophotometry, and the physical stabilities were tested using the cycling method. Overall quality tests were performed
using the method as described in the standard and requirements for sunscreen products in Indonesia (SNI 16-4399-1996),
and the procedure for determining the organoleptic-hedonic test referred to the organoleptic and/or sensory testing
instructions (SNI 01-2346-2006). The results showed that all nine formulations met most of the quality standards of
sunscreen. However, the panelist preferred formulas without garlic and shallot extracts due to the prominent odor of garlic
and shallot. Further studies will be performed by combining them with fragrances that panelists prefer to cover the
deficiencies in unpreferred odors. Formulas with garlic and shallot peel extracts have ultra-protection SPF values, though
their effectiveness decreased with increased Aloe vera concentrations. These results indicate that garlic and shallot peel waste
have the potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly sunscreen ingredients with high UV protection capabilities.
Keywords: Aloe vera, garlic peel, shallot peel, SPF, sunscreen

INTRODUCTION
The skin has a vital protective function, with the
melanin layer acting as a natural UV shield. The
epidermis absorbs some UV-A rays, the stratum
corneum absorbs 70% of UV-B rays, and the deeper
layers absorb an additional 20% (Yusharyahya,
2021). Although UV rays help produce vitamin D,
essential for bone and immune health, excessive
exposure can damage it into toxic steroids, which
cause oxidative stress and the formation of free
radicals. It can lead to skin damage, such as dryness,
wrinkles, and even skin cancer (Putri et al., 2019;
Oktaviasari & Zulkarnain, 2017). Sunscreens provide
extra protection, with chemical types absorbing UV
rays and physical types such as titanium dioxide
reflecting them. The SPF value is an indicator to
measure how effective and how long sunscreen is in
protecting the skin. Sunscreen with a high SPF value
has a high level of protection in protecting the skin
from UV rays (Widyawati et al., 2019).
Chemical-based sunscreen formulations dominate
the market, while sunscreens with natural additives are

rarely commercially available. Although chemical
sunscreens effectively protect the skin from UV rays,
they have limitations, such as the potential for skin
irritation, allergies, and negative environmental
impact (Burns et al., 2022; DiNardo & Downs, 2018).
Therefore, the development of natural alternatives,
which are considered safer, have good tolerance to
the skin, are more environmentally friendly, and offer
additional benefits, such as antioxidant properties
(Cartika et al., 2022). Antioxidants, such as
flavonoids, can be used as sunscreens because they
contain chromophore groups that absorb UV-A and
UV-B rays (Noviardi et al., 2019).
Aloe vera, garlic, and shallots are plants rich in
antioxidants. Aloe vera is a plant that is easily found in
various places and has many benefits. It is known for
its rich active compounds and moisturizing properties.
Aloe vera is considered to have a high water content
and 75 active compounds, including phenolics with
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Septiani
et al., 2020; Hamman, 2008). Garlic (Allium sativum)
and shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) peels are

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Eco-friendly Sunscreen: Aloe vera and Garlic-Shallot Peel
waste that contain rich antioxidants and active
compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and
quercetin (Wijayanti et al.,2017; Octaviani et al.,
2019). Despite their high antioxidant content, garlic
and shallot peels remain underutilized in cosmetic
applications, representing a missed opportunity for
sustainable innovation in sunscreen formulation.
Until now, there has been no information about
combining garlic peel extract and shallot peel extract
with Aloe vera gel in skin care. Therefore, this study
aims to introduce innovation by utilizing agricultural
waste from garlic and shallot peels as active
ingredients, combined with Aloe vera gel, to create
natural sunscreen. This innovation supports
sustainability principles, adds value to agricultural
waste, and results in a functional product that offers
protection and effective skin care.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Materials
Garlic peel and shallot peel were obtained from
the Pasar Gede market in Surakarta, Central Java
Province, Indonesia, and Aloe vera from agricultural
land in the Klaten, Central Java Province, Indonesia.
The chemical materials used in this study were
purchased from Merck, including methanol, ethanol,
liquid paraffin, cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, nipasol,
nipagin, allantoin, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil,
TEA, glycerin, propylene glycol, titanium dioxide
(TiO₂). This study also used materials purchased from
other producers, such as distilled water, methylene
blue, standard buffer solutions, filter paper, aluminum
foil, plastic wrap, and avocado oil.
Preparation of Garlic Peel and Shallot Peel Extracts
Garlic peel and shallot peel extracts were prepared
using the maceration method according to Octaviani,
et al. (2019) with modifications. Garlic peel powder
100 g was macerated with 1 liter of 70% ethanol for

Sri Mulyani, et al.

24 hours in a dark bottle and then filtered. The residue
obtained was macerated four times again. Filtrates
obtained were collected and evaporated using a rotary
evaporator at 60 °C. Shallot peel was extracted using
methanol using the same maceration procedure
described above. The resulting extracts were then
saved in a refrigerator for further use.
Phytochemical Screening of Shallot Peel Extract and
Garlic Peel Extract
Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried
out per standard methods described by Harborne
(1998) and Nortjie et al. (2022). Detection of alkaloids
was performed using Wagner’s reagent, detection of
flavonoids using Mg powder and concentrated HCl,
detection of saponins using hot water and foam
formed, and detection of tannins using 1% FeCl3
reagent.
Preparation of Aloe Vera Gel
The Aloe vera gel was prepared using a modified
infusion method from Dewi & Marniza (2019). First,
Aloe vera leaves were washed to remove latex, with
the base cut and left for 15 minutes to drain the yellow
latex. The leaves were rinsed, cut into 10 cm pieces,
and peeled. The gel was washed, blended smoothly,
filtered, and preserved. Finally, the gel was sterilized
in an autoclave at 120 °C for 15 minutes and stored
in a closed container at a low temperature.
Preparation of Sunscreen Cream Formulation
The formulation of the sunscreen cream is shown
in Table 1. The preparation of the sunscreen cream
base followed Puspitasari & Setyowati (2018) method
with modifications. First, the oil phase was prepared
by heating liquid paraffin, avocado oil, cetyl alcohol,
stearic acid, nipasol, and PEG-40 hydrogenated
castor oil in a water bath at 70˚C until thoroughly
melted, then stirred. Meanwhile, the water phase was
heated by combining TEA, glycerin, propylene glycol,

Table 1. Sunscreen cream formulation
Total Composition (gram)
F0 (-)
F0 (+)
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Emollient (a mixture of
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
liquid paraffin, avocado
oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated
castor oil, and allantoin)
Emulsifier (a mixture of
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
cetyl alcohol, stearic acid,
and TEA) and Humectant
(a mixture of glycerin and
PG)
Preservative (a mixture of 0.225 0.225 0.225 0.225 0.225
0.225 0.225 0.225 0.225
nipasol and nipagin)
Titanium dioxide
1.5
Garlic peel extract
1
1
1
1
1
Shallot peel extract
1
1
1
1
1
Aloe vera gel
1
1
3
5
1
3
5
Distilled water
Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100
Ingredients

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Molekul, Vol. 20. No. 2, July 2025: 318 – 329
nipagin, allantoin, and distilled water to 70˚C, stirring
until blended. The oil phase was then gradually added
to the water phase while continuously mixing until a
semi-solid cream base formed. Once at 70˚C, extracts
and gel were incorporated into the water phase.
SPS value Measurement and Protection Duration
Calculation
SPF values were measured in vitro using UV-Vis
spectrophotometry with chloroform and 96% ethanol
blank solution, according to Pratama & Zulkarnain
(2015) and Yuliati et al. (2023). About 0.2 grams of
sunscreen was dissolved in 50 ml of the chloroformethanol mixture (1:1), and measure the absorbance at
5 nm intervals across 290-320 nm. The SPF value was
calculated using the formula:
320

SPF = CF × ∑

EE(λ) × I(λ) × absorbance(λ)

290

Description:
CF
= Correction factor (valued at 10)
EE
= Erythemal effect of radiation at the
wavelength
I
= Spectrum of simulated solar radiation
Abs
= Absorbance value of the sunscreen cream
formulation
Physical Testing of Sunscreen Cream Formulation
Physical testing followed the procedure outlined in
SNI 16-4399-1996 for sunscreen (DSN, 1996).
Details of the procedure for each physical test
conducted were described in the following reference:
(1) physical stability testing using two methods, the
cycling method followed the procedure Lumentut et al.
(2020) carried out and the storage method at a
temperature of 4 ˚C and a room temperature (28 +
2 ˚C) followed the procedure performed by Noviardi
et al. (2019); (2) spreadability testing and pH testing
followed the Noviardi et al., (2019) procedure; (3)
physical observation and homogeneity testing
followed the procedure outlined in Puspitasari et al.
(2018); and (4) cream type testing used dye dispersion
and dilution with distilled water methods follows
Usman & Muin (2020) procedure.
Organoleptic Test of Sunscreen Cream Formulas
Using Scoring and Hedonic Methods
The organoleptic/sensory test used the scoring and
hedonic (preference) methods according to the
organoleptic and/or sensory testing instructions in SNI
01-2346-2006 (BSN, 2006). This test was conducted
to observe the physical appearance of the sunscreen
cream formulation based on physical assessments by
30 untrained panelists, including color, odor, shape,
and texture. Scoring and preference methods used
scales 1 to 9. The data were then tabulated and
analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.
Data Analysis
The test results of the cream physical were
evaluated against SNI 16-4399-1996 standards for
sunscreen (DSN, 1996). Organoleptic test for the
scoring method and hedonic method were analyzed

using the One-Way ANOVA with a 95% confidence
level to observe significant differences between
sunscreen cream formulations, followed by Duncan's
test to examine the average differences for each
treatment (Novita et al., 2017). SPF values were
assessed with a 95% confidence level, applying nonparametric tests because data did not meet normality
or homogeneity requirements.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study aimed to formulate and evaluate
sunscreen creams combining Aloe vera gel with garlic
and shallot peel extracts, focusing on their SPF values,
physical stability, overall quality, and hedonic test
results. The results presented below highlight the
effectiveness of these natural ingredients in meeting
the study’s objectives and their potential for
sustainable sunscreen development.
The Results of The Phytochemical Test for Shallot Peel
and Garlic Peel Extracts
The phytochemical screening results revealed that
the methanol extract of shallot peels and the ethanol
extract of garlic peels contain alkaloids, flavonoids,
saponins, and tannins. Most results were identical
when we compared them to other researchers, even
though they used a different solvent (Table 2). The
presence of these compounds supports the potential of
the extracts as active ingredients for the development
of natural health and cosmetic products.
Alkaloids are commonly found in plant tissues
(Maisarah et al., 2023) and exhibit anti-inflammatory
and anti-aging activities (Singh et al., 2025).
Flavonoids, a class of phenolic compounds, function
as antioxidants by donating hydrogen atoms or
chelating metal ions, contribute to photoprotective and
anti-inflammatory activities (Čižmárová et al., 2023),
and exist freely as aglycones or glycosides
(Purwaningsih & Deskawati, 2021). Saponins are
soluble in polar solvents and possess relatively high
molecular weights (Yuliati et al., 2023). The saponins
are triterpene glycosides, have potential as antiinflammatory agents and provide a natural
emulsifying effect that is beneficial in topical
formulations, enhancing the stability of active
ingredients (Sharma et al., 2023). Tannins are the
polyphenol class, characterized by their polar nature
(Putri & Lubis, 2020), and exhibit astringent activity,
which can help tighten skin pores (Desiyana et al.,
2016).
Preparation Results of the Garlic Peel and Shallot Peel
Extract, and Aloe vera Gel
The resulting weight of the thickened ethanol
extract of garlic peel was 15.25 grams with an
extract yield of 15.25%. The ethanol extract of garlic
peel has a thick texture, brownish-yellow color,
and a characteristic garlic peel odor. The resulting
weight of the thickened methanol extract of shallot
peel was 9.70 grams, with an extract yield of 9.7%.
The methanol extract of shallot peel has a semi-solid

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Eco-friendly Sunscreen: Aloe vera and Garlic-Shallot Peel
texture, deep reddish-brown color, and a
characteristic shallot peel odor. The resulting Aloe vera
gel has a thick, slightly liquid consistency, is yellowish
white in color, and has the characteristic odor of Aloe
vera.
Physical Testing of Sunscreen Cream Formulas

Physical observation, homogeneity, and pH of
sunscreen cream formulas

The sunscreen cream was made into nine formulas
(Figure 1), with one formula as the cream base (F0),
seven formulas (F1 until F7) made with varying
concentrations of active ingredients to determine the
best sunscreen cream formula with the optimal
combination of active ingredients, and one formula
with TiO2 as a positive control, F0(+).
All sunscreen cream preparations have a semisolid (paste) form and a soft texture, indicating that the
sunscreen cream preparations are stable and meet the
required standards. Variations in the formulas' color
and odor are influenced by adding Aloe vera gel and
garlic-shallot peel extract, as observed in Figure 1 and
Table 3. The sunscreen base, F0(-), is bright white and
odorless because it contains no garlic-shallot peel
extracts.

Sri Mulyani, et al.

The homogeneity test conducted on the nine
sunscreen formulas showed no clumps or spots,
indicating that the formulas were homogeneous.
The pH test results presented in Table 3 revealed
that the pH values of the formulas ranged from
5.2 to 6.8. These results comply with the SNI 164399-1996 standard for sunscreen cream products
in Indonesia., which specifies that a good-quality
cream should be free from grains, clumps, or
spots when applied or rubbed, and its pH should
fall within the range of 4.5 to 7.5. These results
indicate that the sunscreen formulas are safe for
use on the skin without causing dryness or potential
irritation.
The pH test results indicated that increasing
the concentration of extracts in the cream formulas
tends to lower the pH value. These results may be
attributed to the presence of flavonoid compounds
in the methanol extract of shallot peel, the ethanol
extract of garlic peel, and Aloe vera gel, which act as
weak acids, thereby reducing the pH of the sunscreen
cream formulas or making them more acidic (Puspita
et al., 2021).

Table 2. Phytochemical screening test results of shallot and garlic peels extracts compared with other researchers
References
No

Compound
Groups

This research
Shallot
Peel
Methanol
Extract

Garlic
Peel
ethanol
Extract

Verma et al., 2018
Shallot
Peel
Methanol
Extract

Shallot
Peel
Ethanol
Extract

Shallot
Peel
Aqueous
Extract

Wijayanti &
Rosyid, 2015

Dalhat et al.,
2018

Garlic Peel
Ethanol
Extract

Garlic Peel
Aqueous
Extract

1.

Alkaloid
Mayer
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Wagner
X
X
+
+
Dragendroff
+
+
X
X
X
X
X
2. Flavonoid
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
3. Saponin
+
+
+
X
4. Tannin
+
+
+
+
+
X
+
5. Steroid
X
6. Triterpenoid
X
X
X
X
X
Note: (+) detected to contain the compound, (-) not detected to contain the compound, (x) test not performed
Description:
F0 (-) = Sunscreen Base (SSB)
F0 (+) = SSB + EKBP 1% + EKBM 1% + AV 1%
+ TiO2
F1 = SSB + EKBP 1% + EKBM 1% + AV 0%
F2 = SSB + EKBP 1% + EKBM 1% + AV 1%
F3 = SSB + EKBP 1% + EKBM 1% + AV 3%
F4 = SSB + EKBP 1% + EKBM 1% + AV 5%
F5 = SSB + AV 1%
F6 = SSB + AV 3%
F7 = SSB + AV 5%
EKBP
: Garlic peel ethanol Extract
EKBM
: Shallot peel methanol Extract
AV
: Aloe vera Gel

Figure 1. The nine sunscreen cream formulas
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Molekul, Vol. 20. No. 2, July 2025: 318 – 329
Table 3. pH, color, and odor of sunscreen cream formulas
Formulas
F0 (-)
F0 (+)
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

pH
6.8 ± 0.06
6.4 ± 0.06
5.6 ± 0.00
6.3 ± 0.06
6.0 ± 0.00
5.9 ± 0.06
5.7 ± 0.06
5.5 ± 0.00
5.2 ± 0.06

Color
Bright white
Light brown
Dark brown
Dark brown
Dark brown
Brown
Bright white
Bright white
Bright white

The results of the sunscreen cream stability test

The stability test by storing sunscreen at room
temperature showed that after 28 days, all formulas
had no changes in shape, texture, odor, homogeneity,
and pH, and no separation of the cream emulsion
occurred. These results indicated that the sunscreen
cream product is stable. However, formulas F1, F2,
F3, and F4 experienced a color change, becoming
darker. This phenomenon was due to oxidation of the
active ingredients, such as methanol extract of shallot
peel and ethanol extract of garlic peel, which caused
the color change in the cream. Storage at room
temperature resulted in a more significant decrease in
antioxidant activity compared to storage at low
temperatures, which caused oxidation in the cream
(Nalawati & Wardhana, 2022).
The cream stored at 4 ˚C showed that after 28 days
of observation, all sunscreen cream formulas did not
experience significant physical changes in shape,
texture, odor, or color, which remained relatively
constant. These results showed that storage at low
temperatures can inhibit enzyme activity and other
chemical reactions in the active ingredients, thus
preventing damage without causing undesirable
changes. Additionally, there were no changes in the
sunscreen cream's pH, phase separation, or
homogenization (Wulansari et al., 2020).
From the results of the 6-cycle test, formulas F1, F2,
F3, and F4 experienced a color change, becoming
darker. All formulas showed no texture, odor, or
homogeneity changes, and no phase separation of the
cream occurred. However, all cream formulas
experienced a slight change in shape, becoming more
fluid, although the change was insignificant. Also,
there was a slight change in pH for all formulas after
the cycling test, but the change was insignificant, and
the sunscreen was still within the safe pH range.

Results of spreadability and cream type test of
sunscreen cream formulas
The greater the spreadability of the cream, the
wider the contact between the skin and the cream,
allowing for faster absorption of the cream into the
skin (Rikadyanti et al., 2021). Sunscreen cream is
considered to have good spreadability if its
spreadability ranges between 5-7 cm (DSN, 1996;
Ulaen et al., 2012). The spreadability data of the
sunscreen cream is shown in Table 4.

Odor
Odorless
Slightly pungent
Pungent
Pungent
Pungent
Pungent
Mildly pungent
Mildly pungent
Mildly pungent

The results in Table 4 showed that increasing the
concentration of Aloe vera gel in creams containing
garlic and shallot peel extracts (F1-F4) and those that
did not include them (F5-F7) decreased the
spreadability of the cream. Creams F5-F7 still meet the
ideal spreadability requirements according to SNI 164399-1996 because their range spreadability value is
5-7 cm, while creams F1-F4 did not meet them
because the spreadability is below 5. The higher the
Aloe vera gel content, the more it increased the cream
viscosity, and adding shallot and garlic peel extracts
increased the cream viscosity. This result aligns with
research by Nuraini et al. (2023) that the more
viscosity of the cream preparation, the lower the
cream's spreadability.
Based on the cream type test results, all sunscreen
cream formulas fall into the oil-in-water (O/W) cream
type, where the blue color of methylene blue is
perfectly dispersed in the cream without any lumps,
and it convey to SNI 16-4399-1996. In addition, the
sunscreen cream formula also mixes evenly with
distilled water, indicating that the sunscreen cream is
of the oil-in-water (O/W) type (Rikadyanti et al., 2021).
O/W type creams can be easily washed off with water.
When applied to the skin, the water in the formulation
evaporates, increasing the concentration of watersoluble ingredients and enhancing their absorption
into the skin tissue (Yuni et al., 2023). The O/W type
formula provides a hydrating effect on the skin,
enhancing skin permeability and reducing the risk of
inflammation (Sangande et al., 2021).
Results of Organoleptic Test Using Scoring Method
and Hedonic Method
The organoleptic test results using the Scoring
method can be seen in Table 5, and the Hedonic
method in Table 6. From the color parameter, the
panelists preferred formulas F0(-), F5, F6, and F7,
with the highest final impression score of 7-8 (very
much liked). These four sunscreen creams were bright
white compared to other brown formulas. The brown
color in the sunscreen cream was considered less
appealing. Formula F0(-) from the odor parameter
received the best score, with the highest final
impression score of 5 (neutral). This result is because
the F0(-) tends to be odorless due to the absence of
added extracts and gel.

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Sri Mulyani, et al.

Table 4. Results of spreadability test of sunscreen cream
Test Result
F3

Burden

F0(-)
F0(+)
F1
F2
F4
F5
F6
F7
Without Burden
5.3+0.0 4.1+0.0 4.8+0.0 4.6+0.0 4.5+0.0 4.4+0.0 5.5+0.0 5.2+0.1 5.0+0.0
Average (cm)
Spread Area
22.1+0.0 13.2+0.0 18.1+0.0 16.6+0.0 15.9+0.0 15.2+0.0 23.7+0.0 21.2+0.0 19.6+0.0
(cm2)
50 gr Burden
5.4+0.0 4.2+0.0 4.9+0.1 4.7+0.1 4.6+0.0 4.4+0.0 5.7+0.1 5.3+0.1 5.2+0.0
Average (cm)
Spread Area
22.9+0.0 13.8+0.0 18.8+0.0 17.3+0.0 16.6+0.0 15.2+0.0 25.5+0.0 22.1+0.0 21.2+0.0
(cm2)
100 gr Burden
5.5+0.0 4.3+0.0 4.9+0.1 4.8+0.0 4.7+0.0 4.5+0.0 5.8+0.1 5.4+0.0 5.3+0.0
Average (cm)
Spread Area
23.7+0.0 14.5+0.0 18.8+0.0 18.1+0.0 17.3+0.0 15.9+0.0 26.4+0.0 22.9+0.0 22.1+0.0
(cm2)
150 gr Burden
5.7+0.1 4.4+0.0 5.1+0.0 5.0+0.0 4.8+0.0 4.6+0.1 6.0+0.0 5.5+0.1 5.4+0.0
Average (cm)
Spread Area
25.5+0.0 15.2+0.0 20.4+0.0 19.6+0.0 18.1+0.0 16.6+0.0 28.3+0.0 23.7+0.0 22.9+0.0
(cm2)
200 gr Burden
5.8+0.0 4.5+0.1 5.2+0.1 5.1+0.1 4.9+0.0 4.7+0.0 6.3+0.1 5.6+0.1 5.5+0.0
Average (cm)
Spread Area
26.4+0.0 15.9+0.0 21.2+0.0 20.4+0.0 18.8+0.0 17.3+0.0 31.1+0.0 24.6+0.0 23.7+0.0
(cm2)
Table 5. Organoleptic test results using the scoring method
Parameter

Anova Test

Duncan Test

Color

Significantly
different
between
formulas

Formula F0(-) and F2 show a significant difference between their
formulas. F0(-) received the highest score of 9 from the panelists,
indicating a bright white color. In contrast, F2 received the most
scores of 1 from the panelists, indicating that they agreed formula
F2 has a very dull, dark brown color.

Odor

Significantly
different
between
formulas

Formula F6 received the highest score of 9 from the panelists,
indicating their acceptance of the strong, characteristic odor of the
extract and gel in formula F6.

Form

No significant
difference
between
formulas

Since there was no significant difference between the sunscreen
cream formulas, further Duncan testing was not conducted

Texture

Significantly
different
between
formulas
Note: Scala from 1 to 9

Formulas F4 and F7 have a highly significant difference between
them. Panelists only accepted F4 and F7 in terms of the sunscreen
cream’s texture, with the highest score of 9, indicating a very
smooth texture.

Table 6. Organoleptic test result using the hedonic method
Parameter
F0(-)
F0(+)
Color
8
4
Odor
5
4
Form
8
7-8
Texture
8–9
8
Note: Scala from 1 to 9

Hedonic quality scale for each formula
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
2
2
1
1
7
2
2
1-2
1
4
6
7
6
5-6
7-8
7
7
7
6
8

323

F6
7
4
8
8

F7
7-8
3-4
8
8

Molekul, Vol. 20. No. 2, July 2025: 318 – 329
On the other hand, the other formulas added
active ingredients (shallot-garlic peel extracts and
Aloe vera gel), strengthening the sunscreen cream's
odor. From the form parameter, all sunscreen
cream formulas tended to be liked by the panelists,
with the highest final impression score of 8 (very
much liked) for formulas F6, F7, and F0(-). This
result is because the sunscreen cream had the
form expected by the panelists, a paste or semiliquid form that was not too thick, making it
easier to apply to the skin.
From the texture
parameter, all sunscreen cream formulas were
also generally liked by the panelists, with the highest
final impression score of 8 (very much liked) for
formulas F0(-), F0(+), F5, F6, and F7. This result is
because the sunscreen cream had the texture that the
panelists expected for a cream, being soft and easy to
apply to the skin.
SPF Test Result
By measuring the SPF value, it can be determined
how effectively sunscreen prevents peel damage from
UV rays. The higher the SPF value of a sunscreen
product, the more effective it is in protecting the skin
from the harmful effects of UV rays. The SPF value for
each sunscreen cream formulation can be calculated
using the Mansur formula from the absorbance data
obtained. The SPF measurement results are shown in
Table 7 and Figure 2.
In general, the higher the concentration of active
ingredients added to the sunscreen cream formula, the
higher the SPF value of the sunscreen (Hendrawati et
al., 2020). Formula F0(+) has the highest SPF value

among the other formulas due to the addition of a UV
filter, which increases the SPF value of the sunscreen
cream. The UV filter prevents UV rays from penetrating
the skin by forming a white coating layer. This result is
in line with the research by Taufikurohmah et al.
(2018), which stated that sunscreen from TiO2
nanomaterials has an SPF value of 23 with a
concentration of nano TiO2 used at 20 ppm.
Formula F2, containing a 2% mixture of garlic and
shallot peel extracts and 1 % Aloe vera gel, is the best
combination of active ingredients because it has SPF
value with ultra protection type higher than formula F3
and F4. However, its SPF value is lower than formula
F1, which only contains 1% shallot peel methanol and
1% garlic peel ethanol extract. Adding Aloe vera gel
reduces the SPF value of sunscreen cream containing
shallot and garlic peel extracts. Although the SPF value
of cream containing only Aloe vera gel increases with
the increase in Aloe vera gel, the value is only below
one or does not protect against UV rays.
The sunscreen activity in the cream formula is
caused by adding methanol extract from shallot peel
and ethanol extract from garlic (Allium sativum) peel,
which contain secondary metabolite compounds such
as flavonoids. The active flavonoid compound can
reduce melanogenesis and hyperpigmentation in the
skin due to the chromophore group (conjugated
double bonds) that can absorb both UVA and UVB
rays, thereby reducing the intensity of melanin
formation and accumulation in the skin (Rahayu et al.,
2017). Shallot variant peel extract also wholly blocks
UV radiation below 400 nm (Nizamov et al., 2025),
thus protecting skin from UV rays.

Table 7. In vitro SPF test results
Formulation
F0(-)
F0(+)
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
50

SPF Label
0
38
30
29
29
25
0
0
0

Protection Type
No protection
Ultra protection
Ultra protection
Ultra protection
Ultra protection
Ultra protection
No protection
No protection
No protection

37,79

40

SPF Value

SPF Value
0.14 ± 0.00
37.79 ± 0.46
30.48 ± 0.22
29.31 ± 0.22
28.68 ± 0.17
25.06 ± 0.07
0.16 ± 0.01
0.19 ± 0.04
0.21 ± 0.00

30,48

30

29,31

28,69

25,06

20
10
0
-10

0,14
F0(-)

F0(+)

F1

F2

F3

F4

Sunscreen cream formulas
Figure 2. SPF value graph
324

0,16

0,19

0,21

F5

F6

F7

Eco-friendly Sunscreen: Aloe vera and Garlic-Shallot Peel
Formula F5, F6, and F7 adding only Aloe vera gel
without shallot and garlic peel extracts have SPF values
of less than one, so they cannot be categorized as
sunscreen because they cannot protect the skin. This
low SPF value is due to the decreased antioxidant
activity of Aloe vera gel during the gel production
process and sunscreen formulation process (Miranda
et al., 2009). Although Aloe vera gel has a low SPF
value, it has strong anti-inflammatory properties
because it contains bioactive compounds such as aloin
and saponin (Ambarwati et al., 2020).
The aloin in Aloe vera contributes to its ability to
modulate the skin’s response to UV radiation, which
may indirectly affect the effectiveness of topical
sunscreens. Aloe vera can reduce inflammation
caused by UV exposure (Sánchez et al., 2020). Aloe
vera also has immunostimulant effects, which can alter
the skin’s immune response to UV radiation. These
changes may affect the skin’s natural defense
mechanisms against UV damage, thereby affecting
the overall effectiveness of sunscreens (Pugh et al.,
2001). The interaction between Aloe vera and the
skin’s response to UV radiation suggests that while
aloe vera may provide soothing and healing
properties, it may also disrupt the protective barrier
sunscreens designed to provide through antioxidant
mechanisms, where aloin increases the activity of
catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione
peroxidase enzymes and reduces the production of
ROS (Liu et al., 2015). Flavonoids in shallot-garlic peel
extracts may absorb UV rays and act as antioxidants,
protecting cells from oxidative damage (Fonseca et al.,
2023). The action mechanism of flavonoid
antioxidants is to transfer hydrogen atoms to free
radicals (Hassanpour & Doroudi, 2023). Combining
garlic-shallot peel extracts with Aloe vera gel in a
sunscreen formula probably causes flavonoids to
compete with aloin in UV absorption, potentially
reducing antioxidant activity and UV protection
efficiency. In addition, the water content in aloe vera
gel ranges from 98.5-99.5% (Hamman, 2008), so
adding aloe vera gel to sunscreen cream will affect the
decrease in sunscreen effectiveness, just like sweat.
Sweat reduces sunscreen effectiveness through two
mechanisms: disrupting the thickness and uniformity
of the sunscreen layer (Keshavarzi et al., 2021).
Therefore, it is necessary to understand the
complementary role of Aloe vera and sunscreen in skin
care to maximize skin protection.
The differences in significance between groups
were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis's method,
followed by the Mann-Whitney test to determine the
difference in SPF values between each sunscreen
cream formula. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis's test
showed a significant value of less than 0.05, which
was 0.001, indicating a significant difference in SPF
values between sunscreen cream formula groups. The
results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that almost
all SPF values had significant differences between

Sri Mulyani, et al.

formulas, with a significant value of 0.05 (p-value ≤
0.05). However, for formulas F5 and F6, as well as F6
and F7, there was no significant difference in SPF
values (p-value > 0.05), indicating that the SPF value
of F5 was no different from F7, and the SPF value of
F6 was no different from F7.
Based on the evaluation results of nine sunscreen
creams developed in this study show that the formulas
containing shallot and garlic peel extracts (formulas F1
- F4) have an ultra-protection SPF value and contribute
significantly to the physical and chemical stability of
the formula. However, these formulas have a
spreadability that does not meet the standard and still
have a pronounced odor and a darker color. These
results may limit consumer acceptance, so further
refinement and optimization are needed in future
formulas. These results also showed garlic and shallot
skin waste has commercialized potential as an
environmentally friendly sunscreen ingredient with
high UV protection capabilities.
CONCLUSIONS
This study concluded that the sunscreen cream
formulas made from a combination of garlic peel
ethanol extract, shallot peel methanol extract, and
Aloe vera gel met most of the SNI 16-4399-1996
standards for sunscreens, except for spreadability, as
some formulas only spread less than 5 cm.
Organoleptic tests showed significant differences in
most parameters, with the highest color, shape, and
texture scores for formulas F0(-), F6, and F7. Stability
tests showed no emulsion separation, although color
changes were seen in formulas F1-F4. Finally, in-vitro
SPF tests identified formula F0(+) with the highest SPF
value of 38, which offered ultra protection for about
7.62 hours. Adding Aloe vera gel decreased the SPF
values of sunscreen creams containing shallot and
garlic peel extracts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Sebelas Maret
University for providing funding for this research
through the 2024 Research Group grant program
(Penelitian
HGR-UNS)
contract
number
194.2/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2024.
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