Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy, 4 .
April 2023, 97-114 ISSN: 2722-3981 (Prin.
ISSN: 2722-3973 (Onlin.
Available Online at https://journal.
org/index.
php/jcgpp E-Government Development Index Impact on World Governance Indicator Index in Southeast Asian Countries Mohamad Sukarno1*.
Achmad Nurmandi2 1 Master of Government Affairs and Administration.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
Indonesia 2 Department of Government Studies.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
Indonesia *Corresponding Author Email: m.
psc22@mail.
Received: 12 January 2023.
Revised: 16 March 2023.
Accepted: 18 March 2023 Abstract The aims of this study is to find out how the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) affects the World Governance Index (WGI) in Southeast Asia.
The choice of a Southeast Asian country is important because, in general.
Southeast Asia is a developing country that needs improvement, especially in the area of government.
Southeast Asian countries still have governance that hasn't worked well as a whole, and non-government actors still have the most power.
The method used in the research is quantitative machine learning (Google Collab Researc.
Data processing is carried out in the form of extras from EGDI and WGI in Southeast Asian countries to find the influence of the two data sets.
The results showed that the impact of EGDI on WGI was the greatest in the indicators of government effectiveness and regulatory quality, with a score above The reason behind this is the increase in digital bureaucracy in all sectors of it also has an impact on good governance.
Then, in the sector of corruption control, some countries have also adopted ICT, and some of them have succeeded in reducing corruption.
Sectors that have adopted digital bureaucracies, such as education, environment, crisis management, and sustainable development.
In the regulatory quality sector, institutional improvements are carried out to suppress corruption and improve the quality of democracy by involving non-governmental actors.
The lowest indicator is voice and accountability, with a score below 0.
This is because there is still a lot of development in terms of governance and government institutions, which have not run optimally.
Keywords: E-Government Development Index.
Governance.
Southeast Asian Countries.
World Governance Indicator Index Copyright A 2023 by Authors.
Published by Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Kontemporer.
Indonesia.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-sa/4.
How to Cite: Sukarno.
, & Nurmandi.
E-Government Development Index Impact on World Governance Indicator Index in Southeast Asian Countries.
Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy, 4.
, 97-114.
https://doi.
org/10.
46507/jcgpp.
Permalink/DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
46507/jcgpp.
Introduction Effective governance is defined as a government that can formulate and implement policies and responds to all the needs of its citizens (Leclerc, 2020.
Khatib et al.
, 2022.
Cramer, 2.
This is also clear from the content of governance, which has a positive effect on reducing the index of endemic corruption, inflation, and transaction costs so that the economy works better (Marcos et al.
, 2020.
Ullah & Rahman, 2021.
Jiang, 2.
Then, governance can be an opportunity to improve welfare, which can be seen from its characteristics such as transparency, law enforcement, participation, and responsiveness (Keser & Gykmen, 2.
Gjaltema .
explains the concept of governance as the successful reduction of governance fragmentation in the global sustainability or natural resources sector as an important activity to increase accountability and transparency networks.
In governance, there are at least three actors who have contributed, namely companies, the private sector, and the government, to create adaptive governance and manage it collectively (Gorwa, 2.
Gritsenko & Wood .
described governance as public governance that has projections on the production and implementation of ideas, plans, regulations, and policies that are of concern to the public and private sectors.
In governance, the form of collaboration between the public sector and private actors and the government is coordinating to deal with issues that are at stake and become a common domain (Pahl-Wostl, 2.
All actors involved in the discussion bring their interests to be further discussed and agreed upon as a policy (Y.
Chen et al.
, 2.
Derakhshan et al.
, .
say that when a policy is put into place, the people involved also evaluate and control to protect the interests of each party.
So that later it can be efficient and effective in the final result (Waheed et al.
, 2.
One of the empirical literatures used in analysing the composite index of governance is the World Governance Index (WGI), which has six indicators (Pinar, 2.
The Worldwide Governance Index (WGI) is a parameter adopted by The World Bank's Quality of Public Service Policymaking that assesses the credibility of government and independence quality of public services (Al-ahdal et al.
, 2.
The WGI uses six criteria, such as "voice and accountability.
political stability and regulatory effectiveness.
and terrorism.
the quality of government rule of law.
and the absence of corruption controls" (Ghatak, 2.
The six WGI indicators are described as follows: .
Voice and accountability: has the purpose of evaluating citizens ability to participate and be free to express and socialize with the government (Alsaleh et al.
, 2.
Effective communication then becomes one of the bases for creating a good voice and holding people accountable.
Effective communication then becomes one of the bases of creating (Hartani.
Cao, & Nguyen.
, 2.
Asongu & Odhiambo .
mention the leadership factor in which political power becomes the capacity for change in it.
Political stability and the absence of violence: is the perception of political instability or the possibility that it can be overthrown by unconstitutional means and can be done in destructive ways motivated by politics and terrorism? Huque & Jongruck .
mention the leader factor, in which Volume 4 Issue 1 April 2023 political power becomes the capacity for change.
Violence or acts of terrorism become exogenous and affect the stability of citizens in the state (Gaberli, 2.
Government effectiveness: the implementation of a system to achieve goals and benefit all elements There are six dimensions, namely information, system, service, and user satisfaction (Santa et al.
, 2.
Regulatory quality: the ability of the government to implement its policies or regulations in a healthy manner and have positive implications for its citizens (Sabir et al.
, 2.
With good regulationAipolitical, economic, and executiveAi governance can run with state goals.
All public and private institutions can comply with existing regulations so that as a result, legal cases such as nepotism, corruption, misappropriation, and disputes can be minimized (Adams & Akobeng, 2.
Rule of law: implement applicable legal norms with a high governance capacity so that their legitimacy has an impact on justice for their citizens (Toshkov et al.
, 2.
The legal crisis is the background for fair law enforcement for all elements (Scicluna & Auer, 2.
Thuy et al.
, .
stressed that a weak rule of law would have implications for the oversight and arbitrariness of various governing and nongovernmental actors.
Control of corruption: implementation of good regulatory quality in reducing information asymmetry, increasing accountability, and limiting corrupt behavior (Lee et al.
, 2.
Abdillah & Dwi .
explain that a weak rule of law would have implications for the oversight and arbitrariness of various governing and non-governing actors.
Then, the E-Government Digital Index (EGDI) is the concept to increase the development of Southeast Asia.
EGDI can be defined as the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in communicating with governments and conducting business through electronic media (Turmanidze et al.
, 2.
In determining EGDI parameters, there are several indicators, such as devices, mapping, and key measurements, that support digital transformation in various countries (Kabbar, 2.
In addition.
EGDI has a matrix that has three different classifications: the "Online Services Index (OSI).
Telecom Infrastructure Index (TII), and Human Capital Index (HCI)" (Stofkova et al.
, 2.
The Online Service Index is a part of the EGDI indicator (Dahalin et al.
, 2.
, which shows how ICT is used to get public services to people.
The second indicator, the Telecommunication Infrastructure (TII), looks at how people use the internet, phones.
ICT, and infrastructure for community and human resources (Kabbar, 2.
Finally.
The Human Capital Index (HCI) has a human resources component as the main base for providing online service availability (Gupta et al.
, 2.
These options include electronic participation components and referring the security component for e-governance EGDI and WGI have also been used in several studies as parameters of a country's governance development (Zhao et al.
, 2.
In several studies.
EGDI and WGI have also been used as parameters for a country's development of governance.
They explained in their research that the indicators in WGI are the development parameters of a country's development to study the increase or decrease of governance.
The dimensions used are also percentile values from every five years, which are then extracted into six dimensions of governance (Aleksic et al.
, 2.
Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy The regions of Southeast Asian countries are categorized as regions that still have diverse resource strengths.
Then, in government practices, governance is still found to be ineffective .
ot following governance rule.
(Miller et al.
, 2.
In their governance, several Southeast Asian transnational countries in the government sector are even controlled by non-state actors who act as pressure groups (Breslin & Nesadurai, 2.
Then.
Alhari & Fajrillah .
also mentioned that countries in the Southeast Asia region are still far away, ranked 88th in the world, and are considered less involved in technological sophistication in government performance.
Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the development of advanced government services and the adoption of technology in various sectors.
Public services in Southeast Asia still have a limited number of services provided by the government, and some of them are still found to be unavailable to their users (Nguyen et al.
, 2.
In the 2016 EGDI data report, the positions of Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore .
Malaysia .
Brunei Darussalam .
Thailand .
, the Philippines .
, and Vietnam .
were compared to those of developed countries (Saniagati & Welly, 2.
Qumara .
said that digital transformation is a necessary change because e-government is a measure of how satisfied the public is.
In addition, the ICT aspect also has an important role as a role model for realizing good governance and how to reduce corruption, uphold transparency, foster public accountability, and innovate in service delivery (Yulianto et al.
, 2.
Therefore, the World Governance Index is important for measuring six governance indicators in each country, especially in regional countries.
therefore, this study will analyse a correlation between the development of the EGDI and the WGI.
This will then become a milestone for new thinking about related policies or regulations and determine governance that is in line with the current digital era.
The two databases will later be used to conduct an in-depth study and correlation of Southeast Asia Country WGI data with the UN Government Index, as well as a mapping form of future regression predictions.
Research Methods This research uses quantitative methods and machine learning (Pytho.
for The results are then put through Google Collab Research.
Using Python to collect and analyse data for linear algebra and arithmetic classes and functions (Duarte et al.
The data process is carried out by data extraction as a whole (EGDI) and WGI Southeast Asia .
The choice of a country in southeastern Southeast Asia Southeast Asia because, in general.
Southeast Asia is classified as a developing country and requires development, especially in the governance sector (Tawakkal, 2.
The Southeast Asian technology governance network is based on the process of setting the agenda and making policy, and it has not changed since (Tan et al.
, 2.
The standard values used are -2.
, -2.
, and 0.
(L.
Chen & Aklikokou, 2.
In addition, a pretreatment process is used to set the end goal that Google Studio shows.
The approach used in this study is to choose features that have a high correlation value as predictions for the future.
for more details, see figure 1.
Volume 4 Issue 1 April 2023 Data Data Processing and Feature Data Splitting and Merged (Pytho.
Crop and Yield Figure 1.
Research Stages Source: Processed by Authors .
When it comes to collecting data, there are two main sources: WGI Data, which is made up of countries in Southeast Asia, and the UN E-Government Data Base.
In the future.
Python will be used to analyse these two datasets through Google Collab Research, and Google Studio will be used to show the results.
Voice and Accountability Political Stability and the Absence of Violence Government Effectiveness EGDI Regulatory Quality Rule of Law Control of Corupption Figure 2.
Theoretical Framework Source: Processed by Authors .
Based on figure 2 and the theoretical framework, the author wants to see the correlation between the EGDI (TII.
OSI, and HCI) index and the WGI indicators (Voice and Accountability.
Government Effectiveness.
Political Stability and the Absence of Violence.
Rule of Law.
Control Corruption, and Regulator Qualit.
The value .
of the indicator will be verified in countries in Southeast Asia.
Then also, for the E-Government Development Index value, we have taken a field named 'EGDI' and converted it to a percentage (%).
Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy Results and Discussion This section includes the conclusion and discussion.
Data that is adequate must back up any result.
The results should then be able to answer the research question.
Before presenting the results of the WGI analysis, this study displays the Worldwide Governance Indicators of countries in Southeast Asia and the EGDI shown in each of its components in table 1.
Table 1.
Countries with the Highest WGI and EGDI Scores Source: Acquired by Authors Using Google Studio .
Country Singapore Brunei Darussalam
Malaysia
Indonesia
Thailand
Philippines East Timor
Cambodia
Myanmar
Laos Vietnam
Variable Indicators Total
PSAV
EGDI
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,91
WGI
98,56
99,04
97,17
38,16
532,93
EGDI
0,74
0,74
0,74
0,74
0,74
0,74
0,74
WGI
90,38
76,92
80,29
87,02
90,57
22,22
EGDI
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
WGI
82,21
74,04
73,08
50,94
382,87
EGDI
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
WGI
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,66
EGDI
0,76
0,76
0,76
0,76
0,76
0,76
0,76
WGI
63,46
58,65
57,69
38,46
24,53
26,09
268,88
EGDI
0,69
0,69
0,69
0,69
0,69
0,69
0,69
WGI
56,25
53,37
31,73
34,13
18,87
41,06
235,41
EGDI
0,46
0,46
0,46
0,46
0,46
0,46
0,46
WGI
19,23
21,63
11,06
45,19
52,83
57,97
207,92
EGDI
0,51
0,51
0,51
0,51
0,51
0,51
0,51
WGI
37,98
29,81
17,79
11,06
41,04
12,56
150,23
EGDI
0,43
0,43
0,43
0,43
0,43
0,43
0,43
WGI
14,42
28,37
10,58
27,88
9,91
21,74
112,89
EGDI
0,38
0,38
0,38
0,38
0,38
0,38
0,38
WGI
21,15
20,67
69,34
3,38
152,05
EGDI
0,68
0,68
0,68
0,68
0,68
0,68
0,68
WGI
61,54
46,63
48,56
42,31
44,81
12,08
255,93
Volume 4 Issue 1 April 2023 Description GW : Government and Effectiveness : Regulatory Quality : Rule of Law : Control of Corruption PSAV : Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism : Voice and Accountability ThatAos why we chose Google Data Studio.
It is an online business intelligence platform that helps visualise data and create interactive reports and dashboards (Azis et , 2.
The data is numerical, so quantitative research can be carried out on it, and we have to compare different agreements to find relationships between them (Snipes.
GeniferSnipes, 2.
To that end, we have checked the top countries that have the highest EGDI Index values and, with it, checked their WGI index values, just as we did with the top countries that have the lowest EGDI Index values, and with that, we also checked their WGI index values.
There is a link between the data from EGDI and WGI when it comes to good The correlation is expressed as having implications if it has a score .
109, p<0.
01, and is negative and significant (-0.
085, p<0.
The connection means that when the score .
(Iqbal et al.
, 2.
on the WGI Southeast Asia is greater than that on the EGDI, then the country has a good public service value.
The two most influential impact categories of the WGI are government effectiveness indicators with a score above 0.
53 and regulatory quality indicators.
Table 2.
Digital Mobile Singapore Source: Hanjaya et al.
, .
Indicators Population Internet Unique mobile Active mobile internet users Web traffic desktop Mobile web traffic Go online via desktop Do it online via mobile Singapore 7 million 83 percent .
83 millio.
82 percent .
71 millio.
80 percent .
20 percent Ae YoY-60 percent 78 percent- YoY 75 percent 39 percent 39 percent The data from table 1 shows that the country with the highest score on government effectiveness is Singapore.
Then countries such as Brunei Darussalam.
Malaysia.
Indonesia, and Thailand are also relatively good and are heading in the best direction.
Then, for regulatory quality indicators.
Singapore is also the country with the best value in Southeast Asia, while other countries are still in the development stage.
In the control of corruption dimension.
Singapore has the most dimensions compared to other Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy countries.
It can also be argued that other countries are still abandoning their homework on controlling corruption.
The use of the internet in the country does not escape the government's effectiveness score, as shown in table 2.
Smart home facility management, which keeps track of all the activities of Singapore's management community, has a big impact on the country's digital progress (Huseien & Shah, 2.
This is supported by the Singapore GovernmentAos innovation in carrying out governance, such as the existence of smart nation Singapore and smart traffic Singapore, which are already supported by IoT (Shamsuzzoha et al.
, 2.
Then.
Singapore also occupies the best position with a value of 90, and other countriesAo average value is still below.
Indicators of political stability and absence of violence/terrorism Singapore has good values, while other countries such as Brunei Darussalam.
Malaysia.
Indonesia.
Thailand, and others still have countless questions about peace and political stability in their countries.
The last dimension of voice and accountability is that, in general.
Southeast Asia has a poor record and poor values because the score is very low.
It also causes a crisis of democracy, namely freedom of speech and state accountability (Hernyndez-Moreno, 2.
This then becomes a challenge for other Southeast Asian countries in developing their countries' e-government governance.
For more details, it can be seen in table 3 for the following internet digital data.
Table 3.
Southeast Asia Accesses the Internet Source: L.
Chen .
Country Brunei Darussalam Singapore Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Myanmar Laos East Timor Mobile Connection Electricity Access Part of the Urban Rural Rural Population Internet Penetration User So.
Southeast Asian countries are building a lot of digital infrastructure to support e-government.
The Southeast Asia Investment Report has reported Southeast Asian countries with digital infrastructure projects with the following data in figure 3.
Volume 4 Issue 1 April 2023 Vietnam Singapore Thailand Filipina Indonesia Malaysia Figure 3.
Holders of Digital Infrastructure Projects in Southeast Asia Source: Ahdiat .
This is a possibility that makes digital bureaucracy possible, and it has been used in different parts of the government to help with good governance.
The developed sectors are education, a clean environment, health, political institutions, and quality services.
Crisis management and sustainable development (Abdou, 2.
Reflecting on Singapore, which has the most advanced digitalization in Southeast Asia, at least it has developed the concept of "Many Agencies.
One Government" to build collaboration between sectors in government .
ith the main portal E-Citize.
(Rahman et al.
, 2.
Then there is Malaysia, which manages approximately 13 thousand public services, where about 83 percent of its services have switched to electronic or online systems (Machmud et al.
Therefore, it is a challenge for Southeast Asia's member states to develop egovernance.
Then in Southeast Asian countries, the instruments used by their members are to mitigate risks, search for economic benefits, and deal with conditions that are full of uncertainty (Mekhum, 2.
In his research.
Mueller .
stated that Southeast Asian countries demonstrate the institutional sector of government, both central and regional, to create good governance and serve their citizens.
It is also mentioned in his research by Darusalam .
that countries in Southeast Asia are already heading in a progressive direction in terms of quality governance and are developing ICT tools in their government When it comes to innovation in the Southeast Asia Region, the capital of innovation capacity has a lot to do with human resource capacity.
There are four main indexes.
namely Higher Education Enrollment (TER).
Government Expenditure on Education (GEX).
Patent Journal (PTT), and High Technology Export (HEX) (Muhamad et al.
, 2.
The growth of Southeast Asia's GDP, which is accelerating in that direction, also lends support to this.
In addition, the development of scores .
in Southeast Asian countries also has implications for increasing their country's GDP.
The estimation results Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy show that GDP periods have a positive impact on GDP.
Six indicators of governance have a significant impact on GDP in Southeast Asian countries (Iskandar et al.
, 2.
It is shown in the eight countries that have the highest GDP in Southeast Asia.
It is also stated in the study of Crocco & Tkachenko .
that good governance in natural resource management occurs when a country dependent on agricultural exports is supported by strong and effective governance.
This finding supports the claim that the impact of natural resources on the economic development of a country depends on the performance of that country's governance.
Then, a group called Digital Data Governance (DDG) was set up to improve service innovation and digital data protection, which led to better regulation in Southeast Asia.
The principles are "consent, notification, and purpose.
the accuracy of personal data.
security safeguards.
access and correction.
transfer to other countries or regions, which emphasises the importance of consent in data transfer and storage.
and accountability" (Ministry of Communication and Information Singapore, 2.
Then Tampubolon & Ramadhan .
explained that at least DDG was also made with four common goals of Southeast Asian countries, namely: first, it promotes strategies to detect threats following international law and its principles.
Second, promote dialogue on risk reduction measures by sharing the perspectives of each member state on using ICT in conflict.
Third, encourage cooperation between countries.
Fourth, develop a security plan for the theoretical and practical use of ICT.
Finally, consider the expansion of terms and definitions related to the use of ICT.
ASEAN began to improve state relations in the region by building the ICT sector, one of which was the establishment of a Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT).
For more details, it can be seen in table 4.
Table 4.
Southeast Asia Accesses the Internet Source: L.
Chen .
Framework Strategic Ecosystem data and life Southeast Asia Cross-border data flow framework on Digitalisation and emerging Legal Principle Data integrity and trust Access control Data security Cross-bored data flow Capacity building Personal data protection and privacy regulations Accountability Development and adoption of best The quality of regulations and competitiveness, as well as all the other parts of governance, have been shown to have an effect on the process of development and have a lot of potential.
So.
Hassan et al.
, .
say that Southeast Asian countries should first focus on reforming their institutions to make government work better and improve the Volume 4 Issue 1 April 2023 quality of regulations.
Southeast Asian countries can improve the quality of democracy and lower the risk of abuse by reducing corruption and maintaining the general rule of law and institutional conditions of their countries (Zakaria & Bibi, 2.
This is especially true when it comes to regulation.
It enforces rules in four Southeast Asian countries that have digital protection for personal data: Thailand.
Singapore.
Malaysia, and the Philippines.
Other countries, like Indonesia and Vietnam, do not have this yet (Nasution, 2.
The regulations implemented by the four countries provide actual protection and verification of data in government transactions with its citizens and with other countries.
Duho .
shows in his research that Southeast Asian countries can improve the quality of their regulations by designing and implementing regulations that promote private sector development.
These efforts will provide equitable opportunities and facilities for the poor.
Second, governments can pursue competitiveness and development policies that help meet poverty reduction goals in developing countries.
Competitiveness boosts exports and employment, while development spending boosts the labour force and productivity.
This helps limit poverty in some developing countries (Shang et al.
, 2.
In the context of fighting corruption.
ICT was also used to keep things open and move quickly (Kim, 2.
Islam & Fatema .
say that in the implementation of this ICT, controlling corruption in Southeast Asia will be very helpful because of the region's innovation practises and this technology.
However, the fact that Southeast Asian countries, in general, have not implemented digital governance can be seen in the following figure 4.
Cambodia Myanmar Laos Philippines Indonesia Thailand Vietnam Timor Leste Malaysia Brunei Darussalam Singapore Figure 4.
Corruption Perception Index in Southeast Asia Source: Kameke .
Singapore has the highest corruption perception index, which means that, compared to other Southeast Asian countries, it is thought to be the most helpful.
There are three development strategies, namely (Mahardika Hariadi & Luqman Wicaksono.
Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy 2.
: .
"Commitment by the political leaders, especially Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, towards the elimination of corruption both within and outside the public bureaucracy.
"adoption of comprehensive anti-corruption measures designed to reduce both the opportunities and need for corruption.
the creation and maintenance of an incorrupt anti-corruption agency that has honest and competent personnel to investigate corruption cases and to enforce the anti-corruption laws.
" In terms of maintenance.
Singapore is better prepared than other countries, so this is a separate construction of IoT development to reduce corruption cases.
Development is being developed as well.
Then in the next research.
Hartani.
Cao, & Nguyen .
, it was also mentioned that the technology used in corruption control has also been successfully carried out by bringing several models, namely "IPS unit root test.
Pedroni cointegration, and FMLS estimation.
This has implications for reducing corruption cases, as has been implemented in Malaysia.
From the statistical data we have, the use of the ICT system in Malaysia has turned out to be able to reduce the rate of corruption crimes by up to 60 percent.
While the lowest score is found in the Voice and Accountability indicator with an average below 0.
edium categor.
, this moderate category includes political stability in Southeast Asia.
According to Xu .
, this shows significance in the development of the Southeast Asian economy, although, on the other hand, it still requires improvements in governance and institutional quality.
Therefore, in this case, the countries of the GCC should also improve their laws and regulations because it will affect the implementation of good governance, which indirectly plays an important role (Murshed et al.
, 2.
Southeast Asian countries have a moderate score for having a voice and being accountable, but they still have a lot of problems with independence, accountability, political stability, and law enforcement.
This is because of how power works and the problems with the justice system, human rights, freedom, and corruption (Pertiwi & Ainsworth, 2.
The score .
r valu.
in the EGDI has no effect on the development of the WGI.
Since the Southeast Asian power base hasn't changed, the development of good governance can't be done properly.
Ramadlan .
in the results of the Freedom House report shows that in the last decade, in 2019, there was a decrease in the democratic freedom score by 19 percent .
This will have the effect of strengthening populism and undermining the principles of a democratic state because it overrides the values of transparency, accountability, and freedom of the press.
Conclusion The most important effect of EGDI on WGI in Southeast Asian countries is on egovernment governance indicators, which measure how digitalized all parts of government are.
This is due to the internet infrastructure and e-services in public services backing up digital mobile.
This happens because digital bureaucratic innovations are used in different parts of government, like education, the environment, crisis management, and sustainable development.
A high government effectiveness score of more than 0.
53 also has an effect on a country's GDP, which will be used as a measure of Volume 4 Issue 1 April 2023 good governance development in the future.
On the other hand, the growth of digital governance in Southeast Asia is still centred on Singapore and Brunei Darussalam, two countries with a fair amount of power.
This is due to the fact that both nations' digital governance is expanding quickly, which is a result of how simple and widely used the internet is.
So, the biggest challenge for other countries is to improve their infrastructure so that digital mobile governance can be used in the public sector.
In terms of regulatory quality.
Southeast Asian countries have scores in the medium category or below 0.
Only Singapore.
Thailand.
Malaysia, and the Philippines have taken steps to improve security in the government, public, and private legal sectors of their countries.
Other Southeast Asian countries, on the other hand, are still only interested in the content of laws and have not yet adopted technology.
So that it becomes a challenge in itself and a reference from the four Southeast Asian countries that have already realised it.
In the area of corruption indicators, countries in Southeast Asia have also made efforts in adopting technology, and some of them have succeeded in reducing corruption committed by Singapore by utilising its maintenance technologies, "IPS unit root test.
Pedroni cointegration, and FMLS.
" Although some of them have not taken advantage of the sophistication of technology to reduce corruption.
The lowest score is on the indicators of votes and accountability that are still needed to improve governance and institutional governance.
In addition, in terms of democracy, the Southeast Asia region also leaves behind problems, namely humanitarian issues, human rights violations, and corruption.
Acknowledgement The Master of Government Affairs and Administration programme at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
Indonesia, supported this research.
Also, the authors extend gratitude to all parties who have supported the project.
References