Jurnal AGRINIKA.
September-2022.
:191-199
The Effect of Planting Time and Plant Density on Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) on Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.
) Cv.
Inpari 30 First Diyoprakuso1*.
Agus Suryanto2, and Roedy Soelistyono2 1Postgraduate Program.
Faculty of Agriculture.
University of Brawijaya.
Malang.
Indonesia 2Departement of Agronomy.
Faculty of Agriculture.
University of Brawijaya.
Malang.
Indonesia *Correspondence: diyofdp@gmail.
Submitted 13 August 2022 / Revised 27 August 2022/ Accepted 08 September 2022
ABSTRACT
The right planting time and plant density in rice cultivation in the rainy season affect the generative phase, where absorption of solar radiation intensity more efficiently increases This study aims to improve the absorption of energy efficiency of solar conversion with differences in planting time and planting density.
The experiment was carried out from January to June 2019 in the experimental garden of Brawijaya University.
Malang City.
East Java.
The research design used is a nested design with three replication.
The main factor is planting time which consists of 3 levels, namely:
January (B.
February (B.
March (B.
Nested factor is plant density which consists of 3 levels, namely: 111.
111 plant ha-1 (T.
667 plant ha-1 (T.
226,667 plant ha-1 (T.
Data analysis used variance (ANOVA).
If the results are significantly different, then the honest significant difference test (HSD) is continued at the 5% level.
The results showed that the differences in total leaf area index, plant dry weight, panicle weight every clump, grain weight every clump, grain weight every harvest plot, yield per hectare, and radiation use efficiency (RUE).
The planting time in March has a higher RUE value than the planting time in January or February.
Yield per hectare shows the planting time in March is higher than the planting time of January or February planting time.
Plant density of 30x30 cm shows yields per hectare higher than planting density of 30x20 cm and planting density of 40x20x12.
5 cm.
Keywords: Energy conversion efficiency.
Planting density.
Rice planting time
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.
) is an important commercial plant because it is one of the staple foods of the Indonesian Every year the demand for rice increases, but its production has not been able to meet domestic rice needs.
The total population of Indonesia in 2015 increased by 1.
49% from the previous year, while the increase in rice production was only 1.
24% (BPS, 2.
Plant growth and development depend on the interaction between .
Internal factors are traits that usually characterize a External factors come from outside the plant, such as water, nutrients, topography, and climate.
Rainfall is one of the climate elements that also determine plant growth and yields (Sitompul & Bambang, 1.
Rice plants are usually planted in the rainy season because water is available for growth, and development.
However, during the rainy season, there First Diyoprakuso.
The Effect of Planting A is relatively little sunlight that inhibits the process of photosynthesis.
In tropical areas such as Indonesia.
In the dry season, more solar radiation is available for the photosynthesis process so that rice yields increase.
Constraints in rice cultivation during the rainy season are low sunlight and a dense canopy in which the light received by plants is not optimal.
Efforts to overcome these obstacles are where plants grow by adjusting the plant density so that the maximum utilization of solar radiation.
Based on opinion (Ariyanto et al.
, 2.
, the competition for plants to get sunlight can minimize by adjusting the planting time, spacing, plant density, and pruning leaves.
The around plants, plants can grow and produce optimally.
For this reason, efforts are needed to increase rice productivity in the rainy season by treating planting time and planting MATERIALS AND METHOD The experiment was carried out from January to June 2019 in the Universitas Brawijaya.
Jatimulyo.
Malang.
East Java.
The altitude is 460 m above sea level and 3000 mm of rainfall every year and a daily temperature of 20-28AC.
The research design used is a nested design with three replication.
The main factor is planting time (B) which consists of 3 levels, namely: January .
eginning of the rainy seaso.
(B.
February .
ainy seaso.
(B.
March .
nd of the rainy seaso.
(B.
Nested factor is plant density (T) which consists of 3 levels, namely: T1: 111.
111 plant ha-1 .
lant spacing 30x30 c.
T2:
667 ha-1 .
lant spacing 30x20 c.
T3: 226,667 plant ha-1 .
lant spacing 5 c.
The includes land preparation, seeding, planting, irrigation, fertilization .
SP36, and KCL), and maintenance .
est control and weedin.
Observation parameters were leaf area index, plant dry weight, panicle weight per clump, grain weight every clump, the weight of grain every harvest plot, yield per hectare, and radiation use efficiency (RUE).
RUE =
OIW.
y 100% PAR Radiation use efficiency (RUE) is the difference in plant dry weight (OIW) .
in one period .
and the coefficient of the heat of combustion (K) .
,000 cal g-.
to the daily radiation intensity (I) .
al m2 day-.
, specific periods (T) .
, and photosynthetic actives radiation (PAR) .
The yield per hectare with an area of harvest is 1.
44 m2.
Calculation of the results using the following formula:
Yield.
haOe.
= y yield of sampling plot scale of sampling plot Data analysis used variance (ANOVA).
If the results are significantly different, then the honest significant difference test (HSD) is continued at the 5% level (Freeman et al.
, 1.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Leaf Area Index (LAI) Based on analysis of variance on leaf area index, there was no interaction between planting time and spacing at all ages of observation.
Treatment Planting time and plant density each showed a significant difference in the leaf area index of rice plants .
Page 192 of 199 First Diyoprakuso.
The Effect of Planting A Planting time in March showed the highest leaf area index value at all ages of observation compared to planting time in January and February .
The average age of the park 90 HST leaf area for planting time in March is 44 cm2 with ILD 3,56 and 1834.
cm2 for planting time in February with ILD 3.
32 and 1756.
25 cm2 for planting time in January with ILD 3.
The results of research by Mungara and Indradewa .
showed that the optimum LAI value for rice plants is 3-8.
(Yoshida, 1.
stated that a large ILD is needed to capture solar radiation.
Light intensity plays a role in plant The absorption of solar radiation by rice plants is affected by the angle of incidence of light, leaf area, position, and angle of inclination of the The more the number of leaves, the greater the solar radiation absorbed by plants for the photosynthesis process Table 1.
Average leaf area index (LAI) Treatments Leaf area index (DAP) January 0,95 a 1,26 a 1,88 a 2,18 a 2,63 a 2,69 a 3,17 a February 0,98 a 1,42 b
1,92 a 2,38 b
2,75 b
2,72 a 3,32 b
March
1,09 b
1,77 c
2,59 b
2,84 b
2,93 c
2,98 b
3,56 c
HSD
0,04
0,07
0,05
0,03
0,04
0,04
0,04
Planting time (B) Plant density .
lant ha-.
0,62 a 0,78 a 1,52 a 1,82 a 1,72 a 1,74 a 2,10 a 0,91 b
1,49 b
1,99 b
2,29 b
2,57 b
2,54 b
3,11 b
226,667
1,49 c
2,19 c
2,87 c
3,29 c
4,02 c
4,12 c
4,84 c
HSD
0,28
0,33
0,26
0,27
Description: Numbers followed by the sama letter in the same row show no significant differences based on the HSD test at the 5% level.
DAP = days after plantings Plant Dry Weight Table 2 shows that the planting time in March tends to be almost the same as the planting time in February.
While January planting time has the lowest dry weight of plants, as well as in planting density, the planting density of 30x30 cm has an average dry weight higher than the planting density of 30x20 cm and planting density of 40x20x12.
This is as stated by Sitompul & Bambang, 1995, rice with Peta varieties that have a maximum ILD > 6 starts to experience stagnation in the addition of dry matter around the age of 75 HST.
Conversely, an increase in dry matter of variety 81-B25 which has a maximum ILD < 6 continues for up to 100 days even though ILD has decreased.
(Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi, 2.
, stated that the level of dry weight increase in plants was strongly influenced by environmental factors and the density of tillers in rice plants.
Page 193 of 199 First Diyoprakuso.
The Effect of Planting A Table 2.
Average Plant Dry Weight Plant Dry Weight .
at the Age (DAP) Treatments January 12,60 a 27,51 a 49,38 a 69,58 a 129,15 a 223,27 a 326,43 a February 13,18 b
27,99 b
50,25 b
71,48 b
152,38 b
230,91 b
345,40 b
March
14,13 c
28,82 c
51,12 c
72,50 c
188,13 c
285,27 c
412,47 c
HSD
0,15
0,14
0,17
0,29
5,61
5,87
7,36
Planting Time (B) Plant Density (T) .
lant ha-.
13,91 b
28,82 b
51,18 b
72,60 b
194,30 b
282,17 b
419,81 b
13,23 a 27,84 a 49,99 a 70,61 a 145,42 a 235,56 a 341,18 a 226,667 12,77 a 27,66 a 49,58 a 70,34 a 129,95 a 221,71 a 323,31 a HSD
1,08
1,00
1,20
2,04
39,72
41,59
52,15
Description: Numbers followed by the sama letter in the same row show no significant differences based on the HSD test at the 5% level.
DAP = days after plantings Harvest Analysis Results of the analysis of variance on rice yields per hectare showed the influence of planting time and planting The yield is what is obtained in the area of land in a planting period.
Crop yields increased by increasing the total dry weight harvest.
Yields can also be an indicator of profit or loss from the current planting period by calculating sales results in fewer expenses or According to Zaini et al.
yield is also affected by yield loss at Yield loss is a factor affecting yield per hectare of rice.
Yield loss is affected by harvest age, moisture content, tool fiber, and harvest method.
Besides the age that is too ripe with low water content results in unhulled grain during harvest.
According to Lubis et al.
, obtained the level of yield is also determined by the population of tillers, in this case, the need for the regulation of plants that are also used as a In the total analysis, panicle weight per clump .
, grain weight every clump .
, grain weight every plot .
, and yield per hectare .
on ha-.
Shows the real difference between each planting time treatment and planting density.
the time of planting in March, showed higher results, compared with the time of planting rice in January, and the time of planting rice in February, this is because, at planting time in March, the intensity of sunlight is obtained during the higher generative phase so that plants get According research by Purnamasari .
, agricultural land becomes productive, one of which is by setting the planting time because planting time affects the results achieved.
Whereas, at planting density, planting density is 30x30 cm higher than planting density of 30x20 cm and planting density of 40x20x12.
5 cm, this is due to the wide planting distance between treatments where the sunlight Page 194 of 199 First Diyoprakuso.
The Effect of Planting A compared to other planting distances.
According to Ikhwani et al.
, .
The wide spacing provides flexibility for rice varieties to grow and develop well.
The difference in planting density in rice cultivation influences the intensity of solar radiation or sunlight received so it has an impact on the productivity of rice According Junaidi & Rahardjo, .
Rice planting at a spacing of 20x 40x10 cm provides flexibility for sunlight to enter the plant so that able to increase the growth and development of the rice This agrees with the research of (Alridiwirsah et al.
, 2.
, low light intensity at the time of flowering rice can reduce carbohydrates that are formed, causing an increase in empty grains.
Table 3.
Average rice crop harvest criteria in the treatment of planting time and planting density Panicle Weight per Clump .
Grain Weight per Clump .
Weight of Grain per Plots .
Yield per Hectare .
on ha1
January 5,19 a 149,59 a 860,82 a 4,7 a February 6,37 b
210,91 b
1003,46 b
5,5 b
March
6,57 c
303,54 c
1576,09 c
9,1 c
HSD
0,14
14,70
5,31
0,03
6,98 b
264,67 b
1235,99 c
7,0 c
6,11 b
236,54 a 1131,54 b
6,4 b
226,667
5,03 a 162,83 a 1072,83 a 5,8 a HSD
0,98
104,11
37,58
0,21
Treatments Planting time (B) Plant density .
lant ha-.
Description: Numbers followed by the sama letter in the same row show no significant differences based on the HSD test at the 5% level.
DAP = days after plantings Radiant Use Efficiency (RUE) The average efficiency of the use of solar radiation due to the treatment of planting time and the planting density is in Table 4.
The plant density of 5 cm shows that the radiation use efficiency (RUE) was higher than the plant density of 30x30 cm and planting density of 30x20 cm, this is influenced by the planting density of 40x20x12.
5 cm, the intensity of solar radiation absorbed by plants higher, because the intensity of the sun is more efficiently absorbed by Effective upland rice planting in dry land is to regulate planting density and manipulate plants to increase yields (Faisul-ur-Rasoo et al.
, 2.
Rice productivity is through the application of cultivation technology, namely by regulating the plant population through spacing arrangements, and the row legowo planting system (Suhendrata.
Based on the opinion of Shahbaz et al.
, the legowo planting system causes almost all plants such as edge plants, so that the light received by plants increases and the process of photosynthesis increases.
Research by Djukri .
stated three ways to Page 195 of 199 First Diyoprakuso.
The Effect of Planting A streamline the use of solar radiation in light, space, and nutrients between tillers the field, namely by pruning, adjusting and between plant clumps to reduce the plant populations, and direction of the growth and production of rice plants row of plants .
ocation of plantin.
(Hadiyanti, 2.
The solar radiation received by the In the treatment of planting time in plant canopy is affected by the plant March, the radiation use efficiency The higher the planting (RUE) values are higher than the population, the amount of energy that planting time in January and February can be captured by the canopy under it because the intensity of solar radiation in will decrease.
The plant population March is higher compared to January affects the growth of rice and grain and February.
In this study, the yields of produced due to competition during the planting time in March showed higher vegetative and generative phases yields compared to planting time in (Ahmad et al.
, 2.
Each plant has a January and February, which can be different response to receiving solar seen from the high radiation use Therefore, plant populations efficiency (RUE) values.
The efficiency are regulated to increase the utilization of using solar radiation is the ability of of solar radiation.
The greater the solar plants to convert solar radiation into radiation available to plants, the process plant biomass.
Biomass is organic (Zervoudakis et al.
, 2.
The photosynthetic process (Pembengo et increasing number of seeds per planting , 1.
hole causes increased competition for Table 4.
Average radiation use efficiency (RUE) Treatments RUE (%) Planting Time (B) January 2,82 a February 3,55 b
March
3,89 c
HSD
0,10
Plant Density (T) 111 plant ha-1
2,83 a 667 plant ha-1
3,61 b
226,667 plant ha-1
3,83 b
HSD
0,73
Description: Numbers followed by the sama letter in the same row show no significant differences based on the HSD test at the 5% level.
DAP = days after plantings Radiation that reaches the plant is streamlined to grow, develop and produce while some are reflected and transmitted to the surface.
Radiation transmission is influenced by the structure of the canopy, plant type, leaf size, wind, and sun angle.
Therefore the radiation deficit caused by shading factors and atmospheric conditions can influence the distribution of solar Page 196 of 199 First Diyoprakuso.
The Effect of Planting A radiation and its response to plants (Yang et al.
, 2.
CONCLUSION
The observation of yields per hectare planting time in March showed the highest yields of 9.
1 ton ha-1 .
13%) compared to January planting time of 4.
7 ton ha-1 and 39.
56% higher than planting time in February .
5 ton ha-.
The planting density on spacing 30x30 cm with a yield of 7.
0 ton ha-1 is 57% higher than the planting density on spacing 30x20 cm with yields of 6.
ton ha-1 and 17.
14% higher than the planting density on spacing 40x20x12.
cm with yields of 5.
8 ton ha-1.
The planting time in March has a higher RUE value than the planting time in January and February.
The plant density on spacing 40x20x12.
5 cm has a higher RUE value than the plant density on spacing 30x20 cm and 30x30 cm.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank the Sanggau District Government for the People's Welfare Section for providing scholarships.
Mr.
Agus Suryanto and Mr.
Ruedy Soelistyono as Advisors, all family and friends, and all parties who have assisted the author in completing this research.
REFERENCES