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Available online at: https://journal.
org/index.
php/jspi Journal of Social and Policy Issues E-ISSN: 2807-3843 I P-ISSN: 2829-8632 Adoption of Mobile Paspor (M-Paspo.
Innovation in Island Communities: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Approach (Study at The Immigration Office Class II TPI Tanjung Balai Karimu.
Neelam Noeridha.
Dian Prima Safitri.
Alfiandri Alfiandri Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji.
Kota Tanjung Pinang.
Kepulauan Riau 29115.
Indonesia
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Received: February 16, 2025
Revised: June 02, 2025
Available online: June 30, 2025
KEYWORDS
Adoption Innovation.
M-Paspor.
UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technolog.
CORRESPONDENCE Name: Dian Prima Safitri E-mail: dianprimasafitri@umrah.
A B S T R A C T
Community adoption of public service innovations is an important element in determining the success of the implementation of these innovations.
This study aims to analyze the factors that influence community adoption of M-Paspor.
The author uses the UTAUT model to identify aspects of M-Paspor adoption by using the variables of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions to see people's desire to adopt MPaspor in the passport service process at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office.
This research is associative research with a quantitative approach.
Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis and SmartPLS 4.
2 applications were used to analyze the research data.
The results showed that performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions have a positive and significant effect on behavioral intentions to adopt M-Paspor.
Meanwhile, effort expectancy have no effect on behavioral intentions to adopt M-Passports.
The conclusion is that the intention, willingness, and desire of the people of Karimun Regency to adopt M-Paspor are influenced by three factors, namely the perceived benefits and added value of using M-Paspor, encouragement and advice from the social environment regarding the use of M-Paspor, and the availability of facilities that support the use of M-Paspor.
INTRODUCTION
The importance of researching the adoption of M-Paspor innovations at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office is due to the location of Karimun Regency, which borders Malaysia and Singapore.
As a result.
Tanjung Balai Karimun has become the main gate for any departure abroad in the Karimun Regency area.
The purpose of departure abroad through Tanjung Balai Karimun is not only limited to tourist trips, where most of the people in Karimun Regency work as Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) in Malaysia and Singapore.
Apart from work related, the strategic location of Karimun Regency has made several community activities in the field of education and health also begin to be the destination of departure abroad in the area of Karimun Regency.
Therefore, the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office has an important role in organizing passport services for the people of Karimun Regency.
In addition to the strategic geographical location of Karimun Regency, the importance of research the adoption of M-Paspor innovations by the people of Karimun Regency is also due to the characteristics of the Karimun Regency area as an archipelago.
The characteristics of the Karimun Regency area as an archipelago cause problems with the community's right to access services in the form of a wide span of control and must be reached by using sea and land transportation to access services from the Karimun Regency Government, most of which are located in Tanjung Balai Karimun (Noeridha, 2.
, including passport services at Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office.
The main concern of this research is the geographical location and regional characteristics of Karimun Regency as an As the data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) https://doi.
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58835/jspi.
of Karimun Regency in Table 1 shows, several sub-districts in Karimun Regency are far away from the Regency Government Center.
The characteristics of this region certainly pose a challenge to the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office in organizing optimal passport services for the community.
Table 1.
Distance of Sub-District Capitals to Karimun Regency Government Center Sub-District Sub-District Capital Meral Barat Darussalam Tebing Tebing Meral Meral Kota Karimun Tanjung Balai Kota Buru Buru Belat Sebele Kundur Utara Tanjung Berlian Kota Kundur Barat Sawang Moro Moro Kundur Tanjung Batu Kota Ungar Sei Buluh Durai Telaga Tujuh Source: BPS Karimun Regency, 2024.
Distance to the Regency Government Center 2 Km 6 Km 8 Km 10 Km 17 Km 40 Km 42 Km 44 Km 45 Km 60 Km 65 Km 108 Km Attribution-ShareAlike 4.
0 International.
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Mobile Paspor (M-Paspo.
is an immigration service application that the public can use to submit applications and replace expired passports online.
As with any application, there are technical barriers to the use of the M-Paspor that result in complaints from the public.
One of these technical problems is that the M-Paspor application often experiences system interruptions or errors when used by the community (Nurkumalawati & Muhammad, 2.
The Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office began using the M-Paspor innovation in January 2023.
The findings of Asrianingsih et al.
, .
suggest that the barriers in using the M-Paspor at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office are not only related to technical problems.
The barriers in using MPaspor are also caused by users .
he publi.
who still do not understand the flow and procedure of services through the MPaspor application, as well as network quality that is less supportive of using the application, especially outside of Karimun Island.
The problems in using the M-Paspor application as perceived by the community can be demonstrated by looking at the application service quality rating on the Google Play Store, where the M-Paspor application receives a low rating of only 2.
4 out of This shows that the community's adoption of the M-Paspor innovation is still low.
Figure 1.
Review of the M-Paspor Application Source: Google Play Store, 2024.
One of the essential elements in implementing a public service innovation based on digital technology is the acceptance of this technology.
Several previous studies (Hazineh et al.
, 2022.
Mudawi et al.
, 2020.
Mustafa et al.
, 2020.
Sabani, 2021.
Samsor, 2.
state that the success of a public service innovation depends not only on the implementation of the service system, but also on the desire of individuals or communities as users to adopt these innovations.
Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the public acceptance and adoption of public service innovation systems (Ali et al.
, 2019.
Obaid et al.
, 2.
The adoption of technology in society can be studied through various theoretical models, such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT), and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT).
This study examines the adoption of M-Paspor innovation in the people of Karimun Regency through the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) approach proposed by Venkatesh et al.
, .
There are two main reasons for using the UTAUT model:
UTAUT is the most comprehensive theoretical framework to explain important factors in technology adoption with 70% higher accuracy than other technology acceptance theories (Maznorbalia & Muhammad, 2.
The key factors in the UTAUT model are a combination of several indicators from eight previous technology acceptance models, so they are able to explain the adoption of new technologies more completely and cover various gaps in previous models (Mensah, 2019.
Soong et al.
, 2.
Figure 2.
Model of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Source: Venkatesh et al.
, .
The UTAUT model explains that user acceptance of new information technology systems is influenced by 4 .
main variables or constructs: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
Over time, the UTAUT model (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
has evolved into UTAUT2 (Venkatesh et , 2.
and UTAUT3 (Farooq et al.
, 2.
The UTAUT2 model was developed to focus more on the acceptance of new technologies from the consumer perspective, such as the use of ewallets and e-commerce (Kilani et al.
, 2023.
Venkatesh et al.
The UTAUT3 model focuses more on highlighting technology adoption in the form of e-learning in the education sector (Farooq et al.
, 2017.
Gunasinghe et al.
, 2.
Therefore, this study does not use the UTAUT2 and UTAUT3 because the M-Paspor is a form of e-government.
This research empirically fills the gap in the previous research literature (Helpiastuti et al.
, 2023.
Nurkumalawati & Muhammad, 2023.
Pamadi et al.
, 2022.
Wulandari et al.
, 2023.
Yaziji et al.
, 2.
as a novelty by investigating the adoption of M-Paspor innovations among the people of Karimun Regency as an archipelago in Riau Islands Province through the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT).
addition to covering the previously described research gaps, this study also raises differences with the UTAUT model because the effort expectancy variable is found to have no effect on the adoption of M-Paspor innovations in the community, so it will lead theoretical discussions on other factors that are more dominant in influencing the community's adoption of egovernment as a novelty.
This study uses performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention variables from the UTAUT model to determine essential factors in adopting M-Paspor innovations in the people of Karimun Regency.
In this case, performance expectancy (X.
, effort expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, and facilitating conditions (X.
are independent variables that will be tested for their influence on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y) as the dependent variable.
Therefore, there are 4 .
hypotheses proposed in this study, which are as follows:
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Table 2.
Research Hypothesis Research Hypothesis Performance Expectancy positively and significantly affects the intention to adopt Mobile Paspor (MPaspo.
Effort Expectancy positively and significantly affects the intention to adopt Mobile Paspor (M-Paspo.
Social Influence positively and significantly affects the H3 intention to adopt Mobile Paspor (M-Paspo.
Facilitating Conditions positively and significantly H4 affects the intention to adopt Mobile Paspor (MPaspo.
Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024.
METHOD
This study uses a quantitative approach to identify the factors that influence the adoption of M-Paspor innovations among the people of Karimun Regency through the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT).
Data collection was done through questionnaires with sampling techniques using Non-Probability Sampling techniques, namely Accidental Sampling.
The questionnaire was distributed directly to the research respondents, namely 70 people who performed passport services at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office in March 2024.
In more detail, the method used in this study can be seen from Figure 3 below:
Table 3.
Terms of Data Analysis Measurement Model Analysis Validity Test 1 Convergent An indicator has good convergent Validity Test validity to measure variables if it has an Outer Loadings value > 0.
(Ghozali & Hengky, 2015.
Hamid & Suhardi, 2.
An indicator has good convergent validity to measure variables if it has an an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value > 0.
(Ghozali & Hengky, 2015.
Hamid & Suhardi, 2.
2 Discriminant An indicator has good discriminant Validity Test validity if the Cross Loading value of each indicator on the measured variable is higher than the Cross Loading value of the indicator on other variables (Haryono, 2.
A variable is declared to have good discriminant validity if its square root value of Average Variance Extracted (AVE) is higher than the correlation value between these constructs and other research variables (Haryono, 2.
Reliability Test 1 Cronbach's Alpha A variable or construct is reliable with a Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.
(Subagiyo & Ahmad, 2.
2 Composite A variable or construct is reliable Reliability with a Composite Reliability value > 0.
7 (Subagiyo & Ahmad, 2.
Structural Model Analysis Hypothesis Test 1 Original Sample Figure 3.
Research Methods Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024 The data analysis technique is divided into 2 .
, namely Measurement Model Analysis (Outer Mode.
and Structural Model Analysis (Inner Mode.
The provisions for analyzing the data used in the study can be seen in the following Table 3:
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P-Values T-Statistics If the Original Sample value is close to 1, then there is a unidirectional influence / correlation .
between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
However, if the Original Sample value is close to -1, the influence / variables is in the opposite direction .
(Rahadi.
An independent variable is declared to have a significant influence / correlation with the dependent variable if the P-Values value < 0.
05 (Hamid & Suhardi.
Rahadi, 2.
An independent variable is declared to have a significant influence / correlation with the dependent variable if the TStatistics value > 1.
96 (Hamid & Suhardi, 2019.
Rahadi, 2.
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R-square Classifications of the R-square value: the R-square value of 67 is categorized as a substantial influence .
, the Rsquare value of 0.
33 is categorized as a moderate influence, and the R-square value of 0.
19 is categorized as a weak influence (Chin, 1.
f-square Classifications of the f-square value: the f-square value of 0.
is categorized as a significant influence, the f-square value of 15 is categorized as a moderate influence, and the f-square value of 0.
02 is categorized as a minor influence (Cohen.
Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographics Analysis Respondents in this study were people of Karimun Regency who performed passport services at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office with a total of 70 people.
Respondent demographics are as Table 4.
Respondent Characteristics Variable Item
Frequency Male
Gender
Female < 20 Years 20-29 Years 30-39 Years Age
40-49 Years Ou 50 Years High School
Diploma i/IV Last
Education S-1
S-2
Karimun Tebing Meral Meral Barat Buru Domicile Kundur (Distric.
Kundur Barat Kundur Utara Ungar Moro Durai Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024.
Percentage Based on Table 4, the characteristics of respondents in this study are as follows:
Respondents are dominated by female gender as much as 61%, while the remaining 39% are male.
Respondents consisted of an age range < 20 years as much as 9%, an age range of 20-29 years as much as 46%, an age range of 30-39 years as much as 23%, an age range of 40-49 years as much as 18%, and an age range Ou 50 years as much as 4%.
Most respondents' last education is High School/Equivalent with 47%.
In comparison, the rest are S-1 as much as 43%.
Diploma i/IV as much as 6%, and S-2 as much as 4%.
Respondents were dominated by people who live in Kundur District 23%, while the rest live in Karimun District 16%.
Meral District 11%.
Moro District with 10%.
West Kundur District with 9%.
Tebing District and Durai District with 7%.
Ungar District with 6%.
West Meral District and North Kundur District with 4%, and West Meral District with 3%.
Measurement Model Analysis (Outer Mode.
Validity Test The validity test is carried out through 2 .
tests, namely the convergent validity test and the discriminant validity test.
The results of testing convergent validity using Outer Loadings and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) are as follows:
Table 5.
Convergent Validity (Outer Loadings and AVE) Outer
Variable Indicator AVE Conclusion Loadings PE1
Valid
PE2
Valid Performance Expectancy PE3 Valid (X.
PE4
Valid
PE5
Valid
EE1
Valid
Effort
EE2
Valid Expectancy EE3 Valid (X.
EE4
Valid
SI1
Valid
Social
SI2
Valid Influence SI3 Valid (X.
SI4
Valid
FC1
Valid
FC2
Valid Facilitating Conditions FC3 Valid (X.
FC4
Valid
FC5
Valid Behavioral BI1 Valid Intention to BI2 Valid Adopt MBI3 Valid Paspor (Y) Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
The data processing results in Table 5 above show that all indicators of the research variables have an Outer Loadings value greater than 0.
7, and each research variable also has an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value greater than 0.
Therefore, it can be concluded that all indicators of the performance expectancy (X.
, effort expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, facilitating conditions (X.
, and behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y) are declared valid, and have good convergent validity.
The results of testing discriminant validity using Cross Loadings are as follows:
Table 6.
Discriminant Validity (Cross Loading.
Indicator PE1
PE2
PE3
PE4
PE5
(X.
Cross Loadings (X.
(X.
(X.
(Y) https://doi.
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Cross Loadings Indicator (X.
(X.
(X.
(X.
EE1
EE2
EE3
EE4
SI1
SI2
SI3
SI4
FC1
FC2
FC3
FC4
FC5
BI1
BI2
BI3
Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
(Y)
The data processing results in Table 6 above show that all indicators of the research variables have higher Cross Loadings values than the Cross Loadings values of the indicators on other Therefore, the 21 indicators used as research instruments are declared to have good discriminant validity.
The results of testing discriminant validity using Fornelarcker Criterion are as follows:
Table 7.
Discriminant Validity (Fornell-Larcker Criterio.
Root Value of Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Variable (X.
(X.
(X.
(X.
(Y) PE (X.
EE (X.
SI (X.
FC (X.
BI (Y)
Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
The data processing results in Table 7 above show that the effort expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, facilitating conditions (X.
, and behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y) have a higher Average Variance Extracted (AVE) square root value than the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) square root value of the correlation between constructs and other variables.
This differs from the performance expectancy variable (X.
, which has an AVE square root value of 0.
761, where the AVE square root value is lower than the AVE square root value of the performance expectancy (X.
on the effort expectancy (X.
, which is 0.
Therefore, the variables of effort expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, facilitating conditions (X.
, and behavioral intention (Y) have good discriminant validity.
This is inversely proportional to the performance expectancy (X.
because it does not have good discriminant validity.
This means that the performance expectancy (X.
and the effort expectancy (X.
are This is in line with the research results from (Bhuasiri et al.
, 2016.
Mensah, 2019.
Wan et al.
, 2.
which state https://doi.
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that effort expectancy (X.
has a positive and significant effect on performance expectancy (X.
Overall, it can be concluded that all indicators of the performance expectancy (X.
, effort expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, facilitating conditions (X.
, and behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y) are declared valid because they have good convergent validity and discriminant validity to be used as instruments in this study, so that further testing can be carried out.
Reliability Test The results of testing convergent validity using Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability values are as follows:
Variable Table 8.
Reliability Test CronbachAos Composite Alpha Reliability Conclusion Performance Expectancy (X.
Reliable Effort Expectancy (X.
Reliable Social Influence (X.
Reliable Facilitating Conditions (X.
Behavioral Intention to Adopt MPaspor (Y) Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
Reliable Reliable The data processing results in Table 8 above show that all variables in this study have a Cronbach's Alpha value greater than 6 and have a Composite Reliability value greater than 0.
Therefore, it can be concluded that all indicators of the performance expectancy (X.
, effort expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, facilitating conditions (X.
, and behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y) are declared reliable or consistent with being used as instruments in research, so that further testing can be carried out.
Structural Model Analysis (Inner Mode.
Hypothesis Test The results of hypothesis testing using SmartPLS 4.
software through the Bootstrapping method in Path Coefficient testing by looking at the Original Sample (O).
P-Values, and TStatistics value are as follows:
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line with hypothesis 2, which proposes that effort expectancy positively affects behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor.
Furthermore, the P-Values .
value is more significant than 05, and the T-Statistics .
value is smaller than 1.
It does not meet the requirements of the previously stated provisions, so effort expectancy has no significant effect on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor.
Therefore, hypothesis 2 in this study is rejected, saying that effort expectancy does not affect the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation.
Table 11.
Hypothesis 3 (H.
Test Hypothesis yu P-Values T-Statistics Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
Figure 4.
Hypothesis Test Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
Figure 4 shows that there are 3 .
accepted research hypotheses (H1.
H3.
and there is 1 .
rejected research hypothesis (H.
The results of hypothesis testing are explained in more detail below.
Table 9.
Hypothesis 1 Test (H.
Hypothesis yu P-Values T-Statistics Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
Hypothesis 1 examines the influence of performance expectancy on behavioral intention to adopt an M-Paspor.
The data processing results in Table 9 above state a positive and significant effect of performance expectancy (X.
on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y).
The Path Coefficient value of 308 indicates that the impact of performance expectancy on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor is positive.
Furthermore, the P-Values value .
is smaller than 0.
05, and the TStatistics value .
is more significant than 1.
96, indicating that performance expectancy significantly affects behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor.
Therefore, hypothesis 1 in this study can be accepted, and it is stated that performance expectancy has a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation.
Table 10.
Hypothesis 2 Test (H.
Hypothesis yu P-Values T-Statistics Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
Conclusion Rejected Hypothesis 2 examines the influence of effort expectancy on behavioral intention to adopt an M-Paspor.
The data processing results in Table 10 above state that there is no positive and significant effect of effort expectancy (X.
on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y).
The Path Coefficient value of 149 indicates that the impact of effort expectancy on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor is negative.
This is not in Accepted Hypothesis 3 examines the influence of social influence on behavioral intention to adopt an M-Paspor.
The data processing results in Table 11 above state a positive and significant effect of social influence (X.
on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y).
The Path Coefficient value of 0.
177 indicates that the impact of social influence on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor is Furthermore, the P-Values value .
is smaller than 05, and the T-Statistics value .
is more significant than 96, indicating that social influence significantly affects behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor.
Therefore, hypothesis 3 in this study can be accepted, and it is stated that social influence has a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt MPaspor innovation.
Conclusion Accepted Conclusion Table 12.
Hypothesis 4 (H.
Test Hypothesis yu P-Values T-Statistics Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
Conclusion Accepted Hypothesis 4 examines the influence of facilitating conditions on behavioral intention to adopt an M-Paspor.
The data processing results in Table 12 above state a positive and significant effect of facilitating conditions (X.
on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y).
The Path Coefficient value of 557 indicates that the impact of facilitating conditions on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor is positive.
Furthermore, the value of P-Values .
is smaller than 0.
05, and the value of T-Statistics .
is more significant than 1.
96, indicating that facilitating conditions significantly affect behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor.
Therefore, hypothesis 4 in this study can be accepted, and it is stated that facilitating conditions have a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt MPaspor innovation.
Coefficient of Determination (R-squar.
The results of testing coefficient of determination using Rsquare values are as follows:
Table 13.
Coefficient of Determination (R-squar.
R-square Adjusted R-square Description Moderate Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
The data processing results in Table 13 above show that the R-square value on the dependent variable .
ehavioral intention https://doi.
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to adopt M-Paspo.
Based on this value, it can be stated that the behavioral intention to adopt the M-Paspor (Y) variable is influenced by the performance expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, and facilitating conditions (X.
At the same time, the remaining 36.
6% is influenced by other variables not tested in this study.
Furthermore, the R-square value .
is more significant than 0.
33, indicating that the effect of performance expectancy (X.
, social influence (X.
, and facilitating conditions (X.
on behavioral intention to adopt MPaspor (Y) is categorized as a moderate influence.
Table 15.
Summary of Hypothesis Testing Results Research Hypothesis Results Description Performance Expectancy (X.
Ie Behavioral Intention to Adopt MPaspor (Y) Positive Significant Effects Accepted Effort Expectancy (X.
Ie Behavioral Intention to Adopt M-Paspor (Y) No Effects Rejected Effect Size .
-squar.
The results of testing effect size using f-square values are as Social Influence (X.
Ie Behavioral Intention to Adopt M-Paspor (Y) Positive Significant Effects Accepted Table 14.
Effect Size .
-squar.
Facilitating Conditions (X.
Ie Behavioral Intention to Adopt MPaspor (Y) Positive Significant Effects Accepted Variable Effect Size R2 Included R2 Included f-square Description PE Ie BI Minor EE Ie BI SI Ie BI Minor FC Ie BI Source: SmartPLS 4.
2 Data Processing, 2024.
Moderate Based on the results of data in Table 14 above, it can be concluded that performance expectancy (X.
and social influence (X.
have a minor impact on behavioral intention to adopt MPaspor (Y).
Furthermore, there is 1 .
variable that has a moderate impact on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y), namely facilitating conditions (X.
Meanwhile, effort expectancy (X.
is stated not to impact behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor (Y).
This is because the f-square value of effort expectancy on behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor .
is less than 0.
Hair Jr et al.
, .
explained that the f-square value < 0.
02 indicates that the independent variable does not influence the dependent variable.
Discussion The findings of this study differ from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory, which conceptualizes that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions influence user adoption of new technology (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
In contrast, this study shows that only the variables of performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions affect the adoption of M-Paspor innovations in the people of Karimun Regency.
However, the findings of this study are also supported by the results of previous studies (Bhuasiri et al.
, 2016.
Kamarudin et al.
, 2021.
Kurfali et al.
, 2017.
Mensah, 2.
, which state that public adoption of E-Government systems is influenced by 3 .
factors, namely performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions.
Therefore, the research results state that of the 4 .
research hypotheses that have been proposed previously, there are 3 .
accepted research hypotheses, namely H1.
H3, and H4, and there is 1 .
rejected research hypothesis, namely H2.
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Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024.
The Effect of Performance Expectancy on Behavioral Intention to Adopt M-Paspor Innovation.
Performance expectancy is an individual's belief that using M-Paspor innovation will result in better passport service The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology by Venkatesh et al.
, .
conceptualizes that performance expectancy influences adopting new technology.
Based on the results of data analysis, hypothesis 1 in this study is accepted, and it is stated that performance expectancy has a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt M-Paspor The findings of this study are in line with the basic concept of UTAUT (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
and several previous research results (Afieroho et al.
, 2023.
Li, 2021.
Sabani, 2021.
Soong et al.
Zeebaree et al.
, 2.
which show that performance expectancy has a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt E-Government.
Performance expectancy was found to have a minor impact on the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation in the people of Karimun Regency.
Thus, the findings of this study suggest that the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation will increase if the people of Karimun Regency feel that the use of M-Paspor innovation will make it easier for them to access passport services and improve the performance and quality of passport services perceived at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office.
The Effect of Effort Expectancy on Behavioral Intention to Adopt M-Paspor Innovation.
Effort expectancy is defined as the ease an individual feels regarding using M-Paspor innovation to access passport services.
This study's findings differ from the basic concept of UTAUT (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
, which conceptualizes that effort expectancy influences adopting new technology.
In contrast, this study shows that effort expectancy does not affect the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation, so hypothesis 2 in this study is However, the findings of this study are also supported by some previous research results (Ayaz & Mustafa, 2020.
Bhuasiri et al.
, 2016.
Kamarudin et al.
, 2021.
Kurfali et al.
, 2017.
Mensah.
Yudiatmaja et al.
, 2.
which state that effort expectancy does not affect the intention to adopt E-Government.
Therefore, high or low effort expectancy does not influence the intention to JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLICY ISSUE - VOL.
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adopt M-Paspor innovation among the people of Karimun Regency.
Other important factors are more dominant in controlling the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation in the people of Karimun Regency than effort expectancy, namely performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating The Effect of Social Influence on Behavioral Intention to Adopt M-Paspor Innovation.
Social influence is the extent to which an individual's decision to adopt M-Paspor innovation in the passport service process is influenced by their social environment.
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology by Venkatesh et al.
conceptualizes that social influence affects adopting new Based on the data analysis results, hypothesis 3 in this study is accepted, and it is stated that social influence has a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt M-Paspor The findings of this study are in line with the basic concept of UTAUT (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
and several previous research results (Afieroho et al.
, 2023.
Li, 2021.
Sabani, 2021.
Soong et al.
Zeebaree et al.
, 2.
which state that social influence has a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt EGovernment.
Social influence was found to have a minor impact on the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation in the people of Karimun Regency.
Thus, the findings of this study suggest that the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovations will increase if the people of Karimun Regency feel influenced by their social environment to use M-Paspor innovations, such as encouragement from the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office, recommendations and suggestions from friends or family, and opinions from the community regarding the use of M-Paspor innovations on social media networks.
The Effect of Facilitating Conditions on Behavioral Intention to Adopt M-Paspor Innovation.
Facilitating conditions are defined as the belief of an individual that adequate resources are available to support the use of M-Paspor innovations in accessing passport services.
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) by Venkatesh et al.
, .
conceptualizes that facilitating conditions influence the adoption of new technology.
Based on the results of data analysis, hypothesis 4 in this study is accepted, and it is stated that facilitating conditions have a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation.
The findings of this study are in line with the basic concept of UTAUT (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
and several previous research results (Afieroho et al.
, 2023.
Hermanto et al.
, 2022.
Li, 2021.
Sabani, 2021.
Zeebaree et al.
, 2.
which state that facilitating conditions have a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt E-Government.
Facilitating conditions were found to moderately influence the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation in the people of Karimun Regency.
Thus, the findings of this study suggest that the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovations will increase if the people of Karimun Regency feel that they have resources, such as internet facilities, devices .
, and adequate knowledge to support the use of M-Paspor innovations in the process of providing passport services at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office.
CONCLUSION
This current research examines the adoption of Mobile Paspor (M-Paspo.
innovations among the people of Karimun Regency at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office using the UTAUT model.
Specifically, the effect of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation was examined.
The results show that performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions have a positive and significant influence on the intention to adopt MPaspor innovation.
Furthermore, it shows the effort expectancy has no impact on the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation.
Suggestions for increasing the adoption of M-Paspor innovations among the people of Karimun Regency are as follows:
Conducting massive socialization of M-Paspor innovations on social media (Instagram.
Tiktok.
Youtub.
from Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office to influence public perception on the benefits and added value of using MPassport innovations.
Implement programs involving local communities, community leaders, influencers, and previous users of the MPaspor innovation to disseminate positive information and testimonials regarding the benefits, usefulness, and ease of use of the M-Paspor innovation in the community environment of Karimun Regency.
To develop service assistance centers for people who experience difficulties in using the M-Paspor and to increase the availability of facilities such as internet networks to support the use of the M-Paspor innovation for people outside Karimun Island.
Although effort expectancy has no effect on the intention to adopt M-Paspor innovation among people in Karimun Regency, it is important to increase people's positive views regarding the ease of use of M-Paspor by distributing positive testimonials regarding the ease of procedures for using MPaspor innovation on various social media by Tanjung Balai Karimun Immigration Office.
This study has several limitations, first, this study uses only 4 .
main variables of the UTAUT model in examining the adoption of M-Paspor innovations in the community.
Future research can consider other factors such as perceived privacy and security, self-efficacy, perceived trust, citizen satisfaction, and government support to examine the adoption of M-Paspor innovations in the community.
Second, this study did not identify the influence of moderator variables such as gender, age, tenure, and voluntariness of use in the model.
In the future, analysis of these moderator variables is needed when studying the adoption of M-Paspor innovations in the community to complement the knowledge of the UTAUT model.
Third, this study used a small number of research samples, which limited the predictive power of the analysis.
Therefore, future research can use a larger number of research samples so that the research results can reflect the population more broadly.
Finally, this study conducted a quantitative analysis to test the adoption of M-Paspor innovations in the community.
Quantitative methods only test the effect of independent and dependent variables without understanding the meaning and reasons behind these variables.
This indicates the need to use a qualitative approach in the future to gain a deeper understanding of the adoption of M-Paspor innovations in the community.
https://doi.
org/10.
58835/jspi.
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLICY ISSUE - VOL.
5 NO.
APRIL- JUNE
REFERENCES