CURRICULA: JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
AoWHAT MAKES PEOPLE BIND TOGETHER?Ao: SOCIAL COHESION
FACTORS IN THE PEOPLE OF PEKANBARU TOWARDS MADANI
CIVILIZATION
Sigit Nugroho1.
Ersaliya Arezah1* Fakultas Psikologi.
Universitas Islam Riau.
Pekanbaru *email: sigit.
nugroho@psy.
id ersaliya.
arezah@psy.
Submitted: 2022-12-23.
Reviewed: 2023-01-12.
Accepted: 2023-03-12 DOI: 10.
22216/jcc.
2118 URL: http://dx.
org/10.
22216/jcc.
Abstract Contradict to Islamic and Malay teachings, the people of Pekanbaru face a susceptibility to become a careless society.
A consumerism style is adapted massively by people of Pekanbaru, making it harder for the marginal group to live by means.
Not to mention the COVID-19 pandemic that caused the economy disruption that majorly affect the marginal group.
This social phenomenon that is currently rising is the segregation in society, starting from the scope of work, social, and even education.
By this phenomenon, the AuPekanbaru Kota MadaniAy slogan is not reflected in people of Pekanbaru.
Social cohesion is one of the approaches in social psychology that can lead Pekanbaru people to become Madani individuals.
This research aims to investigate and explore the factors that can restore the social cohesion of the people of RiauAePekanbaru in particularAeso that society is no longer divided or segregated in the social.
phenomenological study conducted in this research to investigate the forms of social cohesion in Pekanbaru It was found to be divided into three aspects: religiosity, activity, and familiarity.
With the strengthening of these three aspects, it is considerably good that the issue of social conflict in society in the scope of work, social and education can transform into social cohesion.
Keywords: Social cohesion, social segregation Abstrak Bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam dan Melayu, masyarakat Pekanbaru menghadapi kerentanan untuk menjadi masyarakat yang ceroboh.
Gaya konsumerisme yang diadaptasi secara masif oleh masyarakat Pekanbaru membuat kelompok marjinal semakin sulit untuk hidup berkecukupan.
Belum lagi pandemi COVID-19 yang menyebabkan gangguan ekonomi yang berdampak besar pada kelompok marjinal.
Fenomena sosial yang sedang marak saat ini adalah segregasi dalam masyarakat, mulai dari lingkup pekerjaan, sosial, bahkan pendidikan.
Dengan fenomena ini, slogan AuPekanbaru Kota MadaniAy tidak tercermin di masyarakat Pekanbaru.
Kohesi sosial merupakan salah satu pendekatan dalam psikologi sosial yang dapat mengantarkan masyarakat Pekanbaru menjadi individu Madani.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki dan menggali faktor-faktor yang dapat memulihkan kohesi sosial masyarakat RiauAe Pekanbaru khususnyaAesehingga masyarakat tidak lagi terpecah belah atau tersegregasi dalam tatanan Kajian fenomenologi dilakukan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk kohesi sosial masyarakat Pekanbaru.
Ditemukan dibagi menjadi tiga aspek: religiusitas, aktivitas, dan keakraban.
Dengan penguatan ketiga aspek tersebut, kiranya baik bahwa persoalan konflik sosial di masyarakat dalam lingkup pekerjaan, sosial dan pendidikan dapat menjelma menjadi kohesi sosial.
Kata kunci: Kohesi sosial, segregasi sosial
INTRODUCTION
The Major of Pekanbaru released the AuPekanbaru Kota MadaniAy in which its pressing point is in the peopleAos characteristic: religious, civilized, and progressive (Zaki, 2.
It has been almost a decade since the slogan has launched, but the transformation of people to become AuMadaniAy is remained silent.
Pekanbaru is far from tourism cityAos characteristic, the development of the mall and http://publikasi.
id/index.
php/curricula CURRICULA: JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING franchised restaurant is robust and giving PekanbaruAos people opportunity to define their leisure time by spending their money to the mall and restaurant.
The implication is beneficial for economy factor, but it is always followed by consequences: the social fraction.
The people of Pekanbaru are adapting the consumerism lifestyle in which can be seen from what they consume, drive, wear, and use.
At some extent, consumerism can lessen oneAos sensitivity to their surroundings (Roach.
Goodwin, & Nelson, 2.
, making a wider gap between the upper-middle class to the marginal From the interview to one of the loaner serviceAos employees, the majority of PekanbaruAos people are undoubtfully to take a loan in bank for fulfilling their needs, such as a brand-new car, motorcycle, or house.
as we breath the same air with the middle-lower class who live solely on day-to-day income.
As COVID-19 pandemic happened, there are many people providing assistance to groups in need, such as distributing Personal Protective Equipment to health workers and providing groceries to the poor.
In this current situation, most of the groups in society no longer suffering as the curve flattened, entering the new normal This condition cannot provide an accurate portrait, as the impact of pandemic is still remaining (Barnard, 2022.
GonzalezAumatell, et al.
, 2.
Furthermore, there are still some groups of people suffered by the Instead of maintaining peopleAos unity in the face of a pandemic, the AucomfortableAy communityAosOethe upper-middle classOeconcern for the surrounding has actually decreased.
Until now, after the pandemic curve has flattened, peopleAos intention to participate in community social activities has not fully recovered, even creating the wider gap between the fortunate and the unfortunate group (Li.
Huang, & Xu, 2022.
MIT, 2020.
Zhai.
Fu, & Peng, 2.
The tense of social relationships can also be found in a variety of other situations.
Political contestation in the 2019 election was able to create polarization among people, which is still present today.
Both groups, those who voted for the incumbent and those who voted against him, were devoted to their respective narratives (Ardipandanto, 2020.
BBC, 2019.
RifAoan.
This gap and its implication can be explained by social segregation.
Social segregation is a type of grouping or division based on social status, economy, politics, ethnicity, religion, and other factors.
The most common topic of discussion in the phenomenon of social segregation is the study of economic differences between the rich and the poor (Hamnett, 2.
When examined more closely, social segregation can be found in the smallest microsystem, namely the family.
Divorce, for a variety of reasons, is a form of segregation, namely the division of two individuals who were once the same into two distinct camps.
If the segregation happens in a basic aspect of individuals, the segregation in any aspects is more likely to happen.
This social segregation also happens in school setting.
Bullying case, for example, relies on superiority motives towards the helpless students (Nugroho.
Handoyo, & Hendriani, 2.
The social segregation is necessarily urge to be resolved, particularly in Pekanbaru.
We try to elaborate the phenomenon with psychology and sociology approach and found a social cohesion as a key to overcome the situation.
Social cohesion is a concept that is capable of expressing humans as social beings.
A socially cohesive society is distinguished by positive social interactions/relationships, a strong sense of fellowship, and shared values, all of which contribute to a high quality of life (Schiefer & Noll, 2.
Although an absolute definition of social cohesion cannot be supported due to its broad and abstract scope.
Schiefer and Noll .
explained that social relations are a key component of social cohesion.
The quality and strength of bonds and relationships between individuals and other individuals/groups - family, friends, the larger community - are explained by social relations in social cohesion.
Before the pandemic and before http://publikasi.
id/index.
php/curricula CURRICULA: JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING social distancing was implemented, the communityAos social relations were going quite well, such as social service activities, halal bi halal or reunions.
It is hoped that social cohesion can be beneficial for binding PekanbaruAos people together, from every religion, race, or social and economy status.
This study aims to investigate ways to improve and restore social cohesion among the people of Pekanbaru.
In this way, it is hoped that people will no longer experience or avoid social segregation in any kind of form and will become Madani society, as the city of PekanbaruAos slogan suggests.
This research is also emphasized the Islamic and Malay teachings so that the people of Pekanbaru can be more civil toward each other.
The social phenomenon that is investigated with psychological perspective and in collaboration with Islamic teaching is the main distinctive that is offered by this research.
Trust among individuals of society .
he communit.
Reduction of inequalities and According to Schiefer and Noll .
, social cohesion can be interpreted from the individual to the community level.
Individual coverage refers to interactions between people in a social setting who share the social relation, identification, orientation to basic needs, shared values, quality of life, and equality.
Social Cohesion According to Maxwell .
, social cohesion is actively interpreted as a process of interpretations, or shared understanding, reducing wealth/income disparities, and encouraging people to feel a sense of belonging to the community and responsibility for overcoming shared problems.
Structural social cohesion describes a group of people who are bound together, expressed as a group/group, ongoing group processes, and the presence of visible social interactions between people.
Because the context of AutogetherAy in the discussion of social cohesion is the larger community, government involvement is critical in achieving social cohesion.
Countries in Europe are currently working to improve and achieve social cohesion, which has the following characteristics (European Council.
Reciprocal loyalty and solidarity Strength of social relations and shared Sense of belonging Social Segregation Segregation literally means separation.
Segregation is the separation of one group from another in a social context.
The separation of the Caucasoid race and the African-American race, also known as the black race, marks the beginning of social segregation in America.
White supremacy, or community segregation, persisted for a long time until revolutionary figures of the African-American race emerged to fight for their class as human beings with rights and dignity (Krysan & Crowder, 2.
Apart from race, segregation persists in the areas of ethnicity, religion, economic status, and politics (Broto, 2005.
Paturusi, 2016.
Putri & Anggaunitakiranantika, 2.
Currently, the most common social segregation that occurs in almost the entire world is the rich and the poor (Hamnett, 2.
Segregation is crucial in perpetuating wider stratification.
Members of alienated racial and ethnic groups live in environments that are not only geographically separated but also qualitatively different, resulting in very different life opportunities in terms of educational and employment opportunities, pollution and other Crowder and Krysan, 2.
Segregation, in fact, is an implication of a cause that can be explained by conflict theory.
In general, conflicts arise because different groups have opposing goals.
However, these inconsistencies are caused by a number of factors (Nickerson, 2.
, including:
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METHOD OF RESEARCH
This is a qualitative study that employs a phenomenological approach to determine the factors that contribute to the social cohesion of the people of Pekanbaru.
We decide to use phenomenological approach to reveal the social cohesion that is important for PekanbaruAos We gather information from respondents who considerably suitable to depict this particular issue from their experiences.
According to Cresswell .
, the phenomenological research describes the several individuals experience toward a It focused on describing the participantsAo commonality as they experience the phenomenon.
Therefore, this approach is suitable to the issue that is carried away by this The information was gathered through interviews with three respondents who were deemed representative and relevant to the issues The respondents come from a variety of backgrounds, as detailed as below:
Respondent A is a political science lecturer who has grown up in Pekanbaru.
He came from diversity background and accustomize with Chinese.
Respondent B works for an NGO that actively promotes Malay values in the community.
He decides to become an NGO worker by his concern about the degradation of Malay teachings in people of Pekanbaru.
Respondent C is a retired ASN from Pekanbaru who comes from a large She loves to help her surroundings, whether her family, friends, or even strangers.
The interview technique was semistructured interview.
The prepared list of questions was solely for guidance and can be developed throughout the interview so that the respondents can express their feelings or experiences naturally (Semiawan, 2.
prepared the questions as below:
Please introduce yourself briefly Where are your parents from? Where were you born? How long have you lived in Pekanbaru? What is the thing you like most about living in Pekanbaru? Can you tell in more detail.
What things do you think you canAot find anywhere else besides Pekanbaru? Can you tell in more http://publikasi.
id/index.
php/curricula Contested resources Contested resources are almost always associated with wealth, power, and prestige (Weber, 1.
Money and land are examples of tangible wealth.
Power is generally unequal, with others gaining dominance when one party has less power potential than the other.
Role differentiations Inappropriate roles can lead to Sociologists emphasized vertical role differentiation in conflict studies, with different roles and positions in the power hierarchy being able to lead to role incongruence (Bartos & Wehr, 2.
Incompatible roles In the case of incompatible values, separated groups can develop a culture that encourages the achievement of Separation, community values and systems, or role differentiation can all contribute to this.
Individual and group separation are both Because their interactions with people within their group are more intense than those with outside groups, those who are separated from others develop a distinct set of values in both cases (Nickerson, 2.
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In your opinion, what are the advantages of Pekanbaru people? If you take part in social activities, for example Eid, what have become traditions for you? What about other social activities thanksgiving, etc.
? What has become a habit for you? The interview lasted about 20 minutes and yielded information that will be analyzed Systematic research (Cresswell, 2.
was used for analyzing the data, which began with the narrow units of analysis to broaden We highlighted the considerably important statement of respondents and clustered them based on its similarity to generate some meanings.
This process produced themes that become the findings of this research.
Each of the themes will be explained further.
RESEARCH FINDING
Based on interviews with three respondents, a number of possible themes explaining factor cohesion social public Pekanbaru were discovered, namely religiosity, activity, and familiarity.
This factor came from the interpretation of the theme that we elaborated from the interview The further explanation of the factors is described below.
Religiosity The majority of PekanbaruAos population practices Islam.
The people of Pekanbaru frequently act in accordance with fundamental Islamic religious teachings, including action interaction with other Islam teaches the importance of friendship and helping others, especially among Muslims.
These teachings make the people of Pekanbaru has considerably good in volunteering for Muslim community that face hardships and difficulties.
Friendship or interaction social events in religious events, such as wirid mosque, takziyah, open together.
Eid celebration, and others, are also http://publikasi.
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php/curricula popular in Pekanbaru.
As for the statement respondent related to theme, it is as follows.
AuDuring Eid.
I used to go around the housing complex with my neighbors looking for THR.
Even now, having children over for Eid Ay A.
S1, 12-13 AuWhen my sister's husband passed away, there were a lady approached her, saying that she, too, was a widow, but that by never giving up, she was able to send her child to graduate school.
sister was encouraged to live another day after thatAy B.
S2, 15-18 AuWhen I retire like this.
I usually go to the mosque for I enjoy meeting neighbors and learning about what they are up to.
something happens, we'll be the first to help, right?Ay C.
S3, 13-14 Activity People in Pekanbaru come from various regions, both within and outside of Riau.
Nonetheless, the majority of PekanbaruAos behavior and habits are somewhat similar.
The following theme is made up of several indicators, which can be seen below.
Social eating Pekanbaru residents are accustomed to eating from a variety of menus on a daily Eating activities are also considered to fulfill not only daily needs, but also the need to satisfy appetite.
The agenda for eating at social events with a diverse menu
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and evocative tastes is something to look forward to.
Eating together frequently becomes a social gathering.
This can be seen in the following respondentsAo AuI ate out with my family at least twice a month.
Take it to a place that the child enjoys, sometimes to the mother's liking, sometimes to the father's liking.
Yes, a variety of things.
It can be tedious to eat at home at times, so we all gather with the family and eat out.
Ay A.
S1, 22-24 AuTempoyak, in my opinion, is the most delicious Malay I prefer it when it is available in a restaurant, and I usually order it.
Later, when I have plans to eat at that restaurant.
I usually invite my office friends to join me for lunch.
Ay B.
S2.
AuOn Eid, all the food must be There's roti jala with lamb curry, soto, rice cake, satay, and rendang, and it's all delicious.
Each of my extended family members already has a go-to menu.
Soto is my go-to meal.
I had Eid several years ago without cooking soto, and the other families were so disappointed because they said they had been looking forward to it.
Ay C.
S3, 23-26 http://publikasi.
id/index.
php/curricula Togetherness in activity The people of Pekanbaru enjoy social activities that bring them together.
This tendency is also reflected in a reluctance to do something on oneAos own.
The context of this reluctance emphasizes that even if an activity can be done alone, the people of Pekanbaru prefer to do it together.
For example, activities that can be done alone but are more likely to be done together include exercising, going to take care of a need, and finishing a job even if it does not require much assistance.
This can be seen in the following respondentsAo statements.
AuWhen I go jogging.
I sometimes look forward to eating breakfast at a coffee shop with my exercise So when you go alone, it feels like something is missing.
Ay A.
S1, 32-34 AuI rarely go out by myself.
am frequently accompanied by my family, cousins of the same age, or, yes, by friends so that we can have a leisure time as well.
Even though the business was completed and it was only for a short time, it could take a long time because we just enjoy the time being together.
Ay B.
S2.
AuThere were people like that when I was still working.
there was work that was supposed to be completed by this one employee, but it wasn't, and the deadline was As a result.
I urge others to collaborate on this task
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rather than attempting to complete it alone.
Ay C.
S3.
Familiarity AuEverybody knows everybodyAy is the best fit phrase that can describe the familiarity theme.
This theme intends to explain why the people of Pekanbaru like to know ahead of time whether the person they just met is related to them.
Most of the time, the connection is made through extended family ties, attending the same school, or simply living in the same neighborhood.
The connection is frequently used as the relationships, or for developing reciprocal relationships and assisting one another on other occasions.
The following are responses from respondents to this theme.
AuI met Mr.
X while attending an activity in City Y.
I just discovered that Mr.
X and I are both from Pekanbaru.
we've been in contact since then, and if I have anything else to do and need to contact Mr.
X, he'll be contacted later.
I also frequently contact him to assist him with his needs.
S1, 42-44
AuBecause I work for an NGO, you could say I have a lot of contacts.
Sometimes the relationships are already known from the past before they become active here as For example, if you want to learn more about company X.
I can contact a high school friend who works there.
There are also those who met through the http://publikasi.
id/index.
php/curricula activities here, but it turns out that they are just there, in a sense, he used to live in my grandmother's area, or he used to be my junior when I was in college.
But, so far.
I've kept all of these I'm curious how you only now know him, despite the fact that you were at school with Ay B.
S2, 45-48 AuIAom so grateful that I live close to my family.
My family will assist if necessary.
I will also assist if I am able to assist families who are in Even now, even though I have retired, employees in the office, like this, ask for help if there is an urgent need, of course with me.
Ay C.
S3, 43-36
DISCUSSION