Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa Indonesia
ISSN: 2827-9956
Volume 4 Nomor 1 An Analysis of Directive Illocutionary Acts Found in DC League of Super-Pets Movie Ni Made Jilina Cantika Malini Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar cantikajilina@gmail.
Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar deni@unmas.
Abstract This study analyzed one of the illocutionary speech acts namely directives act.
Directive illocutionary acts are used by the speaker to get the hearer to do an action.
This study discusses the types of directive illocutionary acts as well as the function of directive illocutionary acts.
The researchers applied two theories in analyzing the study.
The first theory was proposed by Kreidler .
used to analyze the types of directives illocutionary acts.
The second theory was proposed by Leech .
used to analyze the function of directive illocutionary acts.
The researchers used the documentation method to collect the This data was analyzed with qualitative method.
Qualitative methods were used to analyze the data In presenting the data, the researcher used formal and informal methods.
In this study, there are 64 data of directive illocutionary acts classified into 41 data or 64,1% of commands, 14 data or 21,8% of requests, and the last data is 9 or 14,1% of suggests.
There are four types of functions found in command types, namely competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive.
Meanwhile, in requests and suggest types, there are only two functions found namely competitive and convivial.
Keywords: Illocutionary.
Directive.
DC League of Super-Pets.
Movie INTRODUCTION Linguistics is one of the well-known fields of study in English literature.
Linguistics is a science, as well as physics and chemistry are a science (Bloomfield, 1.
Moreover.
Matthew .
defined linguistics as the scientific study of language or the science of Language is a basic tool of communication.
Griffin .
defines communication as the relational process of constructing and understanding messages that evoke a response.
simple terms, language is uttered to communicate or to deliver a message that has a meaning.
Pragmatics is one of the linguistics branches which studies about speakerAos meaning and there is one of the most well-known concepts in pragmatics namely speech acts.
According to Griffiths .
, cited by Searle .
, the speech act is the basic unit of linguistics interaction, which includes greeting, applying for, explaining, and confirming appointments.
Ni Made Jilina Cantika Malini.
Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih According to Yule .
, there are four meanings of pragmatics.
The first meaning of pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.
The second study proposed by Yule .
pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.
The third meaning of pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said.
The last meaning of pragmatics According to Yule .
, pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
Besides, according to Leech .
, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning in relation to speech situations.
pragmatics, one concept that is well-known by many English Literature students namely speech According to Searle .
speech act is the basics of linguistics communication.
In other words, speech acts are all language that is used or uttered by someone to communicate.
Austin .
stated that speech acts are divided into three types, namely locutionary, perlocutionary, and illocutionary.
However, in this study, the researcher focuses on Illocutionary acts.
According to Nordquist .
, the term of illocutionary acts refers to the use of sentence or expression with a certain function.
Moreover.
Austin .
stated that illocutionary acts are the act of doing something.
According to Searle .
, there are five categories of illocutionary acts.
They are directives that are used by the speaker to asking, begging, commanding, ordering, or requesting to the hearer.
The second illocutionary acts are assertive which is used by the speaker to represent the state of the affair such as affirming, reporting, informing or stating.
The third is commisives which are used by the speaker to commit to the performance of an action such as offering, promising, swearing, threatening, and vowing.
The fourth one is declarative is an utterance used as an attempt to change the world by representing it as have been changed, such by naming, sentencing, and appointing.
The last one is expressive used by the speaker to express a psychological state about the situation such as welcoming, congratulating, thinking.
From the explanation above, the researchers only examined one category of illocutionary acts, namely directive acts.
According to Yule .
, directives act attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.
Moreover, according to Allan .
, there are four types of directives illocutionary acts.
The first directives act is requestives used to request the hearer to do an action by asking, begging, telling, urging, inviting, and so on.
The second is questions used to question the hearer as to proposition.
The third is requirements used to require the hearer to do an act by commanding, demanding, requiring, ordering, and many The last one is prohibitives used to prohibit the hearer from doing an act including forbid, prohibit, etc.
This study aims to examine the types of directives illocutionary acts and examine the functions of directives illocutionary acts found in the DC League of Super-Pets movie.
In order to gain more knowledge about illocutionary acts, the researchers used several previous studies as references.
The first study is an article that was conducted by Hutajulu & Herman .
entitled An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in the Movie You Are My Home English Subtitle.
The aims of this study are to examine the types of illocutionary acts and the most dominant types of illocutionary acts using the theory that was proposed by Searle .
to examine the types of illocutionary acts and to find the most frequently used illocutionary acts found in You Are My Home movie.
The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative methods in analyzing the data.
The differences between HutajuluAos and this study are HutajuluAos focuses on examining the types of illocutionary acts found in You Are My Home movie using SearleAos theory, whether this study focus on examining the types and functions of Ni Made Jilina Cantika Malini.
Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih directive illocutionary acts found in DC League of Super-Pets movie using Kreidller and LeechAos theory.
The second previous study was conducted by Sihombing et al.
entitled An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in Incredible Movie 2.
The aims of this study are to analyze the types of illocutionary acts in the Incredible Movie 2 movie and to interpret the dominant types of illocutionary acts.
The theory used in SihombingAos study is the theory that was proposed by Searle .
The researcher used the qualitative method in analyzing the data.
Document analysis was the technique analysis in this study.
The differences between SihombingAos study and this study are SihombingAos study focuses on analyzing the illocutionary acts found in Incredible Movie 2 using SearleAos theory, while this study focuses on analyzing the types and functions of directive acts found in DC League of Super-Pets movie using KreidlerAos theory.
The similarities between SihombingAos study and this study are both of the studies used qualitative methods in analyzing the data, and both of the study used documentation methods.
The last previous study was conducted by Wiliastini et al.
entitled Directive Illocutionary Act in Moana movie.
The aims of this study are to discuss the types of directive illocutionary acts found in the Moana movie and followed by directive illocutionary act The previous study used the theory that was proposed by Kreidler .
and the theory from Leech .
This study used qualitative and documentation methods in analyzing the data.
The differences between WiliastiniAos study and this study are WiliastiniAos study used the Moana movie as the data source, while this study used the DC League of Super-Pets movie.
The similarities between the previous study and this study are both of these studies focus on directive acts using KreidlerAos theory to analyze the directive illocutionary acts and LeechAos theory to analyze the functions of the directive acts found in the data source.
METHOD
The data of this study was taken from the DC League of Super-Pets movie.
In this study, the researchers analyzed the utterances of the characters in the movie.
In collecting the data, the researcher used the documentation method to collect the data.
The researcher collected the data by watching the Dc League of Super-Pets 2022 movie and read the script that posted by Maskath .
This data was analyzed by qualitative method.
According to Creswell .
, the purpose of qualitative research is to investigate and comprehend the significance that some persons or groups of people attribute to social or human problems.
The data was classified into types of directive illocutionary acts and explained the function of directive illocutionary acts.
There are two theories used in analyzing the data.
The first theory was proposed by Kreidler .
to identify the three types of directive illocutionary acts.
The second theory was proposed by Leech .
to define the functions of directive illocutionary acts.
The data was analyzed qualitatively and presented by formal and informal research.
Formal research is a sort of investigation done with the aid of scientific techniques and a methodical methodology, whereas informal research is the use of nonscientific methods to gather and analyze data Hasa .
Moreover, according to Johnson .
, formal research is carried out utilizing scientific investigation to duplicate measurable results, just as the term indicates, whether the findings of informal research cannot and should not be applied to a wider group.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Ni Made Jilina Cantika Malini.
Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih The result of this study showed in the table below.
Total data of directives illocutionary acts found in the DC League of Super-Pets movie are 64 data.
The first data is a commands in directive illocutionary acts in a total of 41 data.
The command types are used by the speaker to give some instruction to the listener to do something.
The second data is requests in directive illocutionary acts in a total of 14 data.
The request type are used by the speaker to demand the The last data is suggestions in directive illocutionary acts in a total data of 9 data.
The request types is used by the speaker to give some suggestions or recommendations about something to the hearer.
All of the directives illocutionary types found in the DC League of Supper-Pets movie are followed by the function of the directive illocutionary acts such as.
competitive, convivial, collaborative, and the last function is conflictive.
The total data of directive illocutionary acts and the function can be seen below:
Table 1.
Illocutionary Acts Types of Directive Frequency Illocutionary Acts Commands Requests Suggestions Total Functions Frequency Total Competitive Convivial Collaborative Conflictive Competitive Convivial Competitive Convivial 64,1% 21,8% 14,1% The researcher found the most dominant types and functions found in the movie namely.
Commands as the types of directives acts and competitive as the function.
The commands types found in a total 41 data or 64,1% and the function is competitive in a total of 39 data.
The second dominant types are requests in a total data of 14 or 21,8%.
The suggestion types of directives act become the least types that is found in the movie in a total of 9 data or 14,1%.
The author can conclude that command types are the type that appears most frequently in the DC League of Super-Pets movie and suggestion types are the type that is least frequently The result of the data above will be discussed below:
Commands Commanding directive illocutionary acts are used by the speaker to give an order to the listener to do.
There are four functions found in commands types, namely competitive which used to compete with the social goals by ordering, requesting, comanding, and begging.
The second types are convivial used to match with the social purpose by offering, greeting, thanking, congratulating, and welcoming.
The third function is collaborative used to ignore the social goals by asserting, publishing, announcing, and instructing.
The last function named conflictive used to conflict with the social goals by threatening, blaming, swearing, and In the DC League of Super-Pets movie, there are forty-one command utterances that occur by the characters but, the researchers only explain two pieces of data below:
Ni Made Jilina Cantika Malini.
Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih Data 1 Krypto : All right, wake up, buddy.
It is walk o-clock.
This is unpleasant for both of us Clark : No no no.
FiveA.
Five more minutes.
And IAom up.
Okay.
Krypto weAoll go for a walk.
The utterance above happened when Krypto tries to wake his owner up.
At first, he tries to let Superman sleep for a longer time, but Krypto doesnAot have the patience to wait for him.
Therefore, he decided to wake him up because it is time to go for a walk.
Based on KreidlerAos theory .
KyrptoAos utterance AuWake up, buddyAy was categorized as a command type.
It is because Krypto commanded Superman to get up and go out with him.
KryptoAos statement above belongs to competitive function because the directive illocutionary acts goal in KryproAos statement is to compete with the social goal.
Therefore, the directive illocutionary acts goal by KryptoAos utterance above can be classified as commanding.
It is because he tells Superman to wake up, and the social goal of KryptoAos utterance competes with giving the command to Superman to go for a walk.
Data 2 Clark : Oh what do I have here? Krypto : Squeezy Bruce! Clark : Fetch! Pup, up and away! Krypto : Squeezy bruce retrieved.
The conversation above happened at the playground when Superman is trying to kiss Louis.
When Superman is about to kiss her.
Krypto trying to stop them because he is jealous of his owner with his fiancy being happy.
To keep Krypto away from them.
Superman throws KryptoAos favorite toy called Squeezy Bruce.
Based on KreidlerAos .
Superman uses the utterance to command Krypto to get the toy that has been thrown away by Superman.
Fetch said by Superman in order to tell Krypto to catch the toy and Pup, up and away said by Superman in order to tell Krypto to run and chase the toy.
SupermanAos statement above belongs to competitive function because the directive illocutionary acts goal in SupermanAos statement is to compete with the social goal.
Therefore, the directive illocutionary acts goal by KryptoAos utterance above can be classified as demanding.
It is because he tells Krypto to catch the toys that he throws earlier.
II.
Requests Request directive illocutionary acts are used by the speaker to ask or give a request to the listener to do.
The request types limit to two functions namely competitive functions used to compete with the social goals by ordering, requesting, comanding, and begging, and the second function is convivial used to match with the social purpose by offering, greeting, thanking, congratulating, and welcoming.
In the DC League of Super-Pets movie, there are fourteen utterances that occur by the characters but, the researchers only explain two pieces of data below:
Data 3 Ace : Uh-huh anyway IAom kind of in a middle of prison break, so could you pleaseA? Krypto : Prison break? Stop and cease your unlawful activities dog IAove never met.
Ace : The heck are you talking about man? You the same dog that was literally just behind Ni Made Jilina Cantika Malini.
Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih The utterance above happened when ace is succeeded in escaping from the dog cage in the animal shelter.
When he walks on the street, he met Kyrpto which blocking ace.
Therefore, ace asked Krypto if he could move a little bit and give him a space to walk.
Based on KreidlerAos theory .
AceAos utterance above Aucould you please?Ay was categorized as a request directive illocutionary because Ace asked Krypto if he could move and stop blocking him.
AceAos statement above categorized as a competitive function because the directive illocutionary acts are to compete with the social goals.
The utterance said by Ace is classified as asking because he said AuCould you please?Ay which means that he ask Krypto if he could move.
Also, there is a chance Krypto will say no because the use of request types here is by asking the Data 4 Lulu Ace Lulu Ace : Lulu, are you okay? : Oh.
IAom more than okay, pig.
I am what I always meant to be.
: Lulu, hey : What? : Take us with you, okay? The statement above happened when Lulu got the power from orange kryptonite.
Lulu uses her power to burn the whole animal shelter before she goes out of the shelter.
There are many animals that are still in their cage when Lulu burn the shelter.
When Lulu was about to go out and leave them in their cage, one of the animals named Ace then asked take us with you okay? in order to beg Lulu.
Based on KreidlerAos theory .
AceAos utterance is classified into request types because there is a chance for Lulu to decline or refuse AceAos utterance.
The function of AceAos utterance is classified as competitive function because the utterance is used to compete with social goals.
According to LeechAos theory.
Ace used competitive function by begging Lulu to help all of the animal that was locked in the cages.
However.
Lulu still refuses to help them and leave them locked there while the fire started to burn the animal shelter.
Suggestions Suggestion types are used by the speaker to give some suggestions or recommendations to the listener.
In suggestions types there are two functions namely competitive functions used to compete with the social goals by ordering, requesting, comanding, and begging, and the second function is convivial used to match with the social purpose by offering, greeting, thanking, congratulating, and welcoming.
In the DC League of Super-Pets movie, the researchers found there are nine utterances that occur by the characters but, the researchers only explain two data below:
Data 5 Krypto : Squeezy bruce retrieved.
Clark : Hey, those guys looks fun.
How about you go play with them? SupermanAos utterance above happened when Krypto kept interrupting Superman.
Superman tries to flirt with Louis, but Krpto seems jealous of them both because Krypto used to be SupermanAos favorite dog and now Louis is about to be SupermanAos favorite person.
Because Krypto doesnAot want to be replaced, he then tried to interrupt them.
But.
Superman really want to talk and flirt with Louis, therefore, he tries to suggest Krypto to play with the other dog.
According to Kreidler .
SupermanAos utterance AuHow about you go play with Ni Made Jilina Cantika Malini.
Ni Nyoman Deni Ariyaningsih them?Ay is categorized as a suggestion directive illocutionary act.
SupermanAos statement above belongs to the convivial function because the directive illocutionary acts goal in SupermanAos utterance is to give a suggestion to Krypto.
Therefore, the directive illocutionary acts goal by SupermanAos utterance above can be classified as offering.
It is because SupermanAos utterance goals is to tell Krypto to play with the other dog in that ground.
Data 6 Louis : I think Krypto feels left out? Clark : Yeah.
I guess IAom, kind of, his only friend.
Louis : ThatAos sweet.
But maybe heAod be happier if he had a new friend, too.
LouisAo utterance above happened when Louis and Superman just dated.
She thinks that after they both dated.
Krypto will feel left out since Superman said that he was KryptoAos only Because Louis does not want Krypto to feel left out or ignored by them, she suggested Superman to get another animal or maybe another dog in order to make Krypto less lonely when they both want to spend their time together.
LouisAo statement above belongs to the convivial function because the directive illocutionary acts goal in LouisAo utterance is to give a suggestion to Superman.
Therefore, the directive illocutionary acts goal by LouisAo utterance above can be classified as offering.
It is because LouisAo utterance goal is to suggest Superman to get another animal in order to give Krypto a new friend.
CONCLUSION
This research analyzed the types of illocutionary acts found in the DC League of SuperPets movie.
The researchers also analyzed the function of directive illocutionary acts found by the charactersAo utterances.
In this study, the researchers analyzed all of the charactersAo movie utterances but there are only 6 data were explained descriptively.
The total data that is found in the DC League of Super-Pets movie are 64 data.
There are one directive illocutionary acts namely commands directives act become the most frequently used utterance in this movie.
The total commands directive acts found are 41 data, which are divided into 26 of competitive functions, 8 of convivial functions, 3 of collaborative functions, and 4 of conflictive functions.
The second most frequently used utterance in this movie is requests in a total of 14 data, divided into 11 of competitive functions, and 3 convivial functions.
The last directive illocutionary acts named suggest become the least utterances that are appear or used by the characters in the total data 9, divided into 2 competitive functions, and 7 convivial functions.
The competitive function is used to compete with the social goals by ordering, requesting, comanding, and The second function named convivial is used by the speaker to coincide with the social goals by offering, greeting, thanking, congratulating, and welcoming.
The third function is collaborative used to ignore the social goals by asserting, publishing, announcing, and The last function named conflictive used to conflict with the social goals by threatening, blaming, swearing, and reprimanding.
REFERENCE