Si NKP.
Belitung Nursing Journal.
2017 October.
:462-469
Received: 8 August 2017 | Revised: 2 September 2017 | Accepted: 8 October 2017 http://belitungraya.
org/BRP/index.
php/bnj/ A 2017 The Author.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.
International License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
ISSN: 2477-4073
ADDRESSING VIEWS OF KEY INFORMANTS WHO ARE WORKING
FOR WOMEN RIGHTS REGARDING INTIMATE PARTNER
VIOLENCE
Nan Kyi Pyar Si* PhD Candidate.
Military Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences.
Yangon.
Myanmar Corresponding author:
Nan Kyi Pyar Si Military Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences Pyay Rd.
Yangon.
Myanmar E-mail: kyipyar7949@gmail.
ABSTRACT
Some married women are experiencing different types of intimate partner violence by their current or former However, the awareness and services for those women are still needed.
This study explored the key informantsAo perspectives to provide more comprehensive services to those women.
Qualitative feminist method was used and five participants were purposefully selected to interview in depth.
Key informants reflected upon intimate partner violence as causes of intimate partner violence, why intimate partner violence cases were underreported, why didnAot women leave their violent partner, what they actually felt for intimate partner violence, gaps with intervention for survivors and planning for better outcome.
It was found that awareness among women who experiencing violence and the people around them needed to be raised.
And services provided for them also needed to be more concise and updated.
Therefore, it is essentially important to extend education session to all people regarding violence against women.
Collaboration and cooperation of government and non-governmental organizations is also helpful to decrease various kinds of violence committed to women.
Keywords: key informants, service providers, intimate partner violence, womenAos rights INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence is one of the most common forms of violence against women and includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and controlling behaviours by an intimate partner.
Violence happens because of menAos greater power and their misuse of that Women are not guilty for violence committed by men on their body, mind and spirit.
2 Therefore, it is Belitung Nursing Journal .
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needed to increase conscious awareness among women regarding intimate partner violence.
In Myanmar, there are many non-government organization to help women.
Both male and female service providers are working in those organizations.
Types of their help depend on organizationAos functions .
dvocating womenAos rights, enforcing law, engaging me.
and their Key qualitative in-depth interviews to collect information from a wide range of people who have first-hand knowledge about the community .
ommunity leaders, professionals, or resident.
These community experts can provide insight on the nature of problems and give recommendations for solutions based on their knowledge and Key informants here mean the people who are helping women encountering intimate partner violence by the means of their different services.
Their concerns and experiences regarding intimate partner violence may vary like attitude, sense of their help, previous work, recent difficulties, and future Therefore, it is worth revealing their experiences, current trends and issues and difficulties of giving services regarding intimate partner violence for the benefits of the The aim of this study was to discover the information that would not have been explored in the survivors.
The research question to guide this study was Auwhat are the views and feelings of key informants who are working for women rightsAo regarding intimate partner violence?Ay METHODS The study was qualitative feminist study and conducted in Yangon Region.
Myanmar from January to April- 2017.
Data were collected by face to face indepth interviewing methods.
Five participants .
females, 2 male.
were nongovernmental organization, which were trying to help women by means of increasing their awareness and helping women to fulfil their needs.
Interviewed data were analysed using Braun and Clarke .
six phases of thematic analysis.
4 These six phases are .
Familiarising with data, i.
Generating initial codes, .
Searching for themes, i.
Reviewing themes, .
Defining and naming themes, and v.
Producing the Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of Military Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences.
Yangon.
Written informed consent was also obtained from all key informants prior to the interview.
Protection from anonymity and confidentiality is also assured by using codes as K1 to K5.
Right to participation and withdrawal is also guaranteed by informing to be able to withdraw within one month after participation in the study.
triangulation method was performed by collecting data using interviews and observation methods of data collection.
Credibility was also enhanced by working Belitung Nursing Journal .
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Persistent observation was achieved primarily by continuing interviews beyond the point of data saturation.
sampling participants from multiple organizations, including both male and female, triangulation was accomplished and transferability was enhanced.
RESULTS
The age of five key informants who consented to participate in the study ranged from 23 years to 26 years.
They all are graduated and they all have working experiences at least 3 years.
They all are from different NGOs working for women As key informants, they gave services for survivors of intimate partner violence in their own way.
They all started their work for their career first and then they involved actively in violence After conducting key informant interviews, the following voices of key informants on intimate partner violence could be CAUSES OF INTIMATE PARTNER
VIOLENCE
Discrimination against women allows violence to occur daily.
However, women themselves did not acknowledge that they are violent by their partner.
5 Women are violent by their husband due to their inferiority throughout their lives.
Gender based discrimination AuMost of the women have encountered intimate partner violence in their lives.
our country, there are so many genderbased discrimination.
The mind set of people has been like that in our country.
think this may be main source for violence.
Women should endure their husbands because of being women and for that reason men commit violence to women.
Ay Misuse of dominant power AuThe main reason is power.
In our country, there is no power equality in men and women according to our religion and Mainly, women must cook in home to fulfil husbandAos needs and for men even though he is drinker or not, he is the leader of household.
They gave such a kind of power and men misuse that power.
This became predisposing factor of violent Ay K4 AuMen are trained to be strong and not to be graceful in their childhood.
So, they used to live as smart guy for they wanted to be Therefore, they grew up with that tradition as they wanted to be appreciated as a man.
And then, their responsive action become very aggressive and uproariously manner.
Because of this, violence happens between intimate Ay K5 Male dominance in the family AuWe, men are delighted in favorism/ giving So, men have an idea of we are men, we must be in priority and everybody should listen to us.
Ay Their mind is like that.
So, they donAot know how to give priority or give precedence to another person.
For example, in a marriage life, as in relationship between husband and wife, men said I am men.
I am breadwinner, do not criticize to me.
They accepted patriarchy willingly in their life.
Ay K5 Violating education rights AuViolent person did not notice themselves that they commit it.
For example, if a man did not allow his wife to go to work or to continue her education, it is the kind of Belitung Nursing Journal .
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We should try to educate them to get awareness.
Ay K4 AuSometimes the violence occurred between educated persons, especially threat It became the iceberg in the ocean.
It is the violence that they forbidden their wifeAo knowledge and Ay K5 Experience of family violence as predictor for later violence AuMainly it formed in family and if that child went into community, he would commit We allowed such kind of violence to develop in family and then spread What we need to do is to change within family, with community and then national level.
As a result of this, the amount of violence and suppression on women would be eradicated one day.
Ay K3
UNDER REPORTING
Although women in Myanmar might face numerous kinds of violence to them, there is no base-line data and whatever data there it may be incomplete.
Little is known of the prevalence and types of violence women encountered in their home by their partner as countrywide violence-focused information data is This is because police figures only count cases of rape and violence that have been reported to them.
There may be hidden cases that have not been reported to police or any other organizations.
Key informantsAo views on why women underreport their problems were the Lack of responsiveness AuIn my opinion.
It has related to cultural Even though we complain about it, there is no supporting group who may intervene the problem.
I think this is the main source.
Ay K1 AuIn Myanmar, the main problem is that people do not understand the meaning of Violence is happening everywhere and violent is not recognized and reporting delayed because of their acknowledgement.
ThatAos why violent case is not reported.
Ay Being proud of their husbandAos violent AuWomen are proud of their husbandAos violent behaviour even though legally protected for them.
If women are not silent and report the problem, men would not continue their behaviour to some extent.
Ay Keeping secret personal affairs AuWomen are not used to tell friends regarding problems between their husbands and them.
This all also included.
peopleAos mind, they accept violence If it was like that, we should change mind set of the people.
Ay K4
WHY DONAoT WOMEN LEAVE
VIOLENT PARTNERS?
There are many various reasons why women may stay in violent relationships.
The followings are the service providerAos views on why women still continue their unpleasant relationships with violent Family pressure AuSometimes in our community, some parents knew that their daughter is violated by their husband.
However, they said to their daughter to consider for children and for them.
In our countries, people accept divorcee as womenAos fault.
For that reason, women cannot leave their violent husband and continue their violated relationshipAy AuMany of us heard from our parents, "Boys will be boys, so girls must take care"--the Belitung Nursing Journal .
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Blaming the victim releases the man who commits violence from the responsibility for what he has done.
Friends or family may blame the victim in order to feel safe themselves.
Ay K3 Stigma: community pressure AuEven if it was because of her husband that they divorced, only she would be badmouthed and criticized by the community.
divorcee is just destined to be devalued and looked down on.
Ay K3 Lack of alternative means of economic AuWhat I want to say is that women themselves cannot stand alone on their feet without their husband.
We have a duty to support them until they can stand on their feet alone.
Ay K5 Culture Social and cultural norms also play important role in reporting of violence by As survivors are deeply embedded in longstanding social and cultural norms, cases of violence are rarely reported to the police.
5 Social and cultural norms came down from generation to generation and they become custom in context.
Participants noticed that culture influenced the violence behaviour and they would like to change the culture to reduce the occurrence of AuCultural norms make us to be blind and parents themselves make this custom to be Ay K1 AuIn our country, culture and norms play a key role in intimate partner violence.
women are clever than men, our culture donAot accept that and blamed for it.
And then, people forced men to be jealous of his wife and their personal woes grew up.
Ay K3 AuThe influence of culture is terrible.
To say, culture influences in non-sense things.
couple is in a quarrel and the wife want to divorce, relatives and surroundings give pressure to wife.
Why do you want to divorce? Divorcee is not good.
And then, women cannot divorce by following the Culture still influence on violence as well as gender issue.
The thing we cannot fight against is culture and we are still trying to change it.
Ay K5 Hoping that the partner will change AuEspecially because of culture and community pressure, survivors cannot escape from their violent husband.
Moreover, there is also affection.
They expect their husband to be changed because of love.
This is one of the facts why they canAot divorce their husband.
Ay K5
WHAT THEY FELT
The existing legal framework does not meet the needs of women vulnerable to, or survivors of violence.
5 With the urgent need of a law to protect women from violence.
Myanmar has recently endorsed the UN Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, and its commitment to enacting anti-violence 6 The approval of the Antiviolence against women law is now waiting permission from advocate generalAos office.
Law restricting to women AuIf onesAo husband living together with another women, how can she show evidence for that? Should she call and show the house or place they lived? Why people donAot believe the women.
They must believe the women who came and reported to them.
If they donAot believe, it would be the burden for women and women would feel emotional uncomfortable.
Ay K2 AuAccording to our Customary Law, there is no equality in men and womenAos rights.
For Belitung Nursing Journal .
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Ay K4 Complaining men use their Patriarchy AuIn our culture, we must follow the law.
Customary laws restricted the womenAos Next, restricted education also narrowed down individual vision and scope and women became victims of violent by their husbands.
ThatAos all are our views on current situation.
Ay K3 AuFrom our womenAos right, we thought men are Patriarchal and they always influence in decision making and look down on But this is only our views.
There may be some instinct from menAos view.
need to explore and get to know them.
Ay K2 AuIn Myanmar, policy and law donAot have women session in every sector.
In other countries.
Law are launched for women in session and chapter.
In our countries, we have to back up for women rights in any law which was launched here.
And also, women workers who would help survivors are also rare here.
Most of the staff are men and women workers are only a few Then, most of the justices are men and they themselves donAot understand the womenAos feelings.
Ay K3 Among 3 female and 2 male participants, 2 male participants expressed their emotions from the point of view of men and 1 female participant expressed it is needed to explore menAos feelings on why they commit violence.
Therefore, it was found that not only from the point of survivors but also from points of perpetrator is needed to be explored.
Accepting the idea: AuThe husband has the right to beat his wifeAy AuIn my opinion.
I accept that men must control their emotional feelings and their If they cannot control themselves.
I cannot accept them as good and smart men.
Sometimes, some of the male volunteers from our gender group themselves have an idea that men worth beating their wife.
They said men can beat women depend on the situation.
I cannot accept that guys.
have different opinion from them.
Ay K5 AuSometimes, we, ourselves also violated to If you donAot like violation to you, you should not violate to others.
Do not misuse your power of being Patriarchy.
ADDRESSING GAPS WITH INTERVENTION FOR SURVIVORS
Safety AuWe cannot give good support for For example, if the women quarrelled with their husband and reported to us for the sake of their safety and we cannot give any guarantee for them to be Ay K5 Services provided AuIn raising awareness, we should not focus only on women and should also include Not only men, but also ethic leader should also be included in our programme.
At some region, in raising awareness in men, men do not accept female volunteer to train them.
They thought women fight for women and now we are trying to engaging men by giving peer education.
It is because men can only want to accept male volunteer to educate them or train them.
Ay K4 AuAnd also, in counselling, we cannot support with good consultation services In other countries, they have good consultation services and we cannot give Through counselling, empowerment of survivors could get supported.
Ay K5
PLANNING FOR BETTER
OUTCOME
What they consider to do in their future are to give training regarding reproductive health, to raise awareness among gender Belitung Nursing Journal .
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violent by their husband due to their inferiority throughout their lives.
AuEven though we cannot give technical support, we are trying to give awareness individually or in group.
Our future plan is to give gender awareness in primary level and reproductive health in University Ay K3 Power become one of the predisposing factors of menAo violent behaviour in this study and unlikely it was found that having power in women protects them from violence while it is also a risk factor Beliefs about gender roles and norms, and structural dimensions that may support violence against women vary cross culturally.
These inconsistencies may lead to underreporting of violence in some settings.
Moreover, barriers to reporting such as social taboo, stigma may significantly impede accurate collection of epidemiological data.
AuThere are still gender non-sensitive women in our society.
We are considering to change them first.
Ay K4 AuIn our project, we focused only on women.
However, it is not the way to empower women only, we should also empower men as well.
We should also understand the habit of men and later we have moved to the topic about Auengaging menAy.
negotiate with men and try to understand the nature of men.
We are asking question AuWhy do men want to violate?Ay We considered such a question.
There is not much because we cannot give training very We tried to discuss in engaging men
and what we have got is that we should not forget the feeling of men in intervening our Ay K5
DISCUSSION