Sutaryono.
Syahputri.
Kasjono.
Susilowati.
Setyadi.
Purwanti.
Sukamsi.
Ernawati.
Samsudin.
, & Hidayat.
Dust exposure in the stone carving industry and its impact on respiratory health: An environmental risk assessment.
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN, 23.
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Jurnal Info Kesehatan Vol.
No.
Desember 2025, pp.
P-ISSN 0216-504X.
E-ISSN 2620-536X
DOI: 10.
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Iss4.
Journal homepage: https://jurnal.
id/index.
php/infokes RESEARCH Open Access Dust Exposure in the Stone Carving Industry and Its Impact on Respiratory Health:
An Environmental Risk Assessment Sutaryono1a*.
Rezyana Budi Syahputri1b.
Heru Subaris Kasjono2c.
Tuti Susilowati3d.
Teguh Setyadi4e.
Purwanti4f.
Sukamsi4g.
Dhanik Ernawati4h.
Mohamad Samsudin5i.
Taufiq Hidayat5j Health Program Administration.
Faculty of Health and Technology.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Klaten.
Klaten.
Central Java.
Indonesia Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan.
Sleman.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia Politeknik Kesehatan Permata Indonesia Yogyakarta.
Sleman.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia Bappeda dan Litbangda Kabupaten Magelang.
Magelang Regency.
Central Java.
Indonesia Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN).
Magelang Regency.
Central Java.
Indonesia Email: sutaryono@umkla.
Email: rezyanabs@umkla.
Email: kherusubaris@gmail.
Email: tutisusilowati2908@gmail.
Email: guhse16@gmail.
Email: purwanti1809@gmail.
Email: kambappedadanlitbangda@gmail.
Email: rayrafasya@gmail.
Email: sam_gaki@yahoo.
Email: ttyo80@yahoo.
Received: 30 October 2024 Revised: 27 March 2025 Accepted: 25 May 2025 Abstract Stone carving in Magelang Regency holds significant potential to enhance community welfare through industrial and tourism development, but it also presents health risks due to PM10 dust exposure exceeding safe limits.
This study aims to identify respiratory health risks of stone craftsmen due to dust exposure with the incident of respiratory diseases, using a quantitative approach with observations and primary data collection from 60 respondents.
Dust levels were measured using LVDS and HVDS, while the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) was determined through health examinations.
Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL) with the Risk Quotient (RQ) was applied to evaluate long-term exposure.
Results showed dust concentrations of 12.
941 mg/mA in Sedayu and 17.
647 mg/mA in Banyudono, both above the threshold, with respiratory disorders more prevalent in Sedayu .
3%) than in Banyudono .
3%).
values above 1 in both villages indicate significant health risks, highlighting the need for improved PPE use, ventilation, routine air quality checks, and health monitoring to prevent respiratory issues.
Keywords: Stone Carving.
Dust.
Respiratory Disease.
Risk Quotient (RQ).
Corresponding Author:
Sutaryono Health Program Administration.
Faculty of Health and Technology.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Klaten.
Klaten.
Central Java.
Indonesia Email: sutaryono@umkla.
AThe Author.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.
0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author.
and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
719 | https://doi.
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INTRODUCTION
The development policy direction and priorities of Magelang are aimed at strengthening local potential oriented towards improving community welfare.
This policy encourages local potential and fosters regional flagship products to compete nationally, including the development of volcanology and cultural tourism of Mount Merapi, as well as stone carving The strategy for developing the stone carving craft industry as a tourist destination in Magelang Regency ieconomics a key aspect in leveraging regional potential.
In addition to increasing regional revenue, this strategy is expected to expand employment opportunities by creating new jobs and stimulating local economic activities (BPS, 2024.
Sutaryono et al.
, 2.
Magelang is known as a region with a long history in stone carving.
This activity has been ongoing since the era of the ancient Mataram Kingdom, where stone was used to build large temples like Borobudur.
Until today, stone carving art continues to evolve and is part of the local wisdom passed down through generations.
The stone carving craft in Magelang reflects strong cultural values, with skills passed down from one generation to the next.
The distinctive stone carving techniques, aesthetic and spiritual motifs, and the use of local materials are integral to the cultural identity of MagelangAos people.
Many stone carvings are produced for historical buildings, home decorations, and souvenirs, showing that this craft is a manifestation of local wisdom that continues to be preserved (Istanto & Triyanto, 2019.
Kristiutami et al.
, 2014.
Vlad, 2.
Magelang has abundant access to andesite stone, one of the best stones for carving.
Andesite is found in the slopes of Mount Merapi and Mount Sumbing, part of Magelang's geographical area.
The availability of this natural resource means the raw materials for the craft are available in large quantities at relatively low cost.
This resource availability is the primary factor supporting the growth of the stone carving craft industry (Sukmarani et al.
, 2014.
Guruh et al.
, 2.
The stone carving craft is an important source of income for the region.
Besides providing employment for the local population, this industry also contributes to regional income through local taxes and exports.
The craft is not only marketed locally but also exported abroad, mainly for building and property decoration purposes.
According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Magelang, the craft industry, including stone carving, contributes up to 12% of regional income through taxes and exports.
Apart from being known for Borobudur Temple.
Magelang also boasts a tourism attraction related to the stone carving craft.
Many tourists are interested in visiting the craft centers to observe the stone carving process firsthand.
Villages such as Sedayu and Banyudono have developed into educational tourism destinations where visitors can learn about stone carving and even participate in the carving process.
The stone carving craft in Magelang has significant potential to be developed as a thematic tourism destination (BPS, 2.
Despite bringing many economic and cultural benefits, the stone carving craft activities also have negative impacts on the environment and public health.
The stone quarrying and carving processes produce dust that can pollute the air.
This dust, especially PM2.
5 and PM10, is so small that it can be easily inhaled by the surrounding community, leading to a decrease in air quality (Hamdan et al.
, 2016.
Ilahi et al.
, 2.
PM10 dust generated from stone carving activities can cause various respiratory diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
People living and working around the craft locations are at high risk of contracting these diseases due to continuous dust exposure.
Long-term exposure to PM10 dust can also increase the risk of lung cancer (Abidin et al.
, 2.
Found that exposure to PM10 dust exceeding the threshold limit can increase the risk of respiratory diseases by up to 30% compared to unexposed populations.
A study on individuals at high risk of aging found a 37.
1% decline in lung function.
Similarly, reported that among Magelang stone carving workers, 3.
3% had chronic bronchitis, 20% showed bronchitis symptoms, and spirometry results indicated 66.
6% with mild, 13.
3% with moderate, 3.
3% with severe Sutaryono.
Syahputri.
Kasjono.
Susilowati.
Setyadi.
Purwanti.
Sukamsi.
Ernawati.
Samsudin.
, & Hidayat.
Dust exposure in the stone carving industry and its impact on respiratory health: An environmental risk assessment.
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN, 23.
, 718-727.
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restrictions, and 10% with normal lung function.
The results of this study also show that the dust content in the air exceeds the Environmental Quality Standard Value which has exceeded the Environmental Quality Standard Value of dust content in the air is 10 mg/m3, while the measurement results are 12,941-17,647 mg/m3 (Sulistyaningsih, 2.
The effects of particulate matter, silica dust, and nanosilica dust can lead to significant respiratory problems, as their small size allows them to penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and impaired lung function.
Long-term exposure to silica dust can cause diseases such as silicosis, pneumoconiosis, and COPD.
The impact of dust on lung function is also evident through spirometry tests, which show a decrease in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV.
(Hu et al.
, 2024.
Shekarian et al.
, 2.
A study reviewed over 400 studies on the impact of coal mining dust, also showed significant deposition of harmful particles in the lungs, leading to chronic lung diseases (Philippova et al.
, 2022.
Abidin et al.
, 2.
The stone carving craft activity is an important part of the local economy in Magelang Regency, including in the sub-districts of Muntilan.
Dukun.
Salam.
Sawangan.
Mungkid, and Secang, each with its own unique products.
The Dukun sub-district, particularly the villages of Sedayu and Banyudono, is a stone quarrying area, such as Keningar and Banaran, and is known as a stone-producing region due to its proximity to Mount Merapi.
Many people rely on this craft for their livelihood.
However, behind its economic benefits, this activity has serious consequences for the environment and the health of the local community, particularly related to fine particulate dust exposure.
According to the concept of sustainable development, it needs to be linked to the triple bottom line approach which includes environmental, economic, and social factors.
These three pillars must be met properly so that an industry can develop and survive in the face of competition without causing adverse impacts on the environment.
Indepth studies on the environmental impact of this activity, especially air quality and worker health, are still limited.
Therefore, it is essential to conduct a study on the environmental health risks of PM10 exposure to the communities working and living near the stone carving sites.
This study aims to identify respiratory health risks of stone craftsmen due to dust exposure with the incident of respiratory diseases, so that appropriate mitigation measures can be taken.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research design is observational with a quantitative approach by collecting primary data related to PM10 concentration and respiratory disease examinations.
The research sample consists of 30 stone carvers from Sedayu Village and 30 from Banyudono Village, with the inclusion criteria being: stone carvers aged 18 years and above, having worked and lived in the study location for at least three years.
Exclusion criteria include participants who are unable to communicate and those who are seriously ill.
Control variables included hearing loss, blood pressure, nutritional status and not having a respiratory illness such as asthma CPOD, while smoking and economic status were not controlled.
Air quality sampling with PM 10 dust parameters using a dustsampler tool at the sampling point location of each village, sampling time is carried out for 24 hours.
Measurement of dust content using two 55 mm diameter cellulose filter paper for the Low Volume Dust Sampler (LVDS) tool and two 110 mm diameter cellulose filter paper for the High Volume Dust Sampler (HVDS) tool.
Measurement of respiratory disorders through interviews and examinations by a team of doctors including Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI).
Pneumonia.
Chronic Bronchitis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) were established based on anamnesis (Bone & Diamond-Fox, 2024.
Rogan, 2.
Data analysis was conducted descriptively and supplemented with a risk analysis using the Environmental Health Risk Assessment method (EHRA).
The health risk level is expressed as Risk Quotient (RQ), calculated for lifetime 721 | https://doi.
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Ethical clearance approval was issued by the Ethics Committee of Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta No.
DP.
03/e-KEPK.
1/744/2023 on July 31, 2023.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The presence of Borobudur Temple in Magelang Regency serves as a powerful magnet attracting people from various parts of the world to visit.
This has impacted the lives of the people in Magelang Regency, many of whom have taken up stone carving as a profession, producing products resembling parts of the temple structure.
The types of stone crafts produced at the research sites are quite diverse.
The term "nithik" has existed since ancient times, starting with simple products like tombstones, which later evolved into kitchen tools such as mortars, pestles, and grinding stones, as well as crafts like lanterns, fountains, gateways, pillars, and eventually art objects and religious items, such as Buddha statues (Istanto.
Rohidi.
Triyanto The research sites in the villages of Sedayu and Banyudono are home to the largest number of stone carving industries compared to other villages in Magelang Regency.
The characteristics of the research respondents are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Respondent Characteristics by Location.
Variable Research Location Sedayu .
Banyudono .
f (%) f (%) Age .
< 30
30 Ae 39
40 Ae 49
Education Level DidnAot Complete Elementary School
Elementary School
Junior High School
Senior High School
Professional Lifetime < 10
10 Ae 20
> 20
Income/ Month <Regional Minimum Wage >Regional Minimum Wage Table 1 shows that the stone craftsmen involved in this study, based on the age of the respondents in both groups, do not differ significantly.
however, the proportion of stone craftsmen under the age of 30 is higher in the group from Banyudono Village.
In contrast, the proportion of stone craftsmen aged 50 and above is greater in the group from Sedayu Village.
The proportion of stone craftsmen with an elementary school education is higher in Banyudono Village .
%) compared to Sedayu Village .
99%).
The proportion of craftsmen with more than 20 years of work experience is higher in Sedayu Village .
97%), whereas those with less than 10 years of work experience are more prevalent in Banyudono Village .
71%).
Additionally, the proportion of craftsmen earning below the minimum regional wage (UMR) is higher among the stone craftsmen in Banyudono Village .
22%).
Sutaryono.
Syahputri.
Kasjono.
Susilowati.
Setyadi.
Purwanti.
Sukamsi.
Ernawati.
Samsudin.
, & Hidayat.
Dust exposure in the stone carving industry and its impact on respiratory health: An environmental risk assessment.
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN, 23.
, 718-727.
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Concentration of PM10 Exposure Risk The measurement of dust levels utilized two pieces of 55 mm diameter cellulose filter paper for the Low Volume Dust Sampler (LVDS) and two pieces of 110 mm diameter cellulose filter paper for the High Volume Dust Sampler (HVDS).
The results of the study indicate that the dust concentration in the air at the stone carving industrial center in Sedayu Village is 941 mg/mA, while in Banyudono Village, it is 17.
647 mg/mA.
These figures exceed the Threshold Limit Value established in the Minister of Manpower Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2018 concerning Occupational Safety and Health in the Workplace, which is set at 10 mg/mA.
Respiratory Health Examination The results of the health examination of respondents of chisel stone craftsmen based on anamnesis and physical examination by a doctor are shown in table 2, indicating that the proportion of stone craftsmen suffering from Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in Sedayu Village .
56%) is higher compared to Banyudono Village .
44%).
This indicates that the incidence of respiratory disorders is more prevalent among the group of stone craftsmen working in the stone carving industrial center .
or in Sedayu Village compared to the group of stone craftsmen working in residential areas .
on-relocatio.
in Banyudono Village.
Table 2.
Diagnosis of Respiratory Health Disorders Diagnosis of Respiratory Health Disorders No Abnormalities Acute Respiratory Infections Chronic Bronchitis Research Location Sedayu .
Banyudono .
f (%) f (%) Environmental Health Risk Analysis The estimation of the magnitude of impact is conducted by calculating the health risks arising from hazardous sources using the environmental health risk analysis method.
In this case, the health risk pertains to respiratory disorders, which can be calculated using the following formula (Abidin et al.
, 2.
RQ=
RfC Where:
RQ = Health impact risk level .
on-carcinogeni.
= Intake or inhalation of risk agents RfC = Reference value for inhalation exposure risk agents The intake or inhalation of risk agents can be calculated using the following formula:
Cy Ry t E y f e y Dt W b y t avg Where:
= Concentration of risk agents entering the human body per day for a specific body weight .
g/kg y da.
= Concentration of risk agents in ambient air .
g/mA) 723 | https://doi.
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= Inhalation rate / volume of air inhaled per hour .
A/hou.
(Default value: 0.
mA/hou.
= Duration or number of hours of exposure per day .
ours/da.
efault value for residential exposure: 24 hours/day, for vendors: 8 hours/day calculated from average selling tim.
= Duration or number of days of exposure per year .
efault value for residential: 350 days/year, for vendors: 300 days/year assuming 6 working days per wee.
Dt = Duration or number of years of exposure Wb = Population group body weight .
efault value for Indonesian adults: 55 k.
tavg = Average time period for non-carcinogenic health effects .
years or 10,950 day.
The calculation of health risks as a derivative impact of declining air quality based on its parameters can be seen in the following table.
Table 3.
Calculation of Health Risks.
Parameter (PM.
C .
g/m.
Sedayu Banyudono Intake RfC Rfc : Reference value for inhalation exposure risk agents RQ : Health impact risk level .
on-carcinogeni.
Based on the health risk calculations in Table 3, it is evident that there are health risks in the area, particularly respiratory diseases (Acute Respiratory Infections.
ARI), with a risk quotient (RQ) greater than 1 in both Sedayu and Banyudono Villages.
The calculation of the Average Risk Level (EHRA) indicating an RQ value above 1 suggests that the community and workers around the craft area are at high health risk due to PM10 dust exposure.
An EHRA value greater than 1 indicates that the intensity of exposure and prolonged working duration increase the likelihood of health issues, particularly affecting the respiratory system and other The study results show that the respondents suffering from ARI in Sedayu Village .
56%) and Banyudono Village .
44%) indicate a strong correlation between PM10 exposure and the health conditions of the craftsmen.
PM10 (Particulate Matter .
consists of air particles with a diameter of less than 10 micrometers, which are small enough to enter the human respiratory tract and reach the lower lungs, causing various respiratory disorders such as Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and decreased lung function (Fasola et al.
, 2020.
Firmanto, 2018.
Yan et al.
, 2.
The excessive concentration of dust in the air resulting from stone carving production processes, along with the accumulation of solid waste in the form of stone debris disposed of in the environment, coupled with some craftsmen's reluctance to use personal protective equipment (PPE) while working, has had detrimental effects on the health of stone craftsmen.
Given the study findings indicating that PM10 levels exceed the threshold limit and the associated risk of increased prevalence of respiratory diseases, several mitigation measures are needed to reduce health risks for craftsmen and the community around the stone carving industrial center.
Recommended mitigation measures include the consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
The study findings on the use of PPE among respondents are presented in Table 4.
Sutaryono.
Syahputri.
Kasjono.
Susilowati.
Setyadi.
Purwanti.
Sukamsi.
Ernawati.
Samsudin.
, & Hidayat.
Dust exposure in the stone carving industry and its impact on respiratory health: An environmental risk assessment.
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, 718-727.
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Table 4.
Personal Protective Equipment Usage.
Research Location Sedayu .
Banyudono .
n f (%) f (%) PPE Availability Available Unavailable PPE Usage at Work Yes, always Yes, rarely PPE Type Earmuff Earplug Headset Cotton/cloth Mask Availability Yes Mask Usage Yes, always Yes, rarely Mask Type Surgical/medical mask Multi-layer cloth mask Single-layer cloth mask Many craftsmen show little concern for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) while working.
In both Banyudono and Sedayu Villages, many still do not use PPE during In Sedayu, 57.
55 percent of craftsmen do not use PPE, a higher proportion compared to Banyudono, which is 42.
45 percent.
Regarding the type of PPE, most of them only use cotton or cloth to reduce noise while working.
The proportion of stone craftsmen who do not wear masks while working is also higher in Sedayu .
08%), while those who rarely use masks while working are more prevalent in Banyudono .
92%).
The type of mask used is mostly a single-layer cloth mask, with a higher proportion in Banyudono .
80%) compared to Sedayu .
20%).
Information from respondents during interviews, the obstacles experienced in the use of PPE due to lack of awareness of the importance of using PPE with a variety of reasons, including that they feel there are no health problems while being stone carving craftsmen, other informants said the impact of dust was used to AukulinanAy, using PPE felt uncomfortable.
The necessary follow-up includes increasing health education about the correct and proper use of PPE, selecting PPE that is comfortable and ergonomic for workers/stone craftsmen to ensure sustained use.
Wearing masks can reduce PM10 exposure by up to 95%, thereby reducing the risk of respiratory diseases caused by exposure to fine particles (Smith et , 2.
Another effort that can be made is ensuring good ventilation systems in industrial environments, as this can reduce fine particle exposure and improve air quality, ultimately lowering the incidence of respiratory diseases (Felgueiras et al.
, 2023.
Jung et al.
, 2.
Regular monitoring of air quality is a crucial step in environmental health risk management, particularly in industrial areas that generate hazardous particles like PM10 (Kampa & Castanas.
Manisalidis et al.
, 2.
Additionally, periodic health checks, including lung function examinations (Kashyap et al.
, 2023.
Los et al.
, 2.
Ongoing education and training on occupational safety are also essential in improving workers' compliance with PPE use and adopting safer work practices, ultimately reducing the incidence of respiratory and other diseases (Yeon & Shin, 2.
Variable Category 725 | https://doi.
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CONCLUSION
The results showed that dust levels in the environment of the stone carving industry centers in Sedayu Village amounted to 12.
941 mg/mA and in Banyudono amounted to 17.
mg/mA, this figure has exceeded the Threshold Value that has been set, which is 10 mg/mA.
Based on the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) method, it is known that the RQ>1 value indicates that PM10 dust exposure has a high risk impact on the respiratory health (ARI) of the community and workers around the stone carving craft area.
Future research can focus on smaller dust exposure with PM 2.
5 and survival analysis is needed to determine the length of time the severity of respiratory disease occurs.
Mitigation efforts that need to be suggested are increasing awareness of the use of PPE through counseling from related agencies and the provision of PPE infrastructure and substitution of chisel stone machine tools that do not produce much dust.
REFERENCES