Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8 .
, 44-49 e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Sonneratia alba On Escherichia coli And Staphylococcus aureus Kevin C.
Wong1.
Jeane Mongi1*.
Sonny D.
Untu2 .
Jabes W.
Kanter1 .
Hanna M.
Rumagit1.
Nerni O.
Potalangi2 Department of Pharmacy.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Christian University of Indonesia in Tomohon Department of Biology.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Christian University of Indonesia in Tomohon *Corresponding author : jeanemongi2@gmail.
Accepted: 5 April 2024.
Approved: 15 April 2025
ABSTRAK
Antibakteri merupakan senyawa yang digunakan dalam pengendalian pertumbuhan bakteri Tumbuhan Mangrove yang diduga kuat memiliki kandungan bioaktif.
Kandungan bioaktif yang terdapat dalam tumbuhan mangrove bermanfaat di bidang farmasi sebagai bahan obat.
Akar Sonneratia alba mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder Flavanoid, tanin dan alkaloid yang berperan sebagai antibakteri.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini dalam melihat aktivitas antibakteri ekstraks etanol S.
terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Bakteri Escherichia coli.
Metode ekstraksi melalui metode Maserasi, diperlukan 3 hari untuk ekstraksi.
Ekstrak yang diperoleh selanjutnya dievaporasi pelarutnya di rotary evaporator kemudian hasil ekstrak dibuat konsentrasi 25g, 50g, 100g, dan 150g.
pengujian antibakteri menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer.
Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa pada konsentrasi 25g, 50g, 100g, dan 150g akar mangrove Sonneratia alba mempunyai aktivitas Tetapi yang mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri yang kuat pada bakteri Escherichia coli adalah pada konsentrasi 50 dengan sedangkan pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus adalah pada konsentrasi 150g dengan zona hambat 18,6mm, dan pada bakteri Escherichia coli dengan zona hambat 18,3mm.
Kata kunci: Sonneratia alba, antibakteri, ekstrak etanol, zona hambat, maserasi
ABSTRACT
Antibacterial is a compound used to control the growth of harmful bacteria.
Mangrove plants are strongly suspected to have bioactive content, the bioactive content contained in mangrove plants is useful in the pharmaceutical field as a medicinal ingredient.
Sonneratia alba root contains secondary metabolite compounds Flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids that act as antibacterials.
The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of S.
alba ethanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Escherichia coli bacteria.
Extraction method by maceration, long extraction time 3 days.
The extract obtained is then evaporated solvent in the rotary evaporator then the extract results are made concentrations of 25g, 50g, 100g, and 150g.
antibacterial testing using the Kirby-Bauer method.
The results showed that at concentrations of 25g, 50g, 100g, and 150g Sonneratia alba mangrove roots had antibacterial activity.
But those that have strong antibacterial activity in Escherichia coli bacteria are at a concentration of 50 with while in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are at a concentration of 150g with an inhibitory zone of 18.
6mm, and in Escherichia coli bacteria with an inhibitory zone of 18,3mm.
Keywords: Sonneratia alba, antibacterial, ethanol extract, zone of inhibition, maceration INTRODUCTION functions of mangroves include household uses and as raw materials for medicines.
Mangrove plants are believed to contain bioactive The mangrove ecosystem is a transition zone between land and sea.
The economic Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8 .
, 44-49 compounds that are beneficial in the pharmaceutical field as traditional medicine ingredients, particularly for treating illnesses in communities living near coastal areasA,A.
Mangrove roots have potential as antibacterial agents used to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.
The mechanism of antibacterial compounds involves disrupting bacterial growth by interfering with cell wall This plant is considered a potential traditional source due to its content of biologically active compounds, including tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids.
Compounds that have potential as antibacterial agents include flavonoids, alkaloids, and tanninsA,A.
Based on the background above, it is known that the roots of Sonneratia alba have potential as antibacterial agents.
Therefore, in this study, antibacterial activity testing can be conducted against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 using filter paper to obtain the filtrate, which The resulting filtrates were combined to obtain a total filtrate, then concentrated using a rotary evaporator to produce a thick extract.
The extract was then weighed and stored in a sealed glass container before use in testing.
Antibacterial Testing Sterilization of Equipment.
All tools used in the testing were thoroughly cleaned with soap and dried, then wrapped in aluminum foil.
The tools, along with the NA solution, were sterilized using an autoclave at 121AC for 15 Preparation of Nutrient Agar (NA) and Slant Media.
Mix 5.
6 grams of Nutrient Agar (NA) with 200 ml of distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask, homogenize using a stirrer, and sterilize using an autoclave at 121AC for 15 minutes.
Bacterial Inoculation and Slant Media Preparation.
The test bacteria were collected using a sterile inoculating loop and cultured on slant media using the pour method.
The cultures were incubated at 37AC for 24 hours.
Preparation of Test Bacteria One inoculating loop of rejuvenated bacteria was added into a test tube containing 0.
NaCl solution and incubated for one day at 37AC.
The turbidity was adjusted to the 0.
McFarland standard.
Antibacterial Test Procedure Two grams of the thick Sonneratia alba root extract were weighed and dissolved in 50 AAg of distilled water.
Four concentrations were then prepared: 25 AAg/ml, 50 AAg/ml, 100 AAg/ml, and 150 AAg/ml.
The solutions were vortexed to ensure proper mixing.
As the positive control, 50 AAg/ml ampicillin was dissolved in 50 AAl of distilled water.
About 20 ml of NA media was poured into three Petri dishes and allowed to solidify.
Once solid, cylinder cups were placed on the surface5.
Then, 25 ml of NA media containing bacterial suspension was poured into each Petri dish and left to solidify.
After the media solidified and the cylinder cups were removed, wells were formed.
The extract was then pipetted into the wells and incubated at 37AC for 24
RESEARCH METHODS
Tools and Materials The researcher used tools including test tubes, inoculating loops, tweezers, autoclave, incubator, camera, spatula, scale, caliper, gloves, vacuum evaporator (IKA RV 10 basi.
Erlenmeyer flasks, masks, filter paper, spatula, inoculating wire, glass container, micropipette, measuring glass, aluminum foil, analytical balance, glass bottles, incubator, beaker glass, caliper, 9 mm Petri dishes, cuvette, spatula, and The materials used were Sonneratia alba roots.
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, 95% ethanol.
Nutrient Agar (NA), 0.
9% NaCl, distilled water as the negative control, and ampicillin as the positive control.
Research Procedure Sample Preparation The roots used were fresh brown-colored S.
alba mangrove roots, totaling 4 kg, obtained from Tongkaina beach.
Manado City.
North Sulawesi Province.
Extract Preparation The fresh samples were sorted .
ry and we.
, then chopped into small pieces .
and placed into a transparent container.
They were then mixed with 95% ethanol, covered with aluminum foil, and left to stand for 3y24 After that, the mixture was filtered Inhibition Zone Measurement The following formula was used to calculate the diameter of the inhibition zoneAA,A:
Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8 .
, 44-49 e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 Description:
A = vertical diameter B = horizontal diameter C = diagonal diameter D = average inhibition zone diameter ya yaA ya yaIyayayayayauyao: yaE = Table 1.
Categories of Inhibition Zone DiametersA,A:
Diameter Inhibition Strength O 5 mm Weak 6Ae10 mm Moderate 11Ae20 mm Strong Ou 21 mm Very Strong Data Analysis The results obtained from the antibacterial test were analyzed using SPSS software by calculating the average diameter of the inhibition The non-parametric statistical method used was the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The requirement for conducting ANOVA is that the sample data must be normally If there is a significant difference, the testing is continued with the Duncan test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The ethanol extraction of Sonneratia alba roots weighing 2 kilograms was carried out using the maceration method with 95% ethanol as the Ethanol 95% is capable of extracting polar compounds.
The filtrate was collected three times, then evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick extract weighing 61 The results of the antibacterial tests are presented in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2.
Antibacterial Activity Test Results against Escherichia coli No Concentration Average Inhibition Zone 1 Distilled Water 0 mm Ampicillin 5 mm 25 AAg/ml 15 mm 50 AAg/ml 3 mm 100 AAg/ml 13 mm 150 AAg/ml 6 mm Table 3.
Antibacterial Activity Test Results against Staphylococcus aureus No Concentration Average Inhibition Zone 1 Distilled Water 0 mm Ampicillin 13 mm 25 AAg/ml 4 mm 50 AAg/ml 16 mm 100 AAg/ml 7 mm 150 AAg/ml 6 mm From Tables 2 and 3, it can be observed that the diameter of the inhibition zones produced by the Sonneratia alba root extract at various concentrations .
AAg/ml, 50 AAg/ml, 100 AAg/ml, and 150 AAg/m.
against E.
coli ranged from 13 mm to 18.
3 mm, while the positive control .
produced a zone of 17.
5 mm.
For S.
aureus, the inhibition zones ranged from 15 mm to 18.
6 mm, while the positive control was 13 mm.
These results indicate that Sonneratia alba root extract is capable of Biofarmasetikal Tropis e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8 .
, 44-49 inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Diameter of the inhibition zone aquades ampisilin 25g 50g 100g 150g Figure 1.
Graph of antibacterial activity test against Escherichia coli Diameter of the inhibition zone aquades ampisilin 25g 50g 100g 150g Figure 2.
Graph of antibacterial activity test against S.
From the results of the antibacterial activity test in Table 2 and Figure 1, it can be seen that all concentrations of Sonneratia alba extract exhibit antibacterial activity against E.
Based on the inhibition zone diameter values and their categorization, the 50 g/ml concentration falls under the AuIntermediateAy category with a zone of 17.
5 mm.
However, the same 50 g/ml concentration also shows strong antibacterial activity based on the inhibition zone size.
The positive control .
mpicillin at 50 g/m.
had an inhibition zone of 17.
5 mm, which also falls under the intermediate category.
Nevertheless, according to the classification by David and Stout, this value is considered strongA,A.
Referring to the findings in Table 3 and Figure 2 regarding the antibacterial activity against S.
aureus, it was found that all tested concentrations of Sonneratia alba extract .
g/ml, 50 g/ml, 100 g/ml, 150 g/m.
demonstrated significant inhibition zones.
The positive control .
mpicillin at 50 g/m.
produced a smaller inhibition zone of 13 mm compared to all treatment groups, while the negative control .
istilled wate.
showed no inhibition at all against S.
Figure 2 indicates that the antibacterial activity of Sonneratia alba extract against S.
aureus is categorized as intermediate, with inhibition zone averages ranging from 15.
4 to 18.
6 mm for concentrations of 25Ae150 g/ml.
Meanwhile, the positive control's inhibition zone was smaller at 13 mm, placing it in the AuresistantAy category.
However, according to David and Stout, this inhibition zone diameter is still considered strongA,A.
Biofarmasetikal Tropis e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8 .
, 44-49 Table 4.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Ae E.
Source of Variation .
Between Groups Within Groups Total Sum of Squares Df Mean Square Sig.
Based on the ANOVA (Analysis of Varianc.
in Table 4, the antibacterial activity data of Sonneratia alba against E.
coli showed no significant difference among the treatments, as the significance value is greater than 0.
05, or the F-value .
is less than the F-table value .
48 for df = 4:.
Statistical analysis using SPSS showed a significance value of 0.
05 and an F-value of 0.
285 < F-table value of Table 5.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Ae S.
Source of Variation .
Between Groups Within Groups Total Sum of Squares Df Mean Square Sig.
Based on the ANOVA results, the antibacterial activity of Sonneratia alba against aureus showed significant differences among treatments, including the positive control and extract concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 150 g/ml.
This is indicated by a significance value 038, which is less than 0.
05, or an F-value 845, which is greater than the F-table value This significant difference confirms that at least one group differs meaningfully from the others .
< 0.
Table 6.
Duncan Test Results Ae S.
Duncana Treatment Positive Control 25 g/ml 50 g/ml 150 g/ml 100 g/ml Sig.
Subset for alpha = 0.
The Duncan test results show that in subset 1, the alpha value is 0.
165 > 0.
indicating a significant or meaningful The positive control shows clear concentrations, which provided stronger The concentrations of 25 g/ml, 50 g/ml, 100 g/ml, and 150 g/ml formed subset 2, displaying relatively similar antibacterial The alpha value in subset 2 is also ,104 05 .
, supporting that there is a meaningful grouping.
The results of this antibacterial activity test indicate that ethanol extract of Sonneratia alba root has potential as an antibacterial agent against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the root extract of Sonneratia alba possesses antibacterial activity.
Against Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8 .
, 44-49 coli, the extract demonstrated activity at a concentration of 25 g with an inhibition zone diameter of 15 mm.
Similarly, against S.
aureus, at the same concentration of 25 g, the extract exhibited antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 15.
4 mm.
BIBLIOGRAPHY