A 2024 Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP
JURNAL ILMU LINGKUNGAN
Volume 22 Issue 4 .
: 1067-1077
ISSN 1829-8907
Waste Recycling Processing in Indonesian Tourist Attractions:
Problems and Challenges of Implementing Legal Policies Restricting Plastic Use I Wayan Koko Suryawan1.
Sapta Suhardono2.
Mega Mutiara Sari1*, and Iva Yenis Septiariva3 1Department of Environmental Engineering.
Faculty of Infrastructure Planning.
Universitas Pertamina.
mail: mega.
ms@universitaspertamina.
2Environmental Sciences Study Program.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Universitas Sebelas Maret.
e-mail: sapta.
suhardono@staff.
id, ardono@staff.
3Civil Engineering Study Program.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universitas Sebelas Maret
ABSTRAK
Pengelolaan limbah yang efisien tetap menjadi tantangan utama di lokasi wisata Indonesia.
Studi ini melakukan tinjauan literatur untuk mengurai isu-isu yang ada dan intervensi kebijakan yang diperlukan dalam daur ulang limbah di tempat-tempat tersebut.
Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan saat ini tentang penggunaan plastik belum ditegakkan secara efektif, terutama karena kurangnya kesadaran dan keterlibatan pemangku kepentingan.
Hambatan utama termasuk kurangnya infrastruktur, partisipasi komunitas yang minim dalam inisiatif daur ulang, dan pengawasan yang terbatas dari pemerintah.
Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, studi menyarankan peningkatan penegakan aturan plastik yang ada, peningkatan infrastruktur pengelolaan limbah, dan peningkatan keterlibatan komunitas.
Studi ini menganjurkan pendekatan kolaboratif yang melibatkan otoritas pemerintah, bisnis pariwisata, entitas pengelolaan limbah, dan komunitas lokal untuk meningkatkan akuntabilitas dan tanggung jawab lingkungan.
Diharapkan dengan upaya bersama, pengelolaan limbah di tempat wisata Indonesia dapat ditingkatkan secara signifikan, sehingga menghasilkan manfaat lingkungan dan sosial.
Kata Kunci: Manajemen Sampah.
Daur Ulang.
Indonesia.
Pariwisata
ABSTRACT
Efficient waste management remains a pivotal challenge at Indonesian tourist sites.
This study conducts a literature review to dissect the prevalent issues and necessary policy interventions in recycling waste within these locales.
Results reveal that current policies on plastic usage are inadequately enforced, largely due to insufficient awareness and stakeholder engagement.
Key barriers include a lack of infrastructure, minimal community participation in recycling initiatives, and limited regulatory oversight.
To address these issues, the study suggests amplified enforcement of existing plastic regulations, enhancement of waste management infrastructure, and a boost in community involvement.
The study advocates for a cohesive approach involving government authorities, tourism businesses, waste management entities, and local communities to heighten accountability and environmental It is posited that with collective effort, waste management in Indonesian tourist spots can be significantly improved, thus yielding environmental and social dividends.
Keywords: Waste Management.
Recycling.
Indonesian.
Tourism Citation: Suryawan.
Suhardono.
Sari.
, dan Septiariva.
Waste Recycling Processing in Indonesian Tourist Attractions: Problems and Challenges of Implementing Legal Policies Restricting Plastic Use.
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 22.
, 10671077, doi:10.
14710/jil.
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is essential to employment and gross national domestic product in many countries and regions, especially Indonesia.
Tourism also has the potential to contribute to development in rural, periphery, or less developed areas.
Infrastructure created for tourism contributes significantly to local area development, while jobs created or maintained can help overcome industrial or rural declines.
However, environmental impacts and can pressure local resources, resulting in negative externalities.
addition to land use, tourism requires resources such as water, energy, and food, produces large amounts of Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan .
, 22 .
: 1067-1077.
ISSN 1829-8907 waste .
olid waste and liquid wast.
(Azarmi et al.
, as well as road congestion, noise, and air pollution (Zeng et al.
Indonesia is an archipelagic country with great tourism potential (Sutrisno et al.
Natural wealth and socio-cultural diversity are the main assets for developing the tourism sector as an economic Tourism drives growth, but the resulting solid waste and other pollutants threaten natural beauty, residents' quality of life, tourist attraction, and economic success (Zainul Ikhwan et al.
, which manage tourism demand and improve economic and environmental health.
The increase in the number of tourists occurred because Indonesia has various tourist destinations that can be visited.
Many tourist sites in Indonesia can attract tourists to come on vacation to Indonesia.
One of the environmental problems in tourist areas is tourism waste generated from tourism activities.
Management must be sustainable in tourism activities to meet the tourism needs of the current generation and not reduce the ability to meet the needs of future generations for One indicator of good waste management is the recycling rate (Ferronato et al.
Indonesia is a country with a large number of tourists every year (Haryana 2020.
Hasanah et al.
However, tourism growth is also followed by an increasing amount of waste.
One type of waste that is quite significant is plastic waste.
According to data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Indonesia produces around 64 million tons of plastic waste annually, and around 14% comes from the tourism sector.
To reduce the negative impact of plastic waste on the environment, the Indonesian government has implemented several policies and laws regarding plastic waste recycling (Kamaruddin et al.
, including in the tourism sector.
Several plastic waste recycling techniques implemented in several tourist attractions in Indonesia include using plastic waste chopping machines (Aziz et al.
to produce plastic pellets that can be resold, making handicrafts from plastic waste, and using plastic waste as raw material for infrastructure development such as roads and sidewalks.
However, efforts to recycle plastic waste in Indonesia's tourism sector are still Several factors contribute to the low effectiveness of plastic waste management in the tourism sector (Mihai et al.
, including lack of awareness and education from tourists and managers of tourist attractions, lack of adequate infrastructure and technology support (Suryawan and Lee 2023.
, and weak supervision and law enforcement against violations related to waste management (Suryawan and Lee 2023.
Tourist destinations, often seen as beacons of a country's cultural and natural heritage, can quickly lose their appeal if marred by poor waste management (Agyeiwaah 2020.
Hayati et al.
Indonesia, a country teeming with enchanting landscapes and cultural epicenters, the sustainable management of plastic waste in the tourism sector is both an environmental necessity and an economic An integral part of this endeavor is to embed responsibility within the administrative framework.
By enhancing the roles of tourist site managers, we make them the custodians of their sites, not just from an operational perspective but also from an environmental one.
To achieve this, it's essential to strike a balance between incentives and sanctions (Ulhasanah and Goto 2018.
Suryawan and Lee 2023.
Recognizing and rewarding tourist sites that exemplify best practices in plastic waste management can inspire others (Vanapalli et al.
Cordova et al.
Conversely, a well-defined penalty structure can deter negligent behaviors, ensuring that all tourist sites uphold the highest standards of waste The role of technology in advancing this mission cannot be overstated.
Harnessing modern environmentally friendly technologies, such as machines that efficiently process plastic waste or systems that segregate waste at source (Kabir et al.
Evode et al.
Kumar et al.
, can significantly enhance the efficacy of plastic waste These technologies, while requiring an initial investment, pay dividends in the long run (Suryawan and Lee 2023.
, not just in tangible economic terms, but in environmental preservation and the conservation of the allure of these tourist However, technology and regulations alone won't suffice.
Education and awareness form the backbone of any successful waste management initiative (Suryawan and Lee 2023.
Campaigns aimed at both tourists and site managers can cultivate a collective sense of responsibility.
When individuals understand the broader implications of their actions, they're more likely to align their behaviors with sustainable practices.
With the support and joint efforts of the government, managers of tourist attractions, tourists, and the public, waste management is expected.
This research is a novelty in identifying problems and challenges in waste management at Indonesian recommendations to improve waste management.
Although several studies have previously discussed waste management in Indonesia, this research is more focused on the problems and challenges in waste management at Indonesian tourist objects.
This research also provides a new perspective on implementing plastic use policies and the challenges faced in processing recycled waste in tourist objects.
The main objective of this research is to provide a clear and in-depth description of the problems and challenges in waste management at Indonesian recommendations that can be implemented to improve waste management.
With this research, it is hoped that related parties can take more appropriate actions in waste management at Indonesian tourist objects to create a healthier and more sustainable A 2024.
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP Suryawan.
Suhardono.
Sari.
, dan Septiariva.
Waste Recycling Processing in Indonesian Tourist Attractions:
Problems and Challenges of Implementing Legal Policies Restricting Plastic Use.
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 22.
, 1067-1077, doi:10.
14710/jil.
environment for the community and the surrounding In addition, this research can also be a source of information and reference for other researchers who wish to conduct similar studies related to waste management in Indonesia.
RESEARCH METHODS
To begin, our focus is honed on defining the research topic, which pertains to the practices of waste processing in these tourist attractions, emphasizing the plastic consumption patterns and their alignment with the prevailing legal guidelines.
To make our research efficient, we've identified several keywords that would aid our search, including terms like 'waste recycling processing,' 'Indonesian tourist attractions,' and 'plastic use restrictions.
' Our data collection strategy encompasses two main channels: primary sources, which would involve firsthand data collection through interviews and surveys with stakeholders like tourist site managers and tourists.
and secondary sources, which would entail a comprehensive review of scientific journals, official government documents, and relevant books that discuss waste processing in Indonesia and the legal frameworks governing plastic use.
As we engage with these materials, our aim is to systematically extract key insights, results, and methodologies that resonate with our research topic, employing structured templates to maintain consistency in our extraction process.
The heart of our research lies in the synthesis and analysis phase.
Here, we'd employ statistical tools to dissect quantitative data, like recycling rates and plastic consumption patterns, while a thematic approach will be utilized to decode qualitative data, helping us understand perceptions management in the tourism sector.
Visualization tools, like charts and tables, will be instrumental in presenting a clearer picture of our findings.
The culmination of our research would be the literature review report.
This comprehensive document will introduce readers to the significance of waste management in tourist locales, describe our research methodology, present our findings, and delve deep into the implications of these findings in the Indonesian context.
Beginning in June 2023 and continuing through November 2023, our research primarily focuses on the waste processing practices at Indonesian tourist sites, with a particular emphasis on plastic consumption patterns and their compliance with existing legal regulations.
To streamline our research, we have identified key terms such as 'waste recycling processing,' 'Indonesian tourist attractions,' and 'plastic use restrictions.
' Our data gathering approach includes primary sources through direct interviews and surveys with stakeholders like managers of tourist sites and visitors, and secondary sources involving an extensive review of scientific publications, official government reports, and A 2024.
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP relevant literature on waste processing in Indonesia and legal frameworks governing plastic use.
During the research, we aim to methodically extract crucial insights, results, and methodologies that align with our topic, using structured templates to ensure consistency.
The core of our study is the synthesis and analysis phase, where statistical tools will be utilized to analyze quantitative data like recycling rates and plastic use patterns.
Simultaneously, a thematic approach will be employed for qualitative data to comprehend the perceptions and challenges in managing plastic waste within the tourism sector.
Visualization aids such as graphs and tables will play a crucial role in elucidating our findings.
The culmination of our six-month research project will be a comprehensive literature review report, which will not only introduce the importance of waste management in tourist areas but also outline our methodology, present our findings, and explore the broader implications of these findings within the Indonesian context.
The research primarily utilizes a literature review methodology, focusing on the analysis of existing studies, reports, and academic papers to understand the current landscape of plastic waste recycling at Indonesian tourist attractions.
This approach was selected due to the comprehensive nature of available literature, which provides extensive data and insights into the implementation of plastic use policies and their effectiveness within the tourism sector.
The absence of primary data collection through interviews and surveys in the research results stems from the decision to concentrate on secondary data, which offers a breadth of information and has already been validated through previous research efforts.
This allows for a more extensive analysis across different locations and time frames than would be possible through direct interviews within the time constraints of this study.
However, this reliance on literature review means that the direct perspectives of stakeholders, which could be captured through interviews and surveys, are not present.
As a result, some of the nuances and on-the-ground challenges may not be fully represented.
This limitation is acknowledged in the study, and it is suggested that future research could benefit from incorporating primary data to supplement the findings from the literature review.
Regarding the research location, our study will focus on three prominent tourist destinations in Indonesia.
These include Bali, known for its beaches and vibrant culture.
Yogyakarta, renowned for its historical significance and cultural heritage.
Jakarta, the bustling capital city with various tourist Each location offers a unique perspective on waste management challenges and practices, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of diverse environments and management strategies.
This geographical diversity will enable a more holistic Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan .
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ISSN 1829-8907 understanding of waste management practices across different tourist hotspots in Indonesia.
The selection of these two regions is strategic due to their prominence as tourist destinations and the distinct waste management challenges they face, making them ideal for studying the implementation of plastic use reduction policies.
Bali and Yogyakarta are exemplary due to their advanced waste management practices and pioneering policies, including the ban on single-use plastics in Bali, which can serve as a benchmark for other regions.
These areas can provide insights into best practices and the complexities involved in policy implementation that may be relevant on a broader scale.
Their experiences can highlight both successes and areas needing improvement, offering a model that can inform nationwide strategies.
However, focusing solely on these regions does come with limitations.
It may not fully represent the diverse geographic, cultural, and administrative landscapes of Indonesia.
To address this limitation, the study acknowledges the need for expanding the scope to include other regions in future This would enable a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of legal policies across different contexts within Indonesia.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tourism Waste Management Policy in Indonesia Strengthening the roles and responsibilities of tourist attraction managers in managing plastic waste, including by providing appropriate incentives and sanctions, can be done by referring to several existing policies in Indonesia.
Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation (Permen LHK) No.
75 of 2019 concerning Plastic Waste Management.
This regulation regulates the responsibility for managing plastic waste for producers, importers, distributors, traders, consumers, and managers of final disposal sites (TPA).
Managers of tourist attractions are included in the TPA managers category, so they are obligated to manage plastic waste properly and This administrative sanctions for TPA managers who do not meet the requirements for plastic waste Government Regulation (PP) No.
81 of 2012 concerning the Management of Household and Household-like Waste.
This regulation regulates the responsibility for waste management for the community.
TPA managers, and local governments.
the case of managers of tourist attractions, they are also included in the category of TPA managers responsible for managing waste properly and contributing to waste reduction efforts.
UU No.
18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management.
This law stipulates the principles of sustainable waste management and the responsibility of the community, entrepreneurs, and the government in waste In the case of managers of tourist attractions, they also have a responsibility as entrepreneurs to manage the waste they produce.
providing appropriate incentives and sanctions, the government can use various policy instruments.
Fiscal incentives, such as tax exemptions or reduced tax rates for managers of tourist attractions, that implement good plastic waste management (Camilleri 2021.
Sedtha et al.
Suryawan and Lee 2023.
Non-fiscal incentives (Pavlova and Singh 2.
, such as awards or certifications for tourist attraction managers, have reduced the amount of plastic waste produced.
Administrative sanctions, such as reprimands, warnings, or revocation of permits for managers of tourist attractions that do not meet the requirements for managing plastic waste (Hossain et al.
Criminal sanctions, such as fines or imprisonment for managers of tourist attractions who commit serious violations related to plastic waste management (Monsurat et al.
Applying appropriate incentives and sanctions can encourage managers of tourist attractions to be more responsible in managing plastic waste to help reduce the negative impact of plastic waste on the environment and increase.
Circular Economy in Tourism Waste Recycling The idea of a circular economy has received increasing attention in recent years, but the concept is not new (Centobelli et al.
The concept's origins have been widely discussed and cannot be attributed to a single date or author, as many authors have written about it.
Several schools of thought have analyzed, developed, and described industrial systems with these features using different terminology and approaches (Rodryguez et al.
Circular economy as a new economic model originates from environmental economics, whose goal is integrating science into sustainability and sustainable development (Andersen 2.
There are many definitions of the circular economy concept.
A mode of economic development based on the ecological circulation of natural materials requires adherence to ecological laws and good use of natural resources to achieve economic development (Feng et al.
The focus of circular economies is on resource productivity and increasing eco-efficiency, and they adopt the 4R approachAireduce, reuse, recycle, and recover (Hu et al.
In addition.
Geissdoerfer et define it as a regenerative system in which resource input and wastage, emissions, and energy leakage are minimized by slowing down, closing, and narrowing material and energy loops (Geissdoerfer et al.
This is achieved through continuous design, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, and As a result, the tourism sector has not received much attention within the circular economic development framework.
Tourism had not received A 2024.
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP Suryawan.
Suhardono.
Sari.
, dan Septiariva.
Waste Recycling Processing in Indonesian Tourist Attractions:
Problems and Challenges of Implementing Legal Policies Restricting Plastic Use.
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 22.
, 1067-1077, doi:10.
14710/jil.
much attention as a possible context for circular economy initiatives and analysis (Rodryguez et al.
Bosone and Nocca 2.
Tourism implies a model in which every tourism actor .
Destination Management Organizations (DMO), suppliers .
otels, restaurants, etc.
), and populatio.
adopts an environmentally friendly approach (Florido et al.
Circular economy rules in tourism waste recycling are related to the government's efforts to strengthen a sustainable and environmentally friendly waste management system in the tourism sector (Falcone Rodryguez et al.
The persistent challenges posed by waste, particularly in densely populated countries like Indonesia, have prompted governments to enact regulations and policies to address the issue.
The Indonesian government, cognizant of the ramifications of unmanaged waste on the environment and public health, has made legislative strides to ensure sustainable waste The Law Number 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management is a seminal regulation that emphasizes the responsibility of every individual and entity in the nation towards ensuring proper waste disposal.
This mandate is comprehensive in its scope, not only prescribing the duty to manage waste but also urging the reduction at the source.
This means citizens and businesses alike are encouraged to adopt lifestyles and processes that generate less waste, to begin with.
This law underpins the state's commitment by highlighting the need for supporting infrastructure and the introduction and advancement of technology that would aid in effective waste management.
A more granular approach is evident in the Government Regulation Number 81 of 2012 concerning the Management of Household and Household-like Waste.
The specificity of this regulation can be discerned from its explicit coverage of various facets of household waste management, from its initial collection to its eventual disposal.
emphasizing environmentally friendly technologies and infrastructure, it underscores the country's intent to modernize its waste management processes, ensuring minimal harm to its rich biodiversity and However, legislation, while instrumental, needs a tactical framework to guide their Recognizing this, the Indonesian government introduced the National Action Plan for Waste Management 2018-2028.
Acting as a roadmap, this plan elucidates the government's strategies over a decade in crafting a sustainable waste management The inclusion of the tourism sector, a critical segment of Indonesia's economy, in its purview, highlights the emphasis on ensuring that Indonesia's renowned tourist destinations remain pristine and aren't marred by waste issues.
Circular economy policies aim to reduce waste by increasing resource use efficiency and promoting product reuse, recycling, and recovery (Smol et al.
A 2024.
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP Tangwanichagapong et al.
In the context of tourism waste recycling, these policies and laws can be implemented through several efforts, such as:
Encouraging environmentally friendly technology and infrastructure, such as plastic waste chopping machines, separate waste collection points, and modern and efficient waste processing systems.
Develop an incentive program to encourage managers of tourist attractions and tourism entrepreneurs to adopt sustainable waste management practices, such as product reuse and Implement policies to reduce the use of single-use plastic materials in the tourism sector, such as banning the use of plastic straws and plastic bags in tourist attractions.
Encouraging government, managers of tourist attractions, and local communities in developing sustainable waste management programs, including recycling tourism waste.
It is hoped that the waste management system in the tourism sector can become more efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.
This can also help reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment by implementing circular economic policies and laws in recycling tourism waste.
Waste-to-Energy Approach Waste recycling is driven by the need to close the material loop to preserve our natural resources as we strive towards the circular economy and by the alarming observations of plastic waste being dispersed in oceans and lakes due to land- and seabased activities.
Zero waste activities include littering with recreational or tourism activities, wastewater flow, and waste management processes, whereas seabased activities include fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, and maritime-based tourism (Dahlbo et al.
Renewable energy is crucial in transitioning to a circular economy model (Raksasat et al.
in Many authors have investigated it (Septiariva et al.
Suryawan et al.
Using renewable resources as a substitute for conventional energy is essential for implementing a circular economy in This renewable energy can be widely used in tourist areas, travel, accommodation, catering, transportation, shopping, entertainment, and other tourism companies.
The tourism sector must adopt a clean energy approach to lower its carbon footprint and use its inputs more efficiently to transition to a circular economy.
Tourism, one of the major driving forces of the Indonesian economy, has faced However, the approach to view waste not just as a problem, but also as a potential resource, especially for energy, heralds a transformative era in waste management.
Waste-to-energy technologies can metamorphose the landscape of waste management in Indonesian tourist hotspots.
First and foremost, the Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan .
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ISSN 1829-8907 environmental advantages are pivotal.
Transforming waste into energy directly correlates with a reduction in the volume of waste that is otherwise left untreated, leading to detrimental environmental consequences.
Tourist destinations, which are often the pride of the nation, suffer from the eyesore of accumulating waste, not to mention the more severe implications like water contamination and air pollution.
The advent of waste-to-energy systems can potentially ameliorate these issues, safeguarding the pristine nature of these From an economic standpoint, the proposition becomes even more compelling.
Despite the initial financial outlay required to set up waste-toenergy infrastructure, the long-term financial benefits are pronounced.
Traditional waste management techniques, over the years, can accrue massive However, harnessing energy from waste can offset these costs.
Not only can the location save on the direct costs associated with waste management, but also the energy generated can potentially be monetized, offering dual financial Moreover, the strategic relevance of such an initiative can't be overlooked.
Indonesia, like many countries, grapples with the challenge of energy A substantial portion of its energy is derived from fossil fuels, the reserves of which are finite.
tourist destinations start tapping into waste as an energy source, it could lead to a broader shift in the national energy paradigm, reducing the overarching reliance on non-renewable resources.
Lastly, the end beneficiary of such initiatives would be the tourists The allure of any destination is not just its natural beauty or historical significance but also the overall experience it offers.
A locale that is clean, sustainable, and eco-friendly enhances the overall visitor experience.
Tourists today are more environmentally conscious than ever, and a commitment to sustainable practices, like waste-toenergy, can be a major draw, enhancing the reputation of the destination.
Plastic Waste Recycling for a Circular Economy in Tourist Attractions Plastics have become an essential pillar for the modern lifestyle of tourists in developing countries (Kumar et al.
Conventionally, plastic can be recycled into plastic granules (Olofinnade et al.
These plastic granules can be made into various products, such as jerseys, bib shorts, jackets and base layers (Kumartasli and Avinc 2.
Plastics have low production costs and a suitable range of properties, such as low density, durability, and corrosion resistance (Begum et al.
, and have led to the displacement of traditional materials, such as wood, metals, and ceramics (Fernandes 2.
The increase in plastic consumption corresponds to traditional plastics and new plastic composites, with the main application sectors being packaging, building, automotive, electrical and electronics, and agriculture, the distribution of various types of plastics.
observed (Nurhati & Cordova, 2020.
Sari et al.
Sari.
Inoue.
Harryes, et al.
, 2.
polyolefins account for half of the plastics produced, but polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) are also produced in appreciable quantities.
Plastic waste management is a big challenge that must be overcome immediately in Indonesia (Budihardjo et al.
Sianipar et al.
Thus, low plastic degradation causes serious environmental problems, especially marine ones.
In addition, inadequate management of plastic waste causes sustainability problems due to the loss of valuable and rare resources derived from petroleum.
Plastic waste management in tourist attractions in Indonesia is still experiencing many obstacles (Kamaruddin et al.
Some of the obstacles that often occur include the lack of training (Filimonau and De Coteau 2.
of the public and tourist visitors about the importance of good waste management, lack of waste management infrastructure and facilities, and lack of coordination and cooperation between related parties in waste Even though the government has issued a policy to limit the use of plastic, its implementation is still not fully legally effective in all regions of Indonesia (Hermawan and Astuti 2021.
Kamaruddin et al.
Several factors have caused this policy to not work correctly, such as the lack of public awareness and understanding of the negative impacts of plastic waste on the environment and health, the lack of incentives and strict sanctions for violators, and the lack of access to alternative infrastructure and facilities to replace the use of plastic.
To address this situation, the government and related parties are making more comprehensive efforts, such as raising public and tourist visitor awareness of the importance of good waste management, strengthening infrastructure and facilities for better waste management, increasing cooperation among related parties, and providing appropriate incentives and sanctions.
Tough on In the long term, efforts are needed to develop alternative solutions to reduce plastic waste that is more environmentally friendly.
Different approaches are being considered to reduce waste sent to landfills, namely waste minimization, reuse, recycling, and energy recovery.
However, in the case of plastic waste, minimization, and reuse are hardly implemented in Indonesia (Sari et al.
Given its high calorific value, combustion is a viable valorization route, but this alternative is constrained by the resulting emissions (Sarwono et al.
Zahra et al.
Plastic waste has burgeoned into a global environmental concern, prompting widespread research into effective recycling Among the various methods that have been explored, chemical recycling has emerged as a particularly promising avenue, especially for largescale operations.
This method not only addresses the burgeoning waste issue but also brings forth the A 2024.
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP Suryawan.
Suhardono.
Sari.
, dan Septiariva.
Waste Recycling Processing in Indonesian Tourist Attractions:
Problems and Challenges of Implementing Legal Policies Restricting Plastic Use.
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 22.
, 1067-1077, doi:10.
14710/jil.
potential for deriving valuable resources from these discarded materials.
Chemical recycling essentially refers to the process of breaking down plastics into their constituent monomers or simpler compounds through chemical reactions, often facilitated by heat, catalysts, or other The value proposition of this recycling route is Firstly, it allows for the extraction of valuable products like fuels, chemicals, and syngas or hydrogen from the waste plastic.
These outputs can potentially feed into various industries, from energy to manufacturing, making the entire process economically viable.
Secondly, the outputs, especially when viewed from the lens of sustainability, can reduce the dependence on virgin fossil resources, thus mitigating some of the environmental concerns associated with their extraction and use.
Moreover, derivative products from plastic waste, such as those resulting from pyrolysis, add another dimension to the recycling spectrum.
Pyrolysis, a thermal decomposition process, yields products like pyrolytic oil, gas, and even a solid residue often referred to as 'char' or 'biochar'.
This char, in many ways resembling charcoal, has a range of applications.
It can be utilized as a soil additive, enhancing its fertility, or can be further processed to generate activated carbon, which finds use in purification When we think about looping this into the recycling unit, it offers the potential to transform waste into a product with substantial utility.
The overarching process of plastic waste processing, from collection to its final transformation into valuable products, can be visualized in a systematic flowchart, depicted in Figure 1.
Such a diagrammatic representation offers clarity, tracing the journey of waste from its origin to its eventual reincarnation as a valuable product.
This not only offers a roadmap for industries looking to adopt these practices but also underscores the immense potential that lies in what we often dismiss as 'wasteAo.
Related Research Plastic waste management has become a focal point for environmentalists, policymakers, and researchers alike.
With the rise in plastic production and consumption, especially in tourist areas, finding viable solutions for its disposal has become Among the solutions being explored, gasification and pyrolysis have emerged as promising Gasification, a thermochemical process, can convert plastic waste into a gaseous mixture, predominantly made up of hydrogen (H.
, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO.
, methane (CH.
, and nitrogen (N.
This gas mixture, often termed syngas, has a broad range of applications, offering the potential to harness energy, develop energy carriers like hydrogen, and derive essential chemicals.
The exact composition of the syngas is contingent upon the type of plastic being gasified and the conditions under A 2024.
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP which the process is executed.
As (Aziz et al.
point out, the merits of gasification extend beyond just waste management.
The ability to produce syngas provides a dual advantage: managing waste while generating vital resources.
On the other hand, pyrolysis operates on a slightly different premise.
It entails the thermal decomposition of plastic waste in an oxygen-free The process yields various products, including energy-rich gases, fuel oils, waxes, naphtha, and even pure monomers.
As noted by (Dahlbo et al.
, the real potential of pyrolysis lies in its contribution to chemical recycling.
This technique facilitates the homolysis of plastic polymers, allowing their conversion into valuable products.
It offers a way to transform what were once considered waste products of little to negative value into high-value In essence, pyrolysis provides a tangible route to achieving the goals of a circular economy, where resources are recycled and reused, minimizing the dependence on virgin raw materials.
The tourism sector, with its considerable footprint, has also begun to recognize the value of these waste management techniques.
Several studies have delved into the potential of both gasification and pyrolysis, specifically in the context of tourism locales.
The cumulative findings and insights from these investigations are systematically collated in Table 1, offering a comprehensive overview of how waste management paradigms are shifting in one of the world's largest industries.
The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates various pathways for recycling plastic waste, splitting into two main branches for fuel derivation and recycling into new products.
The processes depicted, gasification and pyrolysis, lead to the creation of syngas and electricity, and carbon and electricity respectively.
Additionally, there is a pathway for converting plastic waste into new, recycled products.
Table 1 complements Figure 1 by providing specific examples of how these processes are applied in real-world settings across various tourist sites in Indonesia.
For instance.
Klungkung and Nusa Penida are turning PET waste into plastic-derived fuel (PRF/RDF), which corresponds with the 'Plastic Derived Fuel' branch in the flowchart.
In Parangtritis.
Yogyakarta, general plastic waste and masks are subjected to both PRF/RDF and gasification processes, which align with the branches leading to 'Syngas Electricity' and potentially 'Recycle Product' in Figure 1.
Kuta.
Bali, is highlighted for its use of pyrolysis, fitting into the 'Pyrolysis' branch, which results in carbon and electricity.
These connections indicate that the flowchart provides a conceptual framework for the plastic waste processing methods that are being utilized in practice, as detailed in the table.
The recycling processes lead to valuable end products and are instrumental in achieving the waste-to-energy goals, as observed in Klungkung and potentially reducing environmental Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan .
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: 1067-1077.
ISSN 1829-8907 pollution, as indicated by the results from Daerah Selatan Bali.
The practical applications of these methods, as seen in the Indonesian tourist sites, demonstrate the potential and versatility of plastic waste as a resource for generating energy and creating new materials.
Indonesia, with its vast array of tourist attractions, faces a mounting challenge in the form of plastic As discussions surrounding plastic waste management intensify worldwide, it's noteworthy that research focusing on its potential utility within Indonesian tourist locales remains starkly limited.
Addressing this issue hinges on viewing plastic waste not as mere refuse but as a valuable resource.
Systems that tap into plastic waste, be it through standalone applications or as part of an encompassing circular economy model, have demonstrated success Dual stand-alone systems emerge as powerful alternatives to traditional landfill-based waste management, signaling a path towards sustainable resource use.
Given the limited research concerning the utilization of plastic waste in tourist spots, an integrated strategy is essential.
This involves nurturing academic and industry alliances, securing funding for preliminary projects, and setting up dedicated research institutes committed to waste The overarching goal is dual-pronged:
deepening our comprehension of plastic waste dynamics in tourist regions and propelling forward innovations that resonate with both the environment and societal needs.
Table 1.
Research related to plastic waste recycling at tourist attractions in Indonesia.
Tourism Site
Waste Feed
Recycling Process
Klungkung
PET
PRF/RDF
Daerah Selatan Bali Mask
PRF/RDF
Nusa Penida
PET
PRF/RDF
Parangkritis.
Yogyakarta Plastic in PRF/RDF Parangkritis.
Yogyakarta Plastic in Gasification Kuta.
Bali Plastic in Pyrolysis Result Using PET waste at this tourist spot can also help Klungkung Regency's goal of putting the Waste to Energy idea into practice at the Local Waste Processing Facility (TOSS).
The Piro GC-MS analysis shows that the waste from the lit mask will break down into pieces of compounds that can be used again as fuel.
The process is simple and easy, and it leaves behind waste that can be used again to cut down on environmental pollution caused by COVID-19 waste.
Masks, plastics, metals, and biodegradable organics make up the waste materials, which are worth 4.
12%, 32.
7%, 19.
54, and 57%, respectively.
So, the amount of energy that could be gained from using organic materials as solid fuel is up to 51,933.
MJ/day, or 14,426 kWh/day.
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, masks have been added to a new type of trash: infectious waste.
Marine debris that isn't organic and can't be broken down by living things tends to have a high calorific value.
The efficiency of making electricity from a generator set that uses 100% syngas from gasification is 11%, so the amount of electricity that can be made is 6.
38 kW.
Cracking plastic waste into fuel depends on the type of plastic, the process used to crack it, the type of catalyst, the temperature of the pyrolysis, and the temperature of the condenser.
Diesel fuel will likely be replaced by fuel made from used plastic.
Plastics can be turned into fuel, but they can also be used to make things that go into activated carbon.
Source (Yenis et al.
(Sari et al.
(Mutiara et al.
(Sari et al.
(Ma 2.
(Wedayani 2.
Plastic Waste Plastic
Rerived Fuel
(PRF)
Plastic Seed Gasifiacation Pyrolisis Syngas Electricity Carbon Electricity Recycle Product Figure 1.
The processing of plastic waste A 2024.
Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan .
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: 20-34.
ISSN 1829-8907 The government's proactive involvement remains indispensable in this endeavor.
To make a tangible difference, there's an urgent need to strictly enforce existing regulations, particularly those addressing single-use plastics.
This could involve implementing penalties for non-compliant businesses or offering incentives to those adopting sustainable practices.
Concurrently, it's essential to bolster oversight mechanisms to ensure that all entities involved in waste management, from the collection phase to landfill operations, adhere to the highest environmental standards.
Developing robust waste management infrastructure, inclusive of recycling plants, waste-to-energy units, and eco-friendly disposal mechanisms, is another pivotal step forward.
Alongside this, there's a compelling need to weave in community-centric waste management approaches.
By championing grassroots initiatives, from community-driven waste collection drives to educational campaigns on responsible waste disposal, a sense of shared responsibility towards our environment can be fostered.
In navigating these challenges.
Indonesia possesses an opportunity not just to address its plastic waste dilemma, but to fortify its reputation as a sustainable tourist haven.
CONCLUSION
Tourism, one of the foremost contributors to Indonesia's economy, showcases the country's rich cultural, historical, and natural heritage.
However, the booming tourism industry also brings with it certain challenges, especially in terms of environmental Our findings, provide concrete instances of these recycling methods being implemented across tourist sites in Indonesia, showcasing sufindings, pplications of the theoretical model presented in the flowchart.
The practices in locations such as Klungkung and Nusa Penida align with the 'Plastic Derived Fuel' branch, indicating an effective waste-to-energy conversion that can serve as a blueprint for other regions.
In Parangtritis.
Yogyakarta, the integration of PRF/RDF and gasification techniques exemplifies a holistic approach to waste management that yields both energy and material recovery.
Similarly, the pyrolysis process employed in Kuta.
Bali, aligns with sustainable practices by producing carbon and The research underscores the versatility of plastic waste as a resource and the importance of adopting varied recycling methods to suit different local contexts.
The case studies from Indonesia demonstrate the potential benefits of these methods, which can be instrumental in achieving sustainability goals in tourist hotspots.
However, this study also reveals gaps in the implementation of waste management strategies and suggests a need for enhanced stakeholder involvement, infrastructure development, and policy enforcement.
For future endeavors, it is recommended that similar waste management frameworks be adapted and tested in other regions to assess their effectiveness on a broader scale.
There's a vital need for research that not only examines the environmental aspects but also considers the economic impacts of such recycling initiatives.
By combining this knowledge, stakeholders can develop more informed and comprehensive strategies to tackle the pressing issue of plastic waste in tourist destinations.
REFERENCES