JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
Vol.
9 No.
August 2024 ISSN .
: 2502-7816.
ISSN .
: 2503-524X Available online at https://ejournal.
id/index.
php/joall/article/view/43214 http://doi.
org/10.
33369//joall.
Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation? 1*Nadhirah MuthiAoah , 2Eddy Setia , 3Rahmadsyah Rangkuti 1,2,3English Postgraduate Program.
University of Sumatera Utara.
Indonesia Jalan Dr.
Mansur No.
Medan, 20155
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received: May 19, 2024 Revised : September 7, 2024 Accepted: October 9, 2024 Keywords:
Case Interrogation.
Cooperative Principle.
Forensic Conversational Implicature.
Forensic Discourse Analysis.
Interrogation Video.
Conflict of interest:
None Funding information:
None The politeness, dignity, serenity, and tranquillity should be reflected by the investigator without violence during the interrogation process.
This study aims to identify the Forensic Conversational Implicature (FCI) found in a police interrogation of a murder case.
A qualitative method with a philosophical approach was used, and Forensic Discourse Analysis was used as an analytical A documentation study method was used to collect the data in the form of an interrogation video obtained from the Explore with Us YouTube channel.
Utterances that are indicated as implicature are the data taken from the interrogation video, particularly in murder cases that happened in the U.
In analyzing the data, deductive content analysis was applied.
The results show that two types of FCI are found in this study, with particularized conversational implicature as the most dominant since it requires certain background knowledge and context to understand the investigatorAos utterances.
Meanwhile, generalized took second place as it does not require specific context knowledge to determine the additional conveyed meaning of several investigatorsAo Moreover, the reasons behind the realization of CI are under two themes, namely, gaining trust and Correspondence:
Nadhirah MuthiAoah Muthinadhirah4@gmail.
A Nadhirah MuthiAoah .
Eddy Setia .
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA international license.
How to cite (APA Styl.
MuthiAoah.
Setia.
, & Rangkuti.
Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation?.
JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
, 9.
, 579Ae594.
https://doi.
org/10.
33369/joall.
INTRODUCTION
It is well acknowledged that police investigations are the primary means used by the police to acquire admissions of misconduct (Baldwin.
The investigation's primary goal is merged with additional goals, such JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
, 9.
, 2024 Nadhirah MuthiAoah .
Eddy Setia .
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti as finding stolen goods, clearing honest individuals, and addressing any related wrongdoings (Moston & Engelberg, 1.
However, the investigation often involves irregularities between investigators, witnesses and suspects.
Witnesses and suspects often answer investigators' questions with inappropriate answers (SaletoviN & Kiisek, 2.
This is common because they do not want to admit they are committing criminal acts.
However, the language used by the investigator while seeking information and confession significantly impacts how well the interrogation goes.
To assist the procedure and succeed in the interrogation, the investigator's utterance should reflect politeness, dignity, serenity, and tranquillity (Gibbons, 2.
Therefore, the police devised a strategy, that is Conversational Implicatures, aiming to persuade the suspect to admit their guilt without violence during the interrogation process.
Conversational implicature concerns how well the speaker and the listener grasp what is being stated.
Conversational implicature is an implied or extra message that allows the listener to infer the true meaning from what is stated by using the rules of effective conversation interaction (Grice, 1.
Conversational implicature, which refers to implied or explicit meaning that appears in a conversation, is included in the scope of forensic linguistics, which focuses on applying linguistic principles in legal and judicial contexts.
Forensic Conversational implicatures in interrogation can be an important element in analyzing the information revealed by the subject of the In the context of an interrogation, understanding implicatures can provide additional insight into a person's intentions, involvement, or honesty (Korta, 1.
Conversational implicatures can be helpful in exploring ambiguity in someone's statements.
Two types of Conversational Implicature according to Grice .
Generalized Conversational Implicature It occurs without needing a specific situation or setting (Grice, 1.
The specific context is unimportant in generalized conversational implicature (Chapman, 2.
A generalized conversational implicature may determine further transmitted meaning without needing specific context information.
happens when certain word forms that an utterance would typically carryAi like implicatures or specific types of implicaturesAioccur.
Generally speaking, generalized conversational implicature refers to more significant issues, especially those consistent with logic or logical constant conversation (Yule.
Particularized Conversational Implicature It is based on specific context features.
For further details.
Levinson .
defines particularized conversational implicature as a type of conversational implicature requiring such a specific context.
Particularized conversational implicature inferences are needed to determine the JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
, 9.
, 2024 Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation? transmitted meanings (Yule, 1.
In practising particularized conversational implicature, consideration should be given to the word's definition, cooperative principles and maxims, context, and any relevant details (Grice.
The conversation is classified as a particular conversational implicature since it requires certain background knowledge and context to understand.
This type of implicature always calculates the statement with special knowledge of any given context.
however, most of the time, the conversation takes place in a very specific environment where locally known inferences are anticipated (Yule, 1.
Moreover, the investigator has put up the interrogation setting to adhere to the cooperative principle, which might direct participants' behaviour throughout the conversation.
The cooperative principle is essential for maintaining ethical standards and ensuring effective communication (Ward, 2.
The four maxims of conversationAiquantity, quality, relevance, and mannerAiare obedience or violation in conversations based on cooperation (Grice, 1.
Maxim of quantity: Speakers should provide as much information as required for the conversation, no more or less than that.
Maxim of quality: Speakers should provide information that is true and based on evidence, .
Maxim of relevance: Speakers should only offer information that is relevant to the current discussion.
Maxim of manner:
Speakers should present their points in an understandable, succinct, and organised manner.
When forensic linguistics is used to examine police interrogations, conversational implicaturesAisuch as coercive statements, threats, purposeful coercion, and verbal and nonverbal acts of violenceAihave a "Symbolic Meaning," which denotes that they may be used to prove a crime without violating the law (Praptomo, 2.
From the perspective of the symbolic meaning of legal language, forensic linguistic research of conversational implicature is an appealing subject of study because of public assumptions about the origins of violent acts during the police questioning process (Coulthard, et.
, 2.
Forensic conversational implicature is one tactic to prevent violence and end legal infractions or violations during questioning (Shuy, 2.
Investigators implement strategies that may contain implied meaning to persuade and encourage suspects and witnesses to tell the truth and make confessions (SaletoviN & Kiisek, 2.
By utilising the strategy during questioning, the procedure will go efficiently and effectively, making it more straightforward for investigators to get information.
The conversational implicature fosters a kind and comfortable atmosphere that may make the suspect willing to provide truthful data to the investigator without feeling pressured, threatened, or intimidated (Gibbsons, 2.
Relevant previous studies, such as in Safitri & Ambalegin .
, identified the types and functions of conversational implicature, the theory of Grice Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature.
Vol.
, 2024
Nadhirah MuthiAoah .
Eddy Setia .
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti .
, of characterAos utterances in the movie AuOver the MoonAy.
Descriptive qualitative research was applied.
The result shows that the most occurrence types of conversational implicature are particularized than the generalized Ines & Natsir .
classified and analyzed the types of conversational implicature that occurred in characterAos utterances in The Interview movie.
The data came from the utterances written in the movie script.
The result shows that the dominant type was generalised conversational implicature with 52,5%, while the particularised type took second place with 47,5%.
The GCI was dominant because the characterAos utterances can still be understood easily, although they are conveyed implicitly.
Santoso and Apriyanto .
have recognised the significance of language discourse from the standpoint of the symbolic meaning of legal The data is a conversation that took place during an interrogation in a fraud and traffic case.
Data is gathered using acquired transcription data, which is subsequently examined.
The study's findings suggest that humanist communication may be achieved during police questioning by using conversational implicature instead of forceful methods.
However, the study does not elaborate clearly on the types of conversational implicature applied during the interrogation.
Moreover.
Cristina .
analyzed the type of conversational implicature found in F.
, a famous American TV show.
The theory used was Grice .
Qualitative research applies the interview method to collect data, the pragmatic identity method to analyse the data, and both formal and informal presentation methods to present the research result.
The final result was the particularized conversational implicature appeared the most with 20 data, while the generalized conversational implicature appeared the least with only 10 data.
This is because the utterances they conveyed need specific context to be understood by the audience.
Further.
Satria, et al.
investigated linguistic phenomena and forms of conversational implicatures using forensic linguistic studies.
The study aimed to reveal the implicature of juvenile traffic violations during the interrogation process and speech acts and events from a forensic linguistics The result showed that teenagers who violate traffic regulations tend to cover up their mistakes by providing convoluted information which can be seen from the answers given to the police.
During the interrogation process, many violations of Grice's cooperative principle.
Despite that, the study only thoroughly explained the violation in cooperative principle instead of forensic conversational implicature.
Furthermore.
Ade et al.
investigated the types of conversational maxims .
bedience and violation.
by applying GriceAos cooperative principle.
The data were analyzed by using interactive models of Miles.
Huberman.
JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
, 9.
, 2024 Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation? and Saldana.
The finding showed that during the investigative interviews, all of the maxims cooperative principle were occurred.
It tends to be obeyed rather than violated.
The obedience of the conversational maxim might be due to the power possessed by the police.
However, the maxim violation still can be found in investigative interviews because the operation target tried to defend himself so that they would avoid the sanction.
The study gives insight into applying the cooperative principle in investigative interviews.
Still, there is no more explanation about conversational implicature applied in the investigation and the reason behind it.
Those previous studies give insight into the present study about ways to identify types of conversational implicature that occur in conversation.
The similarities to the present study are in the use of Grice's .
theory of conversational implicature and Symbolic Meaning theory to identify the reason behind it.
However, the present study's objectives and data differ from those of previous studies since the data taken from the interrogation of murder cases focused on the forensic discourse area.
This study aims to discuss thoroughly the forensic conversational implicature in police interrogation that began by identifying the FCI types that occurred in police utterances, describing the realisation of CI, and investigating the reason behind it by relating to the symbolic meaning perspective of legal language.
Forensic conversational implicature has a vital role in unveiling the truth during interrogation.
Knowing and understanding conversational implicature enhances the readerAos ability to analyse interrogation practices critically, mainly how statements are interpreted and used in legal contexts.
Further, it is filled with insights into the subtle techniques used during interrogations.
This helps them better understand how information is elicited from suspects and witnesses and how conversational implicature plays on psychological principles, deepening their understanding of human communication and behaviour.
This study aimed to investigate the strategy applied by the investigators during interrogation due to assumptions in public concerning the genesis of violent actions.
METHOD
Research Design This research used a philosophical approach to deductive content analysis, namely discourse analysis.
More specifically, the philosophical approach in this research involved applying a philosophical framework and theories to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of language used in police Conversational implicature, as a concept, originates from the field of philosophy, particularly the philosophy of language.
Philosopher H.
Grice introduced it as part of his theory on how people communicate The philosophical framework here is for deeply exploring Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature.
Vol.
, 2024
Nadhirah MuthiAoah .
Eddy Setia .
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti conversational implicature principles, including the ethical, epistemological, and linguistic dimensions.
Moreover.
Forensic Discourse Analysis (FDA) was used in this study as the analytical framework to analyze, describe, and investigate the data.
FDA was applied as the analytical framework because interrogation is a verbal discourse in which the use of implicatures is often found to stimulate a response or create psychological pressure on the FDA is an interdisciplinary field investigating language and communication within legal settings, such as courtroom proceedings, police interviews, legal documents, and other contexts related to the legal system.
The goal is to understand how language is used, how it can be interpreted, and its impact on legal processes.
Using an analytical framework here could complement the analysis, mainly when focusing on the systematic breakdown of how conversational implicature is applied in practice.
The analytical framework provides detailed, structured insights, while the philosophical framework offers critical reflection and ethical considerations.
By integrating both, the analysis will be more holistic, examining how conversational implicature is used in practice and considering why it matters and what it means in a broader context.
Data.
Data Source and Procedures The data of this study were transcripts that indicated conversational implicature during interrogation.
The transcripts were obtained from the AuExplore with UsAy YouTube channel, originally from the United States, the data source.
The data source is specified on criminal cases, particularly murder cases that happened in Sheboygan Falls.
Wisconsin.
S, as the data sample due to it being one of the highest crime rates in the United States over time as indexed in the annual Uniform Crime Reports by Federal Bureau Investigation (FBI) and by annual National crime Victimization Surveys by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
The data were taken from an interrogation video titled Au13-Year-Old Murder Grandma for $155Ay, which happened in Sheboygan Falls.
Wisconsin.
on September 18th, 2012, as the representation among other murder cases happened in the U.
We chose the AuExplore with UsAy YouTube channel due to it is exceptionally reliable, credible, or recognised as authoritative in the forensic field, so that can ensure the analysis is based on high-quality and trustworthy information.
Moreover, the channel consists of interrogation videos with a complete duration from beginning to end without any cuts, so we can explore, identify, and analyse the source thoroughly, leading to detailed insights that might be diluted if we used an uncomplete duration of video from another channel as the data To collect the data, use documentation from the data sources with the following steps: 1.
) Accessed to the interrogation channel through JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
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, 2024 Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation? com/@ExploreWithUs 2.
) I clicked on the videos menu on the AuExplore with UsAy homepage.
) Observed the interrogation videos that focused only on murder cases.
) I listened to the conversation and manually transformed it into a transcript text.
Data Analysis Procedures The implementation of the data analysis technique was deductive content analysis following the analytical framework of Forensic Discourse Analysis (FDA).
Sequentially, there are three series of steps in analyzing the forensic conversational implicature in police interrogation, i.
, coding scheme development, data reduction, and data interpretation.
Coding scheme development At this stage, we analysed the utterances of interrogation sessions in the AuExplore with UsAy YouTube channel through pre-coding and open In pre-coding, we listened to the whole interrogation session in order to understand the content.
The purpose is to get an overview of the context that emerges in the conversation.
The next is open coding.
At this stage, we listened and read the transcript data repeatedly and coded the relevant units of analysis in the form of utterance based on (Grice, 1.
conversational implicature types, namely generalised and particularized conversational implicature.
The distribution of FCI types will appear in a table consisting of the amount of each type (GCI and PCI) and calculated into percentages with the formula below:
ycEyceycycayceycuycycayciyce = yaycaycyca ycuyce yceycaycaEa ycycycyyce ycu 100 ycNycuycycayco yccycaycyca Data Reduction Data reduction involves classifying, transforming and simplifying large volumes of data into a more manageable, concise form without losing essential information.
This step aims to reduce the complexity of the data while retaining the most relevant aspects for analysis.
At this stage, after coding the data, we analyzed and interpreted the coded content to identify patterns, relationships, and themes based on the predefined categories.
This process involves summarising and condensing the data to highlight key Data Interpretation In the last stage, we interpreted the findings within the context of the chosen theoretical framework or categories.
We discussed the implications of the findings by viewing them from the perspective of forensic linguistics in Conversational Implicature analysis, that is.
Symbolic Meaning.
This stage helps in knowing and understanding how police investigators make the suspect gradually more comfortable with telling the truth without any violence through appropriate language use.
Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature.
Vol.
, 2024
Nadhirah MuthiAoah .
Eddy Setia .
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti FINDINGS To answer the first research problem related to the types of forensic conversational implicature identified in murder case interrogation in Sheboygan Falls.
Wisconsin.
S, by analysing the data and categorising them into types of conversational implicature, namely generalised conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature, and the maxims of cooperative principle.
Forensic Conversational Implicature Types A summary of the findings on such sets is presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1 Distribution of Forensic Conversational Implicature Types Types of Conversational Implicature Frequency Percentage (%) Generalized Conversational Implicature Particularized Conversational Implicature Total Table 1 shows that types of forensic conversational implicature in Explore with Us video interrogation about murder cases are ample.
The table displays that 132 forensic conversational implicatures are identified in a murder case interrogation video from the Explore with Us YouTube channel.
Between the two types of conversational implicature, it concluded that Particularized Conversational Implicature occupies the most significant There are 86 data of particularised conversational implicature identified in U.
S murder case interrogation with a proportion of 65%.
The generalised conversational implicature takes the second place, finding 46 data with a proportion of 35%.
The final results show a very significant difference in the frequency of data between the two forensic conversational implicature types above.
The Realization of Forensic Conversational Implicature in Murder Case Interrogation In the second research problem related to the realisation of forensic conversational implicature in a murder case interrogation, we intend to describe the forensic conversational implicature types along with the maxim cooperative principles through police investigator utterance.
The data will be identified with the bold excerpt for GCI type, underlined for PCI type, and italic for CP maxims.
A Generalized Conversational Implicature Investigator: WeAove been involved in a serious interrogation.
JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
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, 2024 Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation? okay? thereAos a lot of different people that have been talked to already about this serious investigation, and youAore one of Aoem that we wanted to talk to, hoping that you can clarify some things, okay? Suspect : Alright.
In the data above, as labelled bold data shows, the investigatorAos utterance identified generalized conversational implicature by telling the seriousness of the situation and wanted the suspect to clarify some things related to the case.
It is proved with suspectAos respond labelled italic AuAlrightAy Means that he understood what investigator said without need of special knowledge to interpret it.
The investigatorAos utterance identified adhering maxim of manner as the suspectAos response AualrightAy means that he understands with a clear answer, making it easier for the interrogator to follow the sequence of events or details being provided.
Investigator: Okay.
Realizing that you have these rights, are you now willing to answer question or make a statement? Basically, listen to me and answer the questions so that we can hopefully clarify some Suspect : Yeah.
Further, as seen in data above, the bold label of investigatorAos utterance ensures that the suspect understood the rights that has been read and intends that the suspect is willing to clarify several things related to the case.
Meanwhile, the suspectAos respond labelled italic AuYeahAy means that he clearly understood what investigator said.
Those utterances above identified as generalized conversational implicature by saying something that is inferable without reference a feature of the context, which can be seen through suspectAos respond to the investigatorAos utterance with relevant and focus on what investigator said means that the investigator has obeyed the maxim of Investigator: Okay, so what did you have that you attacked your great grandma with? Suspect : It was like an ax looking thing Moreover, in data labelled bold above identified as generalized conversational implicature, by asking details about the evidence that suspect used to kill his great grandmother.
The question can be clearly understood by the suspect since no special knowledge is required in investigatorAos context to be interpreted as obeying to maxim of quantity not asking too much that out of the context.
It is shown by the suspectAos respond AuIt was like an ax looking Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature.
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Nadhirah MuthiAoah .
Eddy Setia .
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti thingAy by provides honest and accurate information, avoiding deliberate falsehoods or attempts to mislead the interrogator.
Particularized Conversational Implicature Investigator: Do you know anything at all about what may have happened to her? Have you heard anything? Do you know anything at all? Suspect : No, what happened? As in data labelled underline above, the investigatorAo questions identified as particularized conversational implicature, due to the specific context in the investigator's speech, that asked about the information of victimAos detailed death and anything related to the case that the suspect knew.
This implied that the investigator wanted to know the chronology of the case from the suspectAos point of view, which the suspect definitely knew about it.
In this particular context of investigatorAos utterance, the suspect needed additional knowledge to interpret the implied meaning of investigatorAos utterance by violating the maxim of quality.
He lied and denied that he did not know anything about the case with saying AuNo, what happened?Ay to show that he was not involved.
Investigator: Would there be any reason that somebody would say that they saw someone about your size height with that type of a haircut at your great-grandmaAos house? Suspect : I donAot know Further, in data with underline label, the investigatorAo questions identified as PCI, due to the specific context in the investigator's speech, that asked about someone else saw the suspect with physical characteristics as the same as the suspect been at his great grandmaAos house on the day case This implied that the investigator wanted to see how the suspect reaction and provoked also put a bit intimidation on the suspect by telling him that someone else had seen him at the victim's house.
This also to see whether he answer informative to the context of question or not.
In this particular context of investigatorAos utterance, the suspect has already known to interpret the implied conveyed meaning of investigatorAos question by violating the maxim of quality, said AuI donAot knowAy to place him at safe position in the interrogation.
Investigator: Would there be any reason at all that weAove talked with people, and like I said, weAove talked to a bunch of people and weAore still talking to people, that anyone would say that you wouldAove been at your grandmaAos, great-grandmaAos.
IAom sorry.
JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literatur.
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, 2024 Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation? Suspect : No.
I had no reason to.
I mean, like, people wouldAove known I was there.
I wouldnAot have just randomly been there.
Moreover, in data with underline label above identified as PCI, due to the specific context in the investigator's speech, that asked about someone else saw the suspect been at his great grandmaAos house on the day case occurred.
This implied that the investigator wanted to provoked and put a bit intimidation on the suspect by telling him that someone else had seen him at the victim's house.
This also to see whether he answer relevant to the context of question or not.
In this particular context of investigatorAos utterance, the suspect already had knowledge to interpret the implied conveyed meaning of investigatorAos question by violating the maxim of quality.
The suspect being irrelevant and avoids answering questions directly related to the specific context of investigation, by saying everyone would have known he was there.
The Reasons of FCI Realized as It Is in Murder Case Interrogations.
In this part provides the interpretation of the participantAos utterance and relate it to symbolic meaning in forensic linguistics.
The utilisation of the FCI in police interrogation creates a relaxed and humane state of affairs.
There are two reasons as the way it is under the themes as Gain Trust and Humanity.
These themes involve subtle which often conveyed indirectly cues that reflect empathy, fairness, and respect for the suspect.
These indicators can create a more cooperative atmosphere, where the suspect feels understood and respected, leading to a higher likelihood of truthful communication.
The careful use of language that suggests shared humanity and trustworthiness is crucial in achieving effective and ethical interrogation outcomes.
A Theme 1: Gain Trust The police investigators may build a relationship of trust based on humanitarian considerations.
As in the data findings below.
Excerpt 1 Is there anything at all that youAove talked to me about that you want to change your story and tell me the truth, or do you want to stay with what I consider a lot of lies? And you need to really think about this, okay.
and you need to think about your future and you need think about the potential of being in front of the judge and saying, he straight out lied about absolutely everything, he never took any credit for anything and said that he had nothing to do with anything at all as far as great-grandma Olson.
So, think about it for a second.
Let me just make sure.
Excerpt 2 I want to clarify then, what you havenAot been totally truthful about.
I will sit here and listen to the truth, but IAom not gonna sit here and listen to a bunch of more lies, okay.
I want you to tell me the truth of what happened.
ThatAos all Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature.
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Nadhirah MuthiAoah .
Eddy Setia .
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti weAore looking for is the truth.
We donAot want to pin something on somebody that doesnAot deserve to have anything pinned on him or her or whatever.
I want the truth and thatAos what weAore going for here, okay.
so, what do you wanna clarify and tell me the truth about it.
Gaining trust during police interrogation is multifaceted, aiming to enhance cooperation, obtain accurate and reliable information, and ensure that the interrogation process is ethical and effective.
By fostering a trusting relationship, police officers can conduct interrogations that are more likely to yield truthful, detailed, and legally sound confessions or admissions, ultimately supporting the pursuit of justice.
A Theme 2: Humanity The interrogation process will be eased by speeches that exude respect, dignity, and politeness rather than intimidation.
As in the data findings Excerpt 3 Okay.
I think basically.
IAom gonna give you one more chance to tell the truth.
IAove already told you that weAove talked with a lot of people, okay.
Excerpt 4 And weAove had the state crime lab in, we have a lot of evidence.
You know itAos a video world nowadays.
We have video evidence.
We have a lot of stuff, okay? and IAoll tell you right now, youAore not telling me the truth.
Emphasizing humanity during police interrogation is to ensure that the suspect is treated with respect and dignity throughout the interrogation This includes avoiding any form of dehumanization, mistreatment, or abuse.
moreover, helps in building trust and rapport with the suspect, making them more likely to open up and provide truthful information.
DISCUSSION