EL-ECOSY: JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEUANGAN ISLAM
Vol.
No.
01 January 2026.
Pages.
Available at https://jurnal.
id/elecosy/index ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING RICE FARMERS' TRANSACTION COSTS (STUDY IN MUARA SUNGKAI DISTRICT.
NORTH LAMPUNG REGENCY) Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3
1,2,3
Faculty Economy And Business Islam.
Raden Intan State Islamic University of Lampung *Corresponding Author Email: nilainggar64@gmail.
hazassyarif@radenintan.
id, aliefrakhmansetyanto@radenintan.
Recieved: December 2025
Accepeted: December 2025
Published: January 2026
ABSTRAK
Biaya transaksi terkait erat dengan tingkat ketidakpastian, kepercayaan, institusi, dan perpanjangan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor ketidakpastian, kepercayaan, kelembagaan, dan perluasan biaya transaksi petani padi di Muara Sungkai.
Kabupaten Lampung Utara.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif, yang disajikan dalam bentuk data primer dari petani padi di Muara Sungkai dengan teknik purposive sampling dalam seleksi data.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel ketidakpastian memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap biaya transaksi petani padi di Muara Sungkai, variabel kepercayaan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap biaya transaksi petani padi di Muara Sungkai.
Kabupaten Lampung Utara, variabel kelembagaan memiliki pengaruh positif namun tidak signifikan terhadap biaya transaksi petani padi di Muara Sungkai.
Kabupaten Lampung Utara, dan variabel penyuluhan berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap biaya transaksi petani padi di Muara Sungkai.
Kabupaten Lampung Utara.
Kata kunci: Ketidakpastian.
Kepercayaan.
Institusi.
Konseling Biaya Transaksi.
ABSTRACT
Transaction costs are closely related to uncertainty rates, trust, institutions, and extension.
This study aims to analyze the factors of uncertainty, trust, institutions, and extension on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
The research method used in this study is quantitative, which is presented in the form of primary data from rice farmers in Muara Sungkai with a purposive sampling technique in data selection.
The results of this study indicate that the uncertainty variable has a positive and significant effect on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai, the trust variable has a positive and significant effect on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency, the institutional variable has a positive but insignificant effect on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency, and the extension variable has a negative and insignificant effect on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
Keywords: Uncertainty.
Trust.
Institutions.
Transaction Cost Counseling.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026
INTRODUCTION
Transaction costs are all costs incurred in the process of exchanging goods or services between two parties, other than the price of the goods or services These costs include various forms of expenditure or sacrifices that must be made for a transaction to occur legally, safely, and efficiently.
In general, transaction costs include the costs of seeking information .
or example, about product quality, price, or seller reputatio.
, the costs of negotiating and drafting contracts .
ncluding the time and effort required to agree on the terms of the transactio.
, and the costs of monitoring and enforcing the agreement (Saleh 2.
This narrative was obtained from an interview with a rice farmer in Muara Sungkai, namely Mr.
Warto.
One cause of high transaction costs is the information asymmetry that occurs between farmers and other market actors, such as traders and Farmers often do not have adequate access to information on market prices or the quality of production inputs (Abas.
Niswatin, and Badu 2.
The Quran also explains that Allah permits buying and selling and forbids usury.
This is the basis of Sharia law for all forms of agricultural product transactions, including rice, as long as they are conducted in accordance with Sharia law, namely based on mutual consent and without any element of usury.
This is stated in Surah AlBaqarah, verse 275.
a ca
a AEac aOe aI aaOe aEEa eO aIA
AEA
a AEO aE Oa aC eOaI eO aI acaE aE aI Oa aC eOaI Eac eO Oaa aacaNa EeacO aI aI aI Ee aI EA
ca a o a a AEO Aa aI eI aaN aI eOaaU aI eI acaNA
AEO aOa a acE cEEa Eea eO a aO aacaIA
a acacIa eI CaEaeO aacacIa Eea eO a Ie aEA
ca AAI NO A EaN I Ea acA OINe aaEA
A EIac aN eI AeO aNA
a AA
AEA
AOA
AEA
AOA
a AA
AIA
AIA
AOA
AcEEA ia ee a eaa a a a a ae a a a e aa a e a )u( AEa a eO aIA Meaning: AuThose who consume .
ransact i.
usury cannot stand except as one who staggers due to a devil's possession.
This is because they say that buying and selling is like usury.
But Allah has permitted buying and selling and forbidden Whoever receives a reminder from his Lord .
egarding usur.
, then he desists until what he had acquired becomes his own, and his affair is with Allah.
Whoever repeats .
sury transaction.
, those are the inmates of the Fire, wherein they will abide foreverAy.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 This situation is exacerbated by limited post-harvest facilities such as dryers, threshers, and storage equipment, which make the quality of the grain unstable and often lead to price cuts due to high moisture content or inconsistent quality.
Overall, rice farmers in this region face a series of interrelated obstacles, ranging from poor access to price information, dependence on middlemen, high transportation costs, small-scale farming, to minimal post-harvest facilities, all of which contribute to increased transaction costs and reduced net income for farmers (Syafa Kurniasari.
Yuliati, and Andrian Syah Mirza 2.
Low levels of trust between farmers and buyers are a major contributor to rising transaction costs.
When farmers don't fully trust the accuracy of price information provided by buyers, they must spend additional time verifying its accuracy.
Protracted negotiations increase transaction costs because both parties must allocate more time to reach an agreement (Tingkat et al.
This inability to build trust ultimately makes transactions expensive and inefficient for both parties (Tingkat et al.
This situation adds uncertainty and increases transaction costs because the limited number of extension workers results in uneven assistance.
Unsustainable extension services make it difficult for farmers to adopt efficient practices or understand market mechanisms, leaving them dependent on middlemen who possess more comprehensive information.
As a result, farmers' bargaining power weakens, and various costs, such as information retrieval, coordination, and negotiation, become higher.
The weak extension function ultimately has a direct impact on increasing transaction costs in rice production and marketing (Gunawan et al.
The novelty of this study lies in the factors influencing rice farmer transaction costs, filling a gap in previous research that showed inconsistent results regarding the influence of uncertainty, trust, institutions, and extension services on rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
Unlike previous studies that generally analyze transaction costs in general and use a conventional economic approach, this study specifically focuses on rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency.
Thus, the novelty of this research lies in the combination of sectoral, regional, and conceptual approaches which provide a new perspective in understanding the dynamics of rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai sub-district.
North Lampung Regency in Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 a more comprehensive manner and based on Islamic economic values.
RESEARCH METHOD
This study uses quantitative methods in processing and analyzing data.
quantitative approach is an attempt to describe natural .
nd socia.
phenomena using numbers.
This study uses primary data in the form of corrective data with a sample of 99 respondents from rice farmers in Muara Sungkai and 5 variables, namely 4 variables (X) and one variable (Y) during the period during which the study took place (Prayogi and Arif Kurniawan 2.
Primary data was obtained by interviewing rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
To ensure the relevance of the data and cover all the variables studied, the data collected by distributing questionnaires included information on uncertainty, trust, institutions and extension on transaction The population taken in this study was the number of reports of data on uncertainty, trust, institutions and extension on transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai sub-district.
North Lampung Regency.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results Correctional Data Regression Analysis Descriptive Statistical Analysis Descriptive data in the research that I conducted uses descriptive statistics which will provide an overview or describe the data used as a Table 1.
Results of Descriptive Statistical Analysis Variables Uncertainty (X.
Trust Institutional (X.
Counseling (X.
Transaction Fee
(Y)
Mean
Median 13,00000 25,00000 17,00000 27,00000 2600,000 Maximum
32,00000
49,00000
27,00000
35,00000
Minimum
4,000,000
4,000,000
4,000,000
7,000,000
40,000,000
Std.
Dev Source: eviews 12 output processed in 2025 Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 Based on the results of the descriptive analysis above, it shows that there are 65 observations for each variable studied.
Transaction Fee (Y).
Based on the results of descriptive analysis data, transaction costs as a dependent variable show an average value of transaction costs .
of 3683,303 and a middle value .
of 2600,000, while the highest value .
is 38875,000, while the lowest value .
of transaction costs is 40,000,000.
At the transaction cost level, it has a standard deviation of 5968,646.
Uncertainty (X.
Based on the results of descriptive analysis data, uncertainty as an independent variable shows an average value of uncertainty .
42424 and the middle value .
13,00000 .
value 32,000,000 , while the lowest .
transaction fee is 4,000,000 .
The uncertainty level has a standard deviation of Trust (X.
Based on the results of descriptive analysis data, trust as an independent variable shows an average value of trust .
of and the median 25,00000 while the highest value .
is 49,000,000 , while the lowest value .
of transaction fees is 4.
At the confidence level it has a standard deviation of 10.
Institution (X.
Based on the results of the descriptive analysis of institutional data as an independent variable, the average value at the institutional level .
20202 and the middle value .
00000, while the highest value .
00000 while the lowest value .
of transaction costs is 4.
000000 at the institutional level with a standard deviation of 6.
Counseling (X.
Based on the results of the descriptive analysis of institutional data as an independent variable, the average value at the institutional level .
71717 and the middle value .
00000, while the highest value .
00000, while Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 the lowest value .
of transaction costs is 7.
000000 at the institutional level with a standard deviation of 10.
Validity and Rehabilitation Test
Validity Test
Correlations P01
P02
P04
P05
Pearson
316 **
Correlation Sig.
-taile.
P02 Pearson
403 **
Correlation Sig.
-taile.
P04 Pearson
316 **
403 **
Correlation Sig.
-taile.
P05 Pearson Correlation Sig.
-taile.
P06 Pearson 129 -.
517 ** -.
328 **
576 **
Correlation Sig.
-taile.
**.
Correlation is significant at the 0.
01 level .
-taile.
Source: SPSS 25 output .
rocessed in 2.
P01
P06
517 **
328 **
576 **
The correlations between variables show diverse relationships.
P01
has a moderate positive relationship with P04 .
= 0.
316, p < 0.
, but the relationships with other variables are relatively weak and insignificant.
P02
has a fairly strong positive correlation with P04 .
= 0.
403, p < 0.
and a strong negative correlation with P06 .
= Ae0.
517, p < 0.
P04 also has a significant negative correlation with P06 .
= Ae0.
328, p < 0.
Meanwhile.
P05 shows a very strong positive correlation with P06 .
= 0.
576, p < 0.
Overall, this correlation pattern illustrates the existence of several consistent and significant relationships at the 1% level, especially among conceptually closely related pairs of variables, while other relationships are weak and The correlation pattern between variables shows important dynamics Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 in understanding the results of the study "Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency.
" The moderate positive correlation between P01 and P04 .
= .
and the fairly strong positive correlation between P02 and P04 .
= .
suggest that the two variables move in the same direction and may represent mutually reinforcing factors in influencing farmers' transaction Conversely, the strong negative correlations between P02 and P06 .
= Ae0.
, and between P04 and P06 .
= Ae0.
, indicate a difference in direction of influence: when one variable increases, the other decreases.
This may reflect field conditions where several factors such as uncertainty, access to information, or the involvement of middlemen work in conflict with each other in determining the magnitude of transaction costs.
The very strong positive correlation between P05 and P06 .
= 0.
indicates that the two variables may move together and have a high conceptual closeness in the context of rice farmer transactions, for example related to the economic burden or market mechanisms experienced by farmers.
Overall, the correlation pattern is significant at the 1% level, confirming that the relationship between the variables is indeed real in the field, not just a statistical coincidence.
However, other variables that show weak and insignificant correlations indicate that not all factors are directly related, so only a few factors actually play a role in the formation of transaction costs.
This finding is important because it helps researchers identify which variables are relevant for further analysis and which do not contribute significantly to understanding rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai.
Rehabilitation Test Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items Based on the reliability test results, the Cronbach's Alpha value showed a very low number.
However, this low reliability value does not Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 fully represent the quality of the variable construct being measured.
This unreliability is more due to technical factors, such as scale inconsistencies between items, the presence of very large variance differences, and the possibility of items with negative statements that have not been reverse This condition causes the Alpha calculation to be biased and does not reflect the true reliability.
On the other hand, the validity test results show that most items have corrected item-total correlation values that are above the minimum limit, so that these items are still construct-valid and able to represent the variables being measured.
In other words, although the reliability appears low statistically, the variable still meets validity requirements and can still be used for further analysis.
Furthermore, in social and field research, especially involving respondents with heterogeneous backgrounds, a low reliability value does not always indicate that the variable is not feasible.
Inconsistencies in respondents' answers often occur due to differences in perception, experience, and understanding, which affect the Alpha value but do not eliminate the meaning of the theoretical Therefore, by considering the validity of the items that have been fulfilled, the suitability of the research theory, and the technical conditions of the data that affect alpha, the variable remains suitable for use and further analysis can be continued without the need to carry out a repeat reliability Classical Assumption Test Before conducting multiple regression testing, the study first conducted a classical assumption test to determine whether there were any deviations from the requirements .
of the data being processed to be suitable for testing, so that the regression model obtained from the data processing was significant and The classical assumption test was used to determine the condition of the data used in the study, including: normality test, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test, and heteroscedasticity test.
The following are the results of the classical assumption test that have been processed using Eviews 12.
Normality Test The Normality Test is used to test whether the residual values resulting Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 from the regression are normally distributed or not.
Table 2.
Normality Test Results Series: Residuals Sample 1 99 Observations 99 Mean Median Maximum Minimum Std.
Dev.
Skewness Kurtosis Jarque-Bera Probability Source: eviews 12 output .
ata processed in 2.
Based on table 1.
2, the probability value is 0.
901205, this indicates a probability value of 0.
000 <0.
05, meaning the data is not normally Central assumptions of the limit theorem: Random sampling :
The sample must be drawn randomly from the population.
Sufficiently large sample size : The sample size must be large enough, with a common threshold being nOu30 n is greater than or equal to 30 ycu Ou30 CLT allows us to perform statistical inferences, such as calculating confidence intervals or conducting hypothesis tests, even when we do not know the original distribution of the population.
The assumption of normality is often important for parametric statistical methods, and CLT provides a solution if this assumption is not met by using a normally distributed sample mean.
these assumptions are not met, the conclusions drawn may be invalid or Multicollinearity Test This multicollinearity test is used to determine whether a correlation exists between independent variables in the regression model.
The multicollinearity test requires a Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) value below 10 and a tolerance value above 0.
The following are the results of the multicollinearity test:
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 Table 3.
Multicollinearity Test Results Coefficient Uncentered Variance VIF Variable LOG(UNCERTAINT LOG(TRUST) LOG(INSTITUTION LOG (EXTENSION) Centered VIF Source: eviews 12 output .
ata processed in 2.
Based on the results of the multicollinearity test in table 1.
3, the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) value is below 10.
In variable X1, the VIF value is 2.
285774, variable X2, the VIF value is 1.
945066, variable X3, the VIF value is 1.
841780, and variable X4, the VIF value is 2.
This means that in the proposed regression model research, there are no symptoms of multicollinearity because the VIF value is <10.
So it can be used for subsequent regression analysis.
Heteroxidasis test The heteroscedasticity test examines the differences in residual variance from one observation period to another.
This study uses the Glejser Table 4.
Heteroxidasis Test Results Heteroskedasticity Test: Glejser Null hypothesis: Homoskedasticity F-statistic Obs*R-squared Scaled explained SS 304137 Prob.
264886 Chi-Square Prob.
855552 Chi-Square Prob.
Source: eviews 12 output .
ata processed in 2.
The table above shows the results of the study using the Glejser The study shows that the Obs*R-squared value has a Chi-square probability value of 0.
8673, above 0.
05, indicating that there is no heteroscedasticity problem.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Table 5.
Multiple Linear Regression Test Results Variable Coefficien t Std.
Error t-Statistic LOG(UNCERTAI NTY) LOG(TRUST) LOG(INSTITUTIO LOG (EXTENSION) -0.
Prob.
Source: eviews 12 output .
ata processed in 2.
The results data in the table above shows that the regression model is Transaction Costs = .
387652 Uncertainty 1.
214502 Trust 230426 Institutional -0.
406899 Extension e Information :
Y = Transaction Fee X1 = Uncertainty X2 = trust X3 = Institutional X4 = counseling e = error From the t-statistic test and multiple linear regression, it can be explained as The constant value of .
shows that if the ka of Uncertainty.
Trust.
Institutions and Extension are zero, then the dependent variable Profitability has a value of .
The uncertainty coefficient value of 0.
387652 and the probability value of 0.
0131 (<0.
are significant because every 1% increase in uncertainty increases transaction costs by 2.
145% .
ecause it uses Therefore, uncertainty has a positive effect on the profitability of rice farmers' transaction costs in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 The trust coefficient value of 1.
214502 and probability of 0.
(<0.
are significant because changes in the level of trust have a significant effect on transaction costs.
Therefore, trust has a positive effect on the profitability of rice farmers' transaction costs in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
The institutional coefficient value of 0.
230426 and probability of 2517 (>0.
is not significant because the improvement of the quality or existence of institutions has not had a significant impact on reducing or increasing the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
Therefore, institutions have a positive effect on the profitability of rice farmers' transaction costs in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
The extension coefficient value of -0.
406899 and probability of 0622 (>0.
is not significant because the implementation of extension has not had a significant impact on reducing or increasing transaction costs for rice farmers in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency.
Therefore, extension has a negative effect on the profitability of transaction costs for rice farmers in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency.
Hypothesis Testing Individual Parameter Significance Test .
-Tes.
The t-test is used to determine whether the independent variable partially has a significant effect on the dependent variable.
The significance level is 0.
The following are the results of the t-test in the study, namely:
Table 6.
T-Test Results Variable Coefficien t Std.
Error
LOG(UNCERTAIN
TY)
LOG(TRUST)
LOG(INSTITUTION
LOG (EXTENSION) -0.
t-Statistic Prob.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 Source: eviews 12 output .
ata processed in 2.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the results of the t-test, in the uncertainty t-count column, the network social, trust and institutional factors can be concluded as follows:
The significance value or probability of the uncertainty variable 0131 < 0.
05 and ycEaycnycycycuyciis 2.
This means that the uncertainty variable (X.
has a significant effect on transaction costs (Y) for rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
The significant value or probability of the trust variable is 0.
< 0.
05 and ycEaycnycycycuyciis 8.
This means that the trust variable (X.
does not have a significant effect on transaction costs (Y) for rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
The significant value of the institutional variable is 0.
2517 > 0.
and ycEaycnycycycuyciis 1.
153339, meaning that the institutional variable (X.
does not have a significant effect on transaction costs (Y) for rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
The significant value of the extension variable is 0.
0622 > 0.
and ycEaycnycycycuyciis -1.
887331 , meaning that the institutional variable (X.
does not have a significant effect on transaction costs (Y) for rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
F test The F-test aims to determine whether there is a simultaneous influence between the human development index, population, and provincial minimum wage variables on the unemployment rate.
The criteria used to draw conclusions in the F-test are as follows:
If significance < 0.
05 or F Calculation > F Table, then the hypothesis is accepted.
If the significance > 0.
05 or F Calculation < F Table, then the hypothesis is rejected.
The partial test results on this research data are presented in the table below:
Table 8.
F Test F-sta ff-statistics Prob ( prob (F-statisti.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 Source: Eviews 12 output .
ata processed in 2.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the results of the f test, in the prob column (F-statisti.
obtained from the data that has been tested is F-count of 0.
000000 < 0.
So, it can be concluded that yaCI which means that together they have a significant effect on transaction costs, so in other words, the independent variables are not able to explain the magnitude of the dependent variable of transaction costs.
Coefficient of Determination (R.
The coefficient of determination (R.
measures the extent to which all independent variables can explain the dependent variable.
A stronger determination number indicates that the independent variables provide nearly all the information needed to predict the dependent variables.
A lower coefficient of determination (R.
indicates that the independent variables' ability to explain variation in the dependent variable is limited.
The results of the coefficient of determination test in this study can be seen in the table below.
Table 9.
Results of the Coefficient of Determination (R.
Test R-squared Adjusted R-squared Source: Eviews 12 output .
ata processed in 2.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the results of the determination coefficient test, the determination coefficient value is obtained from the R Square column at the location of R2 <1 with a value of 0 <0.
753191 O 1, it can be explained from the table above that the number ycI2 (R Squar.
753191 or 75%.
This shows that the percentage contribution of the influence of the dependent variable of trade tariffs, exchange rates, and gross domestic product on Indonesian agricultural product exports is 7.
5 % or the independent variables used in the model are able to explain 7.
5 % of the variation in the dependent variable.
While the remaining 25% is influenced by other variables not included in this research Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 Discussion Results The influence of uncertainty on transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency Based on the research results, the uncertainty variable has a positive coefficient of 0.
387652 with a probability value of 0.
0131 <0.
05, thus uncertainty is proven to have a positive and significant effect on rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai.
This means that the higher the level of uncertainty, the higher the transaction costs that farmers must bear.
This finding is consistent with Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty theory, which asserts that uncertainty has a significant influence on transaction costs, and is reinforced by research by Ikhlasi.
Cahyono, and Windari .
which shows a positive relationship between uncertainty and transaction costs.
From the interview results, it was discovered that the dominance of middlemen in controlling the market in Muara Sungkai leaves farmers with no alternative sales partners, thus increasing uncertainty regarding prices, discounts, and transaction mechanisms.
This condition is similar to the findings of Fisheries .
in the fisheries sector, where middleman dominance reduces partner choices and influences uncertainty in transactions, although it differs from Engwerda .
who showed that increased uncertainty directly increases transaction costs for Overall, this study confirms that uncertainty is an important factor driving the increase in transaction costs for rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
The influence of trust on transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency Based on the research results, the trust variable has a positive coefficient of 214502 with a probability value of 0.
0000 < 0.
05, so it can be concluded that trust has a positive and significant effect on rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai.
This finding indicates that increasing trust actually encourages increased transaction costs, because higher trust makes transaction activities more efficient.
including negotiation and supervision This leads to more intense transactions, while simultaneously reducing information search costs, thus strengthening relationships with middlemen.
This explanation aligns with Oliver Williamson's theory that trust can influence transaction costs and is also consistent with research by Mulyani et .
, which found a positive effect of uncertainty on transaction costs.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 Interviews revealed that mutual trust within farmer groups fosters collective action, such as information sharing and negotiation assistance.
However, this high level of trust also makes farmers increasingly dependent on existing transaction patterns, leading to increased transaction costs, even though individual burdens appear to decrease within the group context.
Institutional influence on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency Based on the research results, the institutional coefficient value is 0.
with a positive coefficient direction.
Having a probability value of 0.
2517>0.
05, it can be concluded that in this study, the institutional coefficient has a positive direction but its influence is not significant on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
These results indicate that the institutional hypothesis has a positive and insignificant effect on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
The analysis results indicate that institutions have a direct relationship with the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai.
North Lampung Regency.
This means that when institutions increase in Muara Sungkai, transaction costs decrease.
This positive relationship indicates that institutional fluctuations have an insignificant effect on transaction costs, where institutions can influence price information for transaction Thus, institutional stability is an important factor in maintaining and increasing the volume of transaction costs.
Based on observations and interviews with respondents during the study, it was found that the institutional structure in the Muara Sungkai sub-district rice farmer group, where formal rules, informal rules, and mechanisms have been enforced, has been able to reduce transaction costs.
This is characterized by good communication between administrators and members.
Furthermore, institutional development has led to increased capacity so that it can meet the needs of members to support rice harvesting activities.
This research is supported by research by (Haryanto et al.
, whose results, institutions with formal rules, informal rules, and sanctions thanks to the performance of actors directly involved, are able to reduce transaction costs.
In addition, the results of this study are the same as those conducted by (Anantanyu 2.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 The effect of extension on rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency Based on the research results, the extension variable has a negative coefficient of -0.
406899 with a probability value of 0.
0622 > 0.
05, so it can be concluded that extension has a negative but insignificant effect on rice farmer transaction costs in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency.
This means that increasing extension activities tends to reduce transaction costs, but this effect is not statistically strong enough.
This condition may occur because the level of awareness and participation of farmers in extension is still low, so that extension does not have a direct impact on transaction efficiency.
This finding is in line with the Diffusion of Innovations theory from Everett M.
Rogers which explains that information adoption does not always have a significant effect on changes in economic behavior.
Research by Rivana Maharani (Dzulfian Syafrian 2.
also shows that extension has a negative effect on transaction costs.
However, interview results indicate that the high frequency of extension activities and remote activity locations actually increase farmers' transportation costs, thereby increasing total transaction costs.
These findings align with a report from the Training and Extension Center, which stated that extension activities can increase transaction costs when not tailored to regional conditions.
Unlike Amanah's research, which showed that needs-based extension services for coastal communities can reduce transaction costs, the Muara Sungkai case demonstrates that extension services have not been effective in reducing transaction costs because they are not aligned with the actual needs and conditions of farmers.
The influence of uncertainty in institutional trust and extension on transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regency Based on the results of the study conducted with regression of corrective data, then using the simultaneous significance test (F Tes.
obtained with the results of the probability value (F-statisti.
000000 smaller than the significance of It can be concluded that the variables of the uncertainty index, trust, institutions and extension together have a significant effect on the transaction cost variable of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai sub-district.
While the results of the regression analysis of corrective data obtained from the value ycI 2 of 0.
These Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026 results indicate that the influence of uncertainty, trust, institutions and extension is 75% while the remaining 25% is influenced by other variables not included in the regression model.
The significance of this study is due to the three variables' crucial roles in determining transaction costs.
Reducing transaction costs improves market access and lowers transaction costs, thus driving an increase in transaction costs.
Stable or depreciating uncertainty can make rice prices more competitive in the market, increasing supply demand.
Meanwhile, increased farmer trust in middlemen and decreased information search costs in trading partner countries reflect economic growth and higher purchasing power.
Thus, these four variables simultaneously explain 75% of the variation in transaction costs, indicating that macroeconomic factors and policies influence rice farmer transaction costs in Muara.
North Lampung Regency.
(Islam.
Raden, and Lampung 2.
CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that uncertainty has a significant influence on the transaction costs of rice farmers in Muara Sungkai District, with a probability value of 0.
0131 < 0.
Trust also has a positive and significant influence on transaction costs, evidenced by a probability of 0.
0000 < 0.
05, which indicates that the higher the trust, the lower the transaction costs.
Institutional variables have a positive but insignificant effect on transaction costs, with a probability value of 2517 > 0.
05, indicating that high institutionalization still tends to increase transaction costs, although the effect is not strong.
Meanwhile, extension has a negative and insignificant effect, with a probability of 0.
0622 > 0.
05, indicating that increased extension tends to reduce transaction costs but does not yet have a significant effect.
Simultaneously, uncertainty, trust, institutions, and extension variables all influence the profitability of rice farmer transactions.
The Adjusted RA value of 0.
753191 indicates that these four variables can explain 75% of the variation in transaction costs, while the remaining 25% is influenced by other variables outside the study.
Copyright A 2026 Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Farmers' Transaction Costs (Study In Muara Sungkai District.
North Lampung Regenc.
Nila Inggar Sari1*.
Ahmad Hazas Syarif2.
Alief Rakhman Setyanto3 El-Ecosy: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam Vol.
06 No.
01 January 2026
REFERENCES