Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 10.
: 93-97.
May 2021 ISSN .
2477-5185 | ISSN .
2302-6030 http://jurnal.
id/index.
php/jak/ OPEN ACCESS Identification Chemical Compositions of Lemongrass Plant (Cymbopogon nardus L.
) Dawan Tribe.
Oenenu Village.
North Central Timor Regency *Noviana M.
Obenu.
Eduardus Edi & Risna E.
Adu Kimia/FAPERTAAeUniversitas Timor.
NTT Ae Indonesia 85613 Received 23 March 2021.
Revised 20 April 2021.
Accepted 20 May 2021 doi: 10.
22487/j24775185.
Abstract Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L.
) is a local natural resource used by the Dawan tribe as an alternative for mosquito The utilization of these plants cannot be separated from the content of compounds found in these plants.
Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the content of bioactive compounds from lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L.
This research method includes sample preparation, isolation and identification of compounds, and antioxidant activity analysis.
The results of this study that there were three main components of citronella oil, namely geraniol, citronellol, and citronellal, with a higher percentage of geraniol, namely 18.
The compounds contained in lemongrass oil have a weak antioxidant activity with IC50 681.
48 g/mL.
Keywords: Cymbopogon nardus L, steam-distillation.
GC-MS, bioactivity, antioxidants plant has encouraged people to plant it as a superior Introduction commodity and make lemongrass a local resource Cymbopogon nardus L.
known as lemongrass, that can improve the household economy.
is a plant included in spices and is widely used as a Furthermore, the use of this plant is maximized by cooking spice.
This plant is included in the group of simple distillation to produce citronella oil.
The essential oil-producing plants (Mahalwal & Ali, products of the citronella oil distilled by the local Nakahara et al.
, 2003.
Sembiring & Manoi, community have been marketed.
Kolo et al.
The compounds produced in lemongrass oil has conducted research to test the antibacterial are reported to have bioactive properties (Bota et al.
, activity of refined lemongrass oil.
In the results of Setyaningsih, 2007.
Aulung et al.
, 2.
this study, it was reported that the lemongrass oil of These compounds include citronellal compounds, the Dawan tribe community had positive citronellol, geraniol (Nakahara et al.
, 2003.
antibacterial activity.
The results of the analysis of Mahalwal & Ali, 2003.
Mirghani et al.
, 2.
the content of the bioactive compounds in Based on research, the compounds produced lemongrass have not been reported.
Apart from the have activity as antibacterial, antimicrobial and unreported range of compounds, it is also necessary antifungal, antilarvicide (Wei & Wee, 2013.
Arcani, to test other bioactivities such as antioxidants.
et al.
, 2017.
Aulung et al.
, 2014.
Iskarlia & The aim of the present paper is to give a Rahmawati, 2.
Chemotaxonomically .
he description of the content compounds in content of chemical compounds in one taxa/trib.
, lemongrass oil and what are the other bioactive the chemical affinity .
of one species in properties of the compounds contained in the one genus or one family has the same pattern of lemongrass oil.
The purpose of this research needs molecular structure formation.
Qualitatively, the to be done so that the compounds contained in content of the compounds will be the same, but the lemongrass oil can be identified to support the quantity of each compound can be different.
This is market quality of lemongrass oil increase the possible due to several factors, among others, due to knowledge of the local community in the the influence of the environment in which the plant development and preservation of superior grows, the part of the plant, and the geographical commodities and find out other bioactive properties location of a place (Venkataraman, 1.
of lemongrass oil.
The Dawan tribe "Atoin Meto" in Oenenu Methods Village.
North Central Timor Regency.
East Nusa This research will be conducted at the local Tenggara Province, has used much lemongrass as an alternative for mosquito repellent.
The use of this community's citronella oil refinery, and the refining a *Correspondence:
Noviana M.
Obenu e-mail: noviobenu3@gmail.
A 2021 the Author.
retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.
0 International, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Noviana M.
Obenu et al.
will be carried out in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture (FAPERTA).
University of Timor.
Sampling of citronella plants in Oenenu Village.
Bikomi Tengah District.
This research is laboratoryfield research that is carried out in several stages, starting with the sample preparation stage, then the sample distillation with the local community, followed by the compound analysis stage with GCMS and bioactivity testing as an antioxidant.
The materials used in the study were Cymbopogon nardus L, pro analysis anhydrous Na2SO4 (Merc.
, helium gas, 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 5 y 10-4 M (Merc.
, 0.
acetate buffer solution .
H 5.
(Merc.
, ethanol.
Plasmodium falciparum strains 3D7.
DMSO.
O2 5%.
CO2 5% and N2 90%.
remaining water by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO.
to bind water molecules.
This water-free oil was then used to test for antioxidant and antimalarial activity.
In addition, it is used for compound analysis by GC-MS.
Identification of lemongrass oil chemical compounds by GC-MS The obtained citronella oil was analyzed using GC-MS with the following settings: helium gas as a carrier gas, gas flow rate 1 mL/min, injector temperature 300 oC, detector temperature 200 oC, column temperature set from 35 oC to 180 oC at 4 C/min then 180 oC up to 250 oC at 10 oC/min.
The mass spectra were recorded at 30 to 450 m/z.
The chromatogram and mass spectra obtained were compared with the spectra of standard compounds that had been known in the database program on the GC-MS tools.
Extraction Procedures Sample preparation Samples of lemongrass leaves and stems were taken by cutting the clumps near the ground.
The plants which have been obtained are then washed, then cut into small pieces Antioxidants activity The antioxidant activity test used the method of measuring the free radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
The measurement steps are as follows: dissolved lemongrass oil in 1 mL ethanol, then add 1 mL of 1M acetate buffer solution .
H 5.
5 mL of DPPH 5 y 10-4 M solution, then incubated at T 20 oC for 5 minutes.
The concentration of the test solution was made 1000, 500, 250 ppm.
ultraviolet spectrometer measured the absorbance of the test solution and the comparison solution at wavelengths of 497, 517, and 537 nm.
The calculation of antioxidant capacity as an absorbance reduction process against DPPH radicals uses the following formula.
Extraction A total of 22 kg of dried lemongrass leaves and stems were isolated by the steam distillation method (Nakahara et al.
, 2.
The leaves and stems of the lemongrass were put into a distillation container of lemongrass oil that had been filled with water, then heated over low heat.
During heating, a condensation process occurs in the condenser, and the distillate was obtained, which was then accommodated in the Erlenmeyer.
The oil that has been obtained needs to be freed again from the % DPPH reduction =1- Absorbance count 517 nm =ya Oe pungent aroma.
Components in citronella oil were analyzed by GC-MS and tested for bioactivity as an Results and Discussion Preparation sample (Cymbopogon nardus L.
The samples used in this study were lemongrass stems and leaves which were taken around the citronella oil refinery in the community of Oenenu Village.
Bikomi Tengah District.
Plant samples were washed, chopped, and dried for A 4-5 hours to remove impurities, expand contact between particles and reduce moisture content in the sample (Sembiring & Manoi, 2.
The mass of the sample obtained is A 22-25 kg, while the moisture content lost during drying is 12%.
The citronella oil obtained through the steam-distillation method was 78 grams.
The water content in the oil is removed by adding Na2SO4 (Nakahara et al.
, 2.
to obtain an oil yield of 45.
15 %.
Water-free citronella oil is clear yellow with a distinctive and Chemical components in citronella oil using GCMS.
Essential oil from the C.
nardus L.
plant from Oenenu Village.
Bikomi Tengah District, has been characterized by GC-MS.
A total of 27 components 5% of the compounds detected, of which geraniol or 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethylwere the major components .
82%), followed by citronellol .
27%) and citronellal .
28%).
These three compounds are the main compounds contained in C.
nardus L.
All components of the compounds that have been identified can be seen in Table 1.
The chemical compound of C.
nardus L.
citronella oil that has been characterized contains a Volume, 9.
No.
2, 2021, 93-97
Jurnal Akademika Kimia different composition when compared to several studies that have been reported.
Citronellal is one of the compounds that give the characteristic aroma of citronella plants (Yulvianti et al.
, 2.
A high percentage of geraniol compounds was reported by Nakahara et al.
, compared to this study .
82%) and other research by Mahalwal & Ali .
, which was 24.
The difference in the percentage of compounds produced by this study lies in the composition of citronellal and citronellol Citronellal compounds with a percentage of 5.
27 % were more significant than the percentage of studies that have been reported by Nakahara et al.
and Wei & Wee .
, 6 % and not found in the reported research conducted by Mahalwal & Ali .
for citronellal compounds reported by Wei & Wee .
and Mahalwal & Ali .
have a greater percentage compared to this study 1.
28% and by Nakahara et al.
8 %.
Table 1.
Components of the characterization result of Cymbopogon nardus L.
Compounds 2,6-Octadien-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl-(E) Napthalene,1,2,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-.
-methylethy.
6-Octen-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl-(R) 2,6-Octadien-1-ol,3,7dimethyl-acetate Phenol,2-methoxy-4-.
-propeny.
-(E) Caryophyllene Bicyclo.
dec-1-ene,2-isopropyl-5methyl-9-methylene D-limonene Cyclohexanementhanol,4-ethenyl-alpha.
,4-trimethyl-3-.
-methyletheny.
-,.
,3.
,4.
Dodecane Napthalene,1,2,3,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-.
-methylethy.
S-ci.
% Area Cyclobuta.
,2:3,.
dicyclopentene, decahydro-3a-methyl-6-methylene-1- .
-methylethy.
-, .
,3 .
,3b.
,6a.
,6b.
)]Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2, 4-bis.
-methyletheny.
-, .
,2.
,4.
6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl( )-Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-Lynalyl isobutyrate Decanal Alpha- Caryophillene Bicyclo.
heptane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene- 1R-.
-pinene Tricyclo.
]heptane, 1,7,7-trimethyl- -Myrcene 1,3,6-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z) Caryophyllene oxide Bicyclo.
heptan-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, .
S-end.
- Benzene, 1,2,3,5-tetramethyl- Eugenol In addition, this study was reported to contain D-limonene and eugenol compounds .
29 and 33 %) and was not identified by Nakahara et al.
, and a greater percentage than reported by Wei & Wee .
Some of the compounds identified in this study have similarities with the compounds reported by Wei & Wee .
but have different percentages.
prevent oxidation of the substrate caused by free radicals (Handayani et al.
, 2.
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules because they have unpaired electrons in their outer orbitals so that they can react with the body's cell molecules by binding to the electrons of the cell molecules.
Free radicals that are generated continuously during normal metabolic processes are considered to be the cause of damage to the function of body cells, which eventually triggers degenerative diseases (Bahriul et , 2.
The antioxidant activity of lemongrass oil was tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Antioxidants activity An antioxidant is a substance which at small concentrations, is significantly able to inhibit or Noviana M.
Obenu et al.
increased with increasing concentration.
The main component in citronella oil which has bioactivity as an antioxidant, is geraniol .
82 %), although the percentage of bioactivity is lower than that of ascorbic acid for different concentrations.
Lemongrass oil with a high monoterpene alcohol content .
77 %) has been reported to have lower bioactivity as an antioxidant compared to standard gallic acid (Bayala et al.
, 2.
The level of antioxidant activity of citronella oil is known based on the calculation of the IC50 value.
The IC50 value is the sample concentration needed to reduce 50 % free radicals.
(DPPH) capture method which is based on the reduction of DPPH solution in the presence of a hydrogen donor molecule.
The reduction of DPPH solution was observed by measuring the absorption at a wavelength of 518 nm and then calculated as the percentage of inhibition.
The percentage of sample inhibition (Table .
was measured to determine the ability of citronella oil to reduce free radicals and was compared against the standard of ascorbic acid (Bahriul et al.
, 2.
Citronella oil can reduce free radicals.
The four concentration variations .
, 250, 500, and 1000 pp.
of the samples showed different percent inhibition where the ability of free radical reduction Table 2.
Percent of sample and standard inhibition Standard Concentration .
% Inhibition IC50 .
Concentration .
Sample % Inhibition IC50 .
number of hydrogen donor groups in the principal constituents such as geraniol, citronellal, and citronellol (Figure .
contained in lemongrass oil (Nakahara et al.
, 2.
Compounds with high antioxidant activity are phenolic compounds because they have many hydroxy groups .
lectron Based on the calculation of the IC50 value, the minimum concentration of lemongrass to reduce 50% free radicals is 681.
48 ppm.
This value indicates that lemongrass oil has weak antioxidant activity (IC50 > 100 pp.
, according to (Phongpaichit et al.
, 2.
The weak antioxidant activity of lemongrass oil is related to the low Figure 1.
Structure of geraniol, citronellal, and citronellol compounds Conclusions Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that citronella oil from Oenenu Village.
Bikomi Tengah District contains Geraniol.
Citronellol, and Citronellal compounds.
The content of these compounds will support the market quality of lemongrass oil and increase the knowledge of the local community in the development and preservation of superior commodities.
In addition, it is also known that lemongrass oil has the potential as an antioxidant so that it can be further developed as an alternative treatment for several types of Acknowledgment Thank you to DRPM University of Timor with Contract Number 02/60/LPPM/PP/2020.
References