JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol 9.
No 2.
November 2024 ISSN: 2354-6042 (Prin.
ISSN: 2354-6050 .
Analysis of Factors Associated with The Occurrence of Anemia in Adolescent Girls in Indonesia Edi Purwanto*.
Faradhifa Shafahana Dhiyaulhaq Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan.
University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Indonesia *email:purwa_edi@umm.
Article history Posted.
May 23th, 2024 Reviewed.
Sept 26th, 2024 Accepted.
Nov 18th, 2024 Copyright A 2024 Authors This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.
International License.
ABSTRACT
The main causes of anemia are a lack of knowledge about anemia, lack of iron, vitamin 12, vitamin A, and folic acid.
The aim of this research was to find out what factors are associated with the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls in Indonesia.
This research is an analytical survey using a cross-sectional design.
The population in this study was women aged 19-25 Data was collected using secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (SDKI) and analyzed using the SPSS Paired T-Test.
The results of this research are the occurrence of anemia in women in Indonesia, which is related to age, gender, education level, occupation, case criteria, drug consumption, and distance from Keywords: Anemia.
Factor.
Woman
ABSTRAK
Anemia adalah kondisi dimana kadar sel darah merah atau hemoglobin dalam tubuh rendah.
Penyebab utama anemia meliputi kurangnya pengetahuan tentang anemia, serta kekurangan zat besi, vitamin B12, vitamin A, dan asam folat.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan terjadinya anemia pada remaja perempuan di Indonesia.
Penelitian ini adalah survey analitik yang menggunakan desain Cross Sectional.
Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu perempuan dengan usia 19-25 tahun.
Pengumpulan data menggunakan data sekunder Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2017 dan dianalisis dengan uji Paired T-Test SPSS.
Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terjadinya anemia pada perempuan di Indonesia berhubungan dengan usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, kriteria kasus, kepatuhan mengkonsumsi obat dan jarak rumah.
JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol.
9 No.
2 November 2024 hlm 187- 196 Kata Kunci: Anemia.
Faktor.
Perempuan INTRODUCTION Anemia is a common health problem reached 32%, which means 3-4 out of 10 (Sri Wulandari adolescents experience anemia, and the Rahman et al.
, 2.
It is characterized by prevalence of anemia in East Java Province low levels of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body.
The main causes of anemia are lack of awareness or knowledge about the condition and deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and folate.
(Aulya et al.
Anemia is often experienced by women of childbearing age, especially because of their monthly menstrual cycle.
Lack of iron causes a lack of endurance, resulting in decreased productivity.
(Nur Fauziah et al.
Anemia can be classified into mild.
Anemia in adolescent girls can moderate, and severe anemia based on result in fatigue, decreased concentration, non-pregnant and decreased immunity, making them women, the hemoglobin levels used for susceptible to disease or infection, so classification are as follows: no anemia >12 additional iron supplements, such as blood- grams/dL, mild anemia 11.
0 Ae 11.
boosting tablets, are needed.
(Aulya et al.
grams/dL, moderate anemia 8.
0 grams/dL For (P.
Sari et al.
, 2.
Prevention of anemia can be done by In the World Health Statistics 2021 report, consuming foods containing iron, folate, the World Health Organization (WHO) vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, and TTD.
The reported that 2019 around 29.
9% of women women with the aim of minimizing the incidence of anemia, namely by giving 1 Meanwhile, anemia was recorded at 29.
tablet per week (Julaecha, 2.
This in women aged 15 to 49 who were not study aimed to determine the factors pregnant, with adolescents included in this associated with the incidence of anemia in In Indonesia, 23% of women adolescent girls in Indonesia.
TTD
aged 15 years and over experience anemia.
According to Riskesdas, in 2018, the Research JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol.
9 No.
2 November 2024 hlm 187- 196 Indrawatiningsih et al.
, .
examined the observation or collecting data.
(Abduh et al.
factors that can influence the occurrence of The dependent variable is anemia anemia in adolescent girls.
The results of and the independent the study concluded that there was a influencing factor.
variable is the significant relationship between the level of education of adolescents and the incidence Sidomakmur Village.
Gumawang Health This study involved women aged 19-25 Data secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) Center area.
East OKU Regency in 2020.
andanalyzed using the SPSS Paired T-Test.
Previous conductedZuiatna, .
to evaluate the determining factors RESULTS AND DISCUSSION for anemia in adolescent girls, namely due Respondent Characteristics to the menstrual cycle and lack of habits of The independent variables used were age, consuming foods containing iron.
education level, distance from home, case criteria, gender, occupation, and medication METHOD This research is included in the analytical survey using Cross Sectional design.
Cross Sectional is a study that examines risk This study's respondents were teenagers in three age categories: 16-25, 26-45, and 4665.
Table 1.
One-Way Anova Test Age Age Mean A SD 16 Ae 25 years 00 A1.
26 Ae 45 years 81 A0.
46 Ae 65 years 74 A0.
Description: *statistical significance .
<0.
Source: Secondary Data The results of the difference test shown in Table 1 using the One Way ANOVA I was using the criteria of male and female method show a significance value of 0.
gender to be used respondents.
Female .
>0.
gender numbered 15 respondents, and male significant difference between the three age categories of respondents.
gender numbered 57 respondents.
JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol.
9 No.
2 November 2024 hlm 187- 196 Table 2.
One Way Anova Test for Gender Gender Mean A SD Man 82 A 0.
Woman 60 A 0.
Description: *statistical significance .
<0.
Source: Secondary Data Using the One Way ANOVA method to The level of education used as respondents test gender differences, table 2 shows a consists of four levels: elementary school, significance value of 0.
>0.
This with 10 respondents, junior high school, indicates that there is no significant with 11 respondents, high school, with 41 respondents, and bachelor's degree, with 10 Table 3.
One Way Anova Test of Education Level Level Mean A SD 60 A 0.
JUNIOR
90 A 0.
90 A 0.
30 A 0.
HIGH
SCHOOL
SENIOR
HIGH
SCHOOL
Bachelor Description: *statistical significance .
<0.
Source: Secondary Data The One Way Anova test results on the Employment status respondents' education level showed a respondent characteristics in this study.
significance value of 0.
>0.
respondents are working, and 15 are not indicating no significant difference in the respondents' education level.
Table 4.
One-Way Anova Test of Jobs is one factor in JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol.
9 No.
2 November 2024 hlm 187- 195 Work Mean A SD Work 77 A 0.
Does not work 80 A 0.
Description: *statistical significance .
<0.
Source: Secondary Data The difference test in Table 4 regarding In this study, the case criteria used employment status using One Way Anova consisted of two categories: primary, with produced a significance value of 0.
41 respondents, and secondary, with 31 .
>0.
respondents' employment status did not show a significant difference.
Table 5.
One-Way Anova Test Case Criteria Case Criteria Mean A SD Primary 92 A 0.
Secondary 58 A 0.
Description: *statistical significance .
<0.
Source: Secondary Data According One Way Anova This study uses drug consumption as a difference test in Table 5, there is no characteristic of respondents in the study.
significant difference between the primary There and secondary case criteria, which produces consumption, namely compliant with 50 a significance value of 0.
>0.
respondents and non-compliant with 22 Table 6.
One-Way Anova Test of Drug Consumption Drug Mean A SD Obedient 94 A 0.
Not obey 40 A 0.
Consumption Description: *statistical significance .
<0.
Source: Secondary Data The test of differences in drug consumption in Table 6 using One Way Anova shows a respondents in taking medication.
This significance value of 0.
<0.
, which difference is because more than 50% of means there is a significant difference non-compliant JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol.
9 No.
2 November 2024 hlm 187- 196 respondents follow the pattern of drug There are three categories consumption obediently.
distance: close as many as 15 respondents.
The distance of the house is also included of home in the characteristics of the respondents.
Table 7.
One-Way Anova Test of House Distance Distance from N Mean A SD Home Near 66 A 0.
Currently 65 A 0.
Far 93 A 0.
Description: *statistical significance .
<0.
Source: Secondary Data The difference test in Table 7 regarding house distances using One Way Anova produced a significance value of 0.
>0.
, which shows that there is no categories of close, medium, and far house counts below normal limits are signs of anemia caused by a decrease in red blood cells, so the cells cannot transport enough oxygen to peripheral tissues.
(Maulana et , 2.
Classification of anemia, namely mild Factors Affecting Anemia Anemia Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell anemia, moderate anemia, and severe deficiency, which means that there is a Hemoglobin levels are non-anemia Ou12 experienced by developing countries such grams/dL, as Indonesia.
(Fitriany and Saputri, 2.
9 grams/dL, and severe <8 grams/dL(P.
Sari et al.
, 2.
Table 8.
Analysis of Anemia Categories Anemia
Cumulative Percent
(%)
Light Currently Heavy dram/dL.
JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol.
9 No.
2 November 2024 hlm 187- 195 Source: Secondary Data Table 8 shows that there are three the mild category, 16.
6% from moderate, categories of anemia: mild, moderate, and 5% from severe.
7% of respondents suffer from Table 9.
Results of Paired T-Test Analysis of Factors with Anemia Factor Mean A SD Age 83 A 1.
0,000
Gender 56 A 1.
0,000
Level 93 A 1.
0,000
Work 56 A 0.
0,000
Case Criteria 34 A 1.
Medication 47 A 1.
44 A 1.
Compliance Distance Home Source: Secondary Data Based on Table 9 of the Paired T-Test, it Anemia often occurs in someone who is can be seen that the factors of age, gender, experience anemia due to menstruation.
Menstruation is a normal life cycle that medication, and distance from home are women must pass through(Fatmawati et al.
statistically significant .
<0.
, which During menstruation, a person will means that all these factors are related to the occurrence of anemia.
Women (MD Sari et al.
, 2.
Increasing age can improve a person's ability to During pre-menstruation Age is one of the factors that often causes person will release red blood cells so that if a person is not diligent in consuming Fe tablets, anemia can occur.
understand and think more maturely and make decisions to improve the knowledge Education is a learning process.
growth and (Umur et al.
, 2.
development can occur.
The level of knowledge, which in turn can affect the JKEP (Jurnal Keperawata.
Vol.
9 No.
2 November 2024 hlm 187- 196 ability to accept or understand something.
most influential factors are age and compared to other factors.
anemia(Wasono et al.
, 2.
In further research, it is better to analyze Work can make muscles move, which requires energy and more oxygen.
The influence the occurrence of anemia in order body lacks iron, which can hinder physical to determine the relationship between work and affect work.
(Isaini et al.
, 2.
In addition, it is better for further research to include diet as a factor that can Lack consuming Fe tablets can cause iron influence or be related to the occurrence of Compliance is the knowledge that is owned.
Knowledge is a predisposing ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In completing this research.
I would like to express my gratitude to those who helped iron-like and supported it from the beginning until protein and globulin.
Iron deficiency during the compilation of this research journal.
Hopefully, this research journal can be TTD(Putra Hemoglobin (Permata et al.
, 2.
useful in adding information about factors related to anemia.
The limitation of this study is the lack of information on diet, which can affect the REFERENCES