PRAGMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN FRENCH LEARNING WITH
THE ALTER EGO BOOK
Conny Renny Lasut1.
Jola C.
Liuw2.
Jefry H.
Tamboto3 German Education Study Program.
Faculty of Language and Arts Universitas Negeri Manado.
Tondano.
Indonesia Email : lasutconny@gmail.
Abstract : Language as a verbal expression will not provide complete information in terms of humanity if it is only observed from the outside.
Language as a means to express ideas, feelings and desires, has forms of expression or expressions whose meaning is not only literal.
Many expressions must be interpreted according to the situation and thus the purpose of each expression in language communication contains pragmatic functions.
Such pragmatic expressions are found in learning French with the Alter Ego book.
This study applied a qualitative descriptive method using textbook data collection techniques and content analysis.
The results of the study show that, in the book Alter Ego there are many pragmatic expressions that do not have a literal meaning but are socio-cultural among the speakers.
Keywords : Pragmatic Expressions.
French Learning.
Alter Ego
INTRODUCTION
Pragmatics and Implicit Speech Many linguists try to define pragmatics, therefore many definitions are found.
Some of them are as follows: In simple terms Parker in Nadar .
argues that "Pragmatics is a study of how language is used for communication".
This first understanding is directed at applied understanding is more influenced by communication theory: "Pragmatics is the theory of linguistic communication" (Fraser in Suudi, 1986:.
Nababan .
7:2-.
cites Levinson's .
opinion which defines pragmatics in the following two definitions: .
Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language and the context that underlies the explanation of the meaning of language .
Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between the ability of language users to link sentences with appropriate contexts for those The first limitation concerns the understanding of language related to extra- regarding the meaning of verbal forms.
second limitation concerns the relationship between grammar and the context of language use.
As a further explanation of the notion of pragmatics.
Parker .
argues that "Pragmatics is distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal structure of language.
Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to Meanwhile Mey .
in Nadar .
says that pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society 'the study of the conditions of human language use as determined by the context of society'.
In the field of language teaching, pragmatics is seen as a study and approach to language teaching that refers to the role of language as a means of interpersonal communication in certain cultural contexts (Pragmatics Sudiraatmaja, 1.
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communication that are appropriate to the socio-cultural context of a particular As a language teaching approach, methods and materials.
According to Levinson Marjusman Maksan .
, pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to associate sentences with contexts that are appropriate to those sentences.
In the concept of pragmatics, in various languages there are known context-free sentences .
ot bound by contex.
which are termed grammatical To get a complete picture of the notion of pragmatics.
Suudi .
argues that linguistic communication is an event in which a speaker tries to relate to his listeners by means of the language he speaks, and the utterance is then interpreted by the listener.
The same author cites the opinion of Levinson .
: "Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that is basic to an account of language understanding.
" This definition provides clear boundaries about the importance of speakers and listeners including non-linguistic factors when communication takes place.
When someone utters an utterance to the interlocutor, the speaker certainly wants the listener to understand or give a reaction according to the intent or intention of the sender of the From the description or definition of pragmatics stated earlier, it can be simply concluded that the scope of pragmatics itself is directly the object of study, as Parera .
has written:
AuPragmatics is nothing but the study of the use of language in communication, especially the relationship between sentences and the context and situation in which and when the sentences are Pragmatics includes the study of:
how the interpretation and use of utterances depend on knowledge about .
speakers/speakers use and understand speech acts.
how the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between speaker/speaker and listener/viewer.
As a separate field, pragmatics is the study of deixis, implicature, presupposition, speech and discourse structure.
Implicit speech is indirect speech, meaning that a lingual expression is in the form of a sentence that has no direct or literal meaning.
The understanding must indeed be through interpretation of the context which includes pragmatic aspects and elements.
Pragmatic Aspects Studying language as a means of communication between individuals in certain socio-cultural contexts requires an understanding of several aspects related to the external meaning implied in utterances as a form of expression.
Is the expression or utterance context-free, as a grammatical sentence only, or an expression bound by context, namely utterance or speech.
Speech as a form of language expression that is bound by the context of communication as well as contains pragmatic or communicative aspects that support meaning.
The lingual units called cotext must be relevant to the extra-lingual units or context.
The minimal unit or unit of human verbal communication is not a sentence or a context-free expression, but concerns the performance of various language acts or is called speech acts .
peech acts or speech act.
as stated by Searle .
According to Leech .
in Dewa Putu Wijana .
6:1.
, there are several aspects that must be considered in the framework of pragmatic studies: ".
speakers and speech partners, .
context of speech, .
purpose of speech, .
speech as a form of action or activity, and .
speech as a product of verbal action.
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attention so that they become meaningful or context-bound forms of speech.
Searle .
0:22-.
further explains the following C Expressions: it can happen in language expressions, someone utters the sounds of language in the form of words or without a specific purpose or purpose, including without the presence of a The act or activity of uttering language is seen as an expression or an expression without meaning because it is context-free.
C Predication: predication includes all of expressions: questions, statements, exclamations, expectations, or other forms that state or predict whether something is true or not.
So, predication is not defined narrowly as 'sentence predicate', but is defined as 'expressions that could have arisen from the same C In contrast to philosophers, pragmatists assume that the example sentences above contain predication, and are not only found in expressions or statement C Propositions: according to Searle .
"a proposition is to be sharply distinguished from an assertion or statement of it .
" A proposition must be strictly distinguished from a statement from that proposition, meaning that every utterance or expression of language, apart from containing a predication or References also contain propositions, both in the form of statements .
and in the form of actual propositions .
The first concerns the statement 'what is stated', while the second concerns the 'form of the statement'.
According to Nababan .
, propositions must be clearly distinguished from "statements", because in the same proposition expressed in two different sentences .
roposition or assertatio.
Stating is action, but proposition is not action but 'what is being asked'.
The word "statement" is used both for propositions and assertions 'what is stated' .
Reference: a reference is an expression referring to people, objects, events or things that are recognized to exist and which can be identified.
Expressions of reference include pronouns, phrases, titles or titles, and real names as deixis.
Speech refers to or refers to an object, person, thing between objects, people or other things that can be the subject of discussion or about what is An expression used to refer to and identify people, things or events is called a reference.
The reference phrase answers "Who?.
What?.
Which one?" (Nababan, 1987:.
Pragmatic Elements The pragmatic elements are none other than the performative elements themselves.
According to Austin .
: 'The term 'performative' will be used in a variety of cognate ways and constructions, much as the term 'imperative' is.
The name is derived, of course, from 'perform', the usual verb with the noun 'action'.
That is, the performative term concerns a performative sentence or utterance, an utterance or language expression that contains an action.
In uttering an utterance or speech, or in speaking, a person does not only say something but at the same time does something.
So, these performative utterances are what Searle .
calls speech acts.
Performative elements: an utterance or speech act will be called a performative utterance if it contains elements supporting performative validity.
Dewa Putu Wijana .
6:24-.
cites the conditions put forward.
Austin .
The speaker and the interlocutor must have a real intention to carry out that action.
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Searle .
0:62-.
thoroughly provides five conditions for a speech act called "promise" as an example of analysis:
C AuRule 1.
Pr is to be utered only in context of a sentence T, the utterance of which predicates some future act A of the speaker S .
C Rule 2.
Pr is to be uttered only if the hearer H would prefer SAs doing A to his not doing A, and S believes H would prefer SAs doing A to his not doing A.
C Rule 3.
Pr is touttered only if it is not obvious to both S and H that S will do A in the normal course of events .
C Rule 4.
Pr is to be uttered only if S intends to do A.
C Rule 5.
The utterance of Pr counts as the understanding of an obligations to do A.
Ay That is, in making a promise (Pr:
Promis.
the speaker (S) must have sincerity towards (T: Sentenc.
what he promised, he must believe that (H: Heare.
the other person believes that (A: Actio.
the action his promise will be true will be carried out .
the speaker (S) himself must believe that he must be able to carry out his promise (P.
and intend to do so.
finally, the speaker must predict the action (A) that he does himself, not by someone else.
Speech act theory: the concept of speech acts was first coined by Austin .
explain this concept, he distinguishes between performative utterances and constative or descriptive utterances.
According to this philosopher, all utterances are performative in the sense of performing an action instead of saying something they only say something about the world.
This opinion is further explained by Tallei .
that in uttering two elements occur simultaneously, namely the element of action and the element of speech.
utterance with a certain meaning and reference is called a locutionary act, and an utterance that has a certain power is called an illocutionary act.
Another category added by Austin is called a perlocutionary act, namely an utterance intended to obtain a certain effect.
The assumption that forms the basis of speech act theory is that the minimal unit of human communication is not a context-free sentence or other expression, but a contextbound utterance.
Compared to the opinions of previous experts, the utterances related to the parole concept of Saussure (Stokhof, 1993:.
are the whole of what is taught by constructions that arise from the speaker's thoughts or choices, or the pronunciations needed to produce these constructs are based on free choice as well.
In short, parole is an individual manifestation of language, so it is not a social fact.
Pragmatic Aspects of French Expressions: context-bound expressions:
C A : .
leader enters the room and while looking at the window says to his subordinate.
Qu'il fait chaud! 'how hot the air'.
C B : .
nderstands what his boss means, and without an answer goes straight to the window and opens it wid.
Predication: 'expressions that could have arisen from the same predicate'.
For example: lire 'to read' in French can be expressed in various ways:
Je veux lire ce livre 'I want to read this .
Qu'est-ce que tu lis? Awhat are you reading?A .
Il faut lire beaucoup hm! 'must read a .
Tu lis tout le temps! 'it only reads' .
Tu as you le journal? Ahave you read the newspaper?A Proposition: in the form of a statement .
or in the form of an actual For example: Il dit que tu lis tout le 'he said his job was just reading' JELLT (Journal of English Language and Literature Teachin.
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C'est pas vrai! 'not true' Reference: reference expression : for .
en quarante-deux 'year 42: wartime' .
le moutard 'spicy food' .
le grand conquerant 'Charlemagne' .
champs ylysyes 'a famous street in Paris' Elements of French Pragmatics Example: Je te promets que je t'envoyerai une carte postale y mon arrivye.
'I promise I will send a postcard when it arrives at the destination' French speech acts :
Acts of locutionary speech with specific meanings and references, or utterances that function to say and inform .
Illocutionary acts of making statements or promises, issuing orders, etc.
meaning utterances used to do .
Perlocutionary acts affect other people, make people angry, entertain someone, and so on.
Performative types, namely utterances whose utterances are used to do something (Putu Wijana, 1996:.
Request: (Manadones.
bole ngana ketik akang ini surat? 'Can you type this .
Assert, state .
, affirm: (Frenc.
Je dyclare que la confyrence est ouverte 'I declare that the conference is officially .
Question: Vous avez combien d'enfants? 'how many children do you have now' .
Thank .
: Merci de votre prysence 'thank you for coming' .
Advice: Fais attention! 'careful' .
Warn: Ne faites pas de bruit aprys 22 heures'don't make noise after 22' .
Greet: Dis bonjour y ton ypouse 'greetings/respect to your wife' .
Congratulate: Fylicitation! 'safe' Other speech acts in French :
direct: Appelle le mydecin! 'call the doctor!' indirect: Il est trop tard = Ce n'est pas la peine 'it's too late ' it's no use .
literal or literal:Elle est haute, la Tour Eiffel 'high Eiffel tower' Non-literal speech acts: Explicit performative utterances with verbs that require action:
Verdictives: verbs that mean decisions, .
Exercitives: verbs that mean use or .
Commissives:
assignment or assignment, .
Behavioral: verbs that mean behavior or .
Expositives:
RESEARCH METHOD
This study discusses the problem of French learning as a foreign language in Alter Ego textbooks with the following three problem formulations as the focus of the study, in this case, which are the pragmatic expressions in the Alter Ego textbook? Which types of pragmatic expressions are there in the Alter Ego textbook? Also what is the pragmatic meaning of each expression in the Alter Ego French language textbook? The general aim of this research was to explore the learning material of French as a foreign language in Alter Ego textbooks.
while the specific objectives such as to identify pragmatic expressions in the Alter Ego French classify the types of pragmatic expressions contained in the Alter Ego French language textbook.
and to examine the meaning of pragmatic expressions contained in the Alter Ego French language Moreover, this study was adhered to a qualitative approach with pragmatic linguistic research methods that focus on the use of the language of each speaker.
Sudaryanto in Nadar .
9: .
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carried out to achieve research objectives, and research itself is a series of scientific activities that includes the problem-finding period, the problem-finding period and the problem-solving period.
Ay The data was in the form of transcription documents of conversations in Alter Ego textbooks.
order to find pragmatic expressions, in the early stages an analysis of each type of discourse was carried out to determine the context of the communication, regarding the socio-cultural background which is reflected in the variety and style of language of each expression used by the speaker.
in the next stage an analysis of the types of speech acts .
ocutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionar.
is carried out, and in the final stage, a study of the pragmatic meaning of each utterance.
To clarify the categories of speech acts from Austin .
Tallei .
cites the following Lyons opinion:
A locutionary act is an act of speaking, namely producing utterances with certain meanings and references.
Illocutionary act is an act of language that is performed in saying something such as making a statement or promise, issuing orders, and so on.
Perlocutionary act is an act of language to influence people, make people angry, and entertain someone, and so on.
Types of performative: As previously stated, according to Searle .
0:66-.
there are eight types of performative speech or illocutionary acts:
C Request.
C Assert, state, affirm: state something.
C Question.
C Thank .
: say thank yu.
C Advise.
C Warn.
C Greet.
C Congratulate.
In addition to the types of illocutionary acts mentioned earlier, speech acts can also be distinguished on: Explicit or direct speech acts.
Implicit or indirect speech acts.
Literal or literal speech acts.
Non-literal speech acts.
According to Nadar .
9: 15-.
, illocutionary acts are a central part of the study of speech acts which are divided into five, namely: Representative: such as making a hypothesis, suggesting, swearing.
Directive: such as commanding, asking.
Commissionive:
Declaration: declare, name (Searle 1990.
Finegan 1.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the research in the form of pragmatic expressions in the Alter Ego book are presented in the form of data in bold italics, then immediately followed by a discussion of each as follows:
Pragmatic Expressions in the Book Alter Ego Linguistic analysis focuses on studying the elements and structure of language, while pragmatic analysis focuses on the use or context of utterances or utterances which are called analysis of locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary speech context is not only tied to verbal elements but also to non-verbal elements related to socio-cultural aspects.
Page 12:
X1: Fais voir ce que tu lis? Y1: Oh! Un test sur lAamitiy dans Psychomaq.
CAest sympa.
Tu veux le faire? X2: Ok, vas-y, passe-moi les questions! Y2: Alors.
, premiyre question, combien dAoamis intimes avez-vous? X3: Oh ! Je dirais.
JAai beaucoup de bons copains mais de vyritables amis, deux seulement.
Y3: Deux amies.
I-E-S? X4: Oui, deux filles de mon age.
Y4: Bien.
Deuxiyme question avec vos amis, de quoi parlez-vous souvent? .
de vos secrets.
de vos ryves et de vos envies.
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de tout et de rien.
de tout, sauf des sujets in-times.
Alors? X5 : De tout et de rien, en fait, ya peut ytre des choses trys intimes, importantes, des secrets, mais aussi des trucs futiles, trys lygers.
Y5 : DAaccord.
Troisiyme question : quelle est la quality que vous recherchez en priority chez un ami? La fidylity, lAoycoute, la sincyrity, autre.
X6 : Oh ly ly ! Toutes les qualites cityes sont importantes, mais.
je crois que la quality nA 1 pour moi, cAest la complicity.
Tu sais, le fait de partager les mymes idyes, de com-prendre ce que lAautre veut dire.
Ouais, tu mets : Auautre: la complicityAy.
Y6 : Ah ben, cAest marrant, jAai donny la myme ryponse que toi ! Alors.
on continue.
Quatriyme question : Quel est le dyfaut que vous nAoacceptez pas chez un ami? La malhon-nytety, lAoygoysme, lAoindiffyrence.
X7 : Oh, sans hysiter, la malhonnytety, un ami, cAest une personne sincyre, quelquAun y qui je peux tout dire, que jAappelle quand jAai besoin de soutien et surtout qui ne me trahit jamais.
Y7 : Bien.
Et pour finir: Quelle est votre dyfinition de lAoamitiy ? Tiens, lis et choisis une proposition.
X8 : Alors.
pouvoir partager les bons et.
CAest difficile de choisir, toutes sont bien.
Je peux en choisir deux? Y8 : Ah oui ! CAest pas interdit, je pense.
X9 : Alors, lAoamitiy, cAoest ytre complice et se sentir bien ensemble dans toutes les situations.
Mais je crois que je lAai dyjy dit avant, en fait.
Y9 : Oh ly ly! Rachida, tAas vu lAheure? Faut retourner bosser! X10 : Oh oui ! Deux heures dix, je file, salut! illocutionary and/or perlocutionary speech acts as pragmatic expressions.
Context: two girls are spending their X, whose name is Rachida, sees Y reading a magazine in the psycho-test section about friendship.
In this case, all the selected questions and answers presented in the magazine are in the form of locutionary speech acts or information, while other utterances .
hich are in bol.
are Y3:
X1:
Y1:
X3:
Fais voir ce que tu lis? 'show me what you read'.
Literally this expression is directive explicit, but according to the context, this expression is actually implicit evaluative, that is "speaker X is very interested in what his speech partner is seeing so he wants to read it together".
Oh! Un test sur lAamitiy dans Psychomaq.
'Oh! A test about friendship in Psychomaq' magazine.
A Initially.
Y gave an mediocre reaction, meaning that there was nothing special, but then, a commissive speech appeared, and ended with an invitation as a directive and assertive speech act A : CAest sympa.
'interesting' Tu veux le faire? 'You want to make it?' Pragmatically, it means: A This test is interesting, let's try it.
I read the questions, and you choose the answers! A There was an agreement, resulting in the following expressions:
X2 : Ok, vas-y, passe-moi les questions! 'Okay, come on, ask the question', meaning implicitly: A Let's start ! A, and the expression Y2 : Alors.
, appears, which does not mean literally but pragmatically is called acts of Oh ! Je dirais.
JAai beaucoup de bons copains mais de vyritables amis, deux seulement.
'Oh ! I'd sayA two.
have many good friends but only two are close friends'.
X's answer is not clear, there is an expression of doubt, or not being frank, or maybe not understanding the question.
The question concerns male intimate friends .
mis intime.
, not intimate friends .
yritables ami.
in confirmation with acts of reflecting speaker attitude.
Deux amies.
I-E-S? In this case there are two possible pragmatic intentions of Y.
A wanting to clarify A as an illocutionary speech act, or A wanting to make fun of his speech partner .
ncidentally at the peer leve.
to be frank A which is a type of perlocutionary speech act.
This is what X does in his answer : - X4 : Oui.
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Y4:
deux filles de mon age.
'Yes, two female friends of the same age'.
Bien.
'Fine', but the pragmatic meaning is A Thank you, you have been honest! A, and as a perlocutionary utterance can mean: Adon't lie, and you must always be honest to yourself and to others A.
Some of the following expressions do not contain pragmatic meanings: -X5 en fait, ya peut ytre des choses trys intimes, importantes, des secrets, mais aussi des trucs futiles, trys lygers.
'It can be very intimate, important, secret things, but also the mundane or the lighthearted' (Y5, -X6.
Y6, -X7.
Y7, -X8, -Y8, -X.
The final situation of this conversation, the two speakers were surprised because the ten minute break was over, and X .
hose name was Rachid.
was too late.
-Y9 : Oh ly ly! Not a phrase but an exclamation that means 'astonished', and in this context means 'shocked'.
Rachida, tAas vu lAheure? 'Have you seen the clock?' as a perlocutionary speech act which has the same meaning as the expression Faut retourner bosser! 'should be back to work soon' .
-X10 : Oh oui ! Deux heures dix, je file, salut! 'Oh yes, ten minutes past two.
I'm leaving, greetings!' Page 18:
X: Agnys, vous vous occupez de madame Pinchon: shampooing, coupe, brushing, comme dAohabitude.
Voily, allez-y.
Mme Pinchon.
Y1: Bonjour, madame Pinchon! Dites, on vous voit moins souvent, en ce moment! Z1: Eh oui ! JAoytais chez ma fille, en province.
Y2: Ah ! CAoest pour ya que vous nAoytiez pas y fyte Z2: Pif! La fyte des voisins! ya mAintyresse pas du tout.
Y3: Pourtant, vous devez ytre plus tranquille, vos voisins avec leurs cinq enfants sont partis le mois dernier.
Z3: Pensez-vous! CAoest toujours aussi bruyant, on nAoentend plus les gosses crier, mais maintenant, avec les nouveaux locataires, jAai droit aux travaux toute la journye! Et je peux vous dire quAoil y a autant de bruit quAoavant, peut-ytre plus, myme! Y4: Ah bon! Mais ya va peut-ytre pas dyrer,.
Et puis la rysidence est trys agryable, le nouvel espace amynagy devant, cAest vraiment extra! Z4: Oh, le jardin! Parlons-en ! On ytait mieux quand il nAoy en avait pas.
CAoest bien simple : entre les gosses et les chiens, cAest devenu un vyritable zoo ! Et il y a des grottes et des jouets partout ! Alors cryer des espaces verts pour avoir un meilleur cadre de vie, a sert y quoi, hein! Y5: Oh ly ly ly !.
Vous nAavez pas de chance, madame Pinchon! Z5: Ah ben non, alors ! Sans parler des augmentations de loyer! Payer autant quAoy Paris pour vivre dans ces conditionsly, vraiment! Oh! Mais faites attention ! Vous mAoavez mis du shampooing dans les yeux ! CAest pas possible! Context : Ms.
Pinchon (Z), as a regular customer, goes to a beauty salon owned by X which is located not far from her house to have her hair cut and treated.
He was served by Y, and during the treatment process a conversation occurred between two people who had known each other for a long time.
The following utterances in bold are illocutionary and/or perlocutionary speech acts as pragmatic expressions.
X : A.
Voily, allez-y.
MmeA.
'Here, come on, ma'amA' A simple expression that contains several pragmatic meanings: A The place is ready, please sit down, we are ready to serve you Mother A.
meaning, this is a representative illocutionary speech act or acts of An understanding of this type of pragmatic expression, in the French actional learning process, can be done by means of re-expression, for example:
A Oa y est, tout est pryt, sAoil vous playt.
Mme.
Y1 : Bonjour, madame Pinchon! 'Good ma'am!' expression that is expressive in nature:
the speaker respects the older speech partner which means politeness.
Tested, on vous voit moins souvent, en ce moment! ATell me, people see you less often, nowadays!A An expressive illocutionary act but in the form of acts JELLT (Journal of English Language and Literature Teachin.
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Z1 :
Y2 :
Z2 :
Y3 :
Z3 :
of evaluating which are negative or worried .
: the mother rarely goes to the salon, maybe because she is sick, or often goes to other salons, or other problems? This requires Z to Eh oui ! A, en province.
AOh yes! A in the area', a declarative illocutionary speech act or acts of asserting .
ALike this! The truth is that I am returning home A .
in this case the word en province does not have a literal meaning, but is contextual or pragmatic.
Ah ! This word is not as simple in meaning as an interjection.
its pragmatic meaning is as an expression of astonishment or surprise .
ecause it is not as the speaker previously though.
, or acts of reflecting speaker attitude .
A I see, it turns out that my assumption was wrong! A Pif! Again an expressive speech act that reflects the attitude of the speaker's rejection, he clearly feels disgusted .
isagree/oppos.
about the topic La fyte des voisins! .
eighbor's party progra.
put forward by his partner ya mAintyresse pas du tout.
The context: generally the elderly .
prefer calm.
that is, the tastes and ages of speakers and partners are very much different .
aybe in their twenties and sixtie.
In the learning process can be developed in the form of questions and answers about the estimated age of the speakers.
Pourtant.
A 'but, even so' as the literal meaning of this word feels inappropriate, meaning that there must be a pragmatic meaning, for example: A If that's the case exactly A, or A Thank goodness, if that's the case A, acts of asserting .
Pensez-vous! A.
AYou think so?A or AYou think so?A Pragmatically, these expressions are synonymous with A Au contraire ! A.
A Pas du tout ! A which wants to express declarative speech acts or acts of asserting .
, because in reality, jAai droit aux travaux toute la journye! A I don't have time to take a short break! A .
, peut-ytre plus, myme! A Now, maybe even noisier! A Expressions Y4 :
differences of opinion among the speakers, each has a different attitude, one applauds, the other blames.
Ah bon! Finally.
Y accepts Z's opinion for the time being with reasons Mais ya va peut-ytre pas dyrer,.
ABut it may not last long' .
pragmatically these expressions mean: A True! But, don't worry, it's only temporaryA A, a perlocutionary speech act to influence the speech partner .
he act of affecting someone.
Putu Wijana, 1996:.
so that A be patient A is the main intention of the Next, expression cAest vraiment extra! AExtraordinary!' as an expressive illocutionary speech act or acts of evaluating .
Z4 : Oh, le jardin! Parlons-en ! AOh, that park!' as an expressive speech act that reflects the attitude of the speaker's rejection, he explained that he was "disagreeing" .
isagree/oppos.
about the subject of the conversation, namely the garden in the newly built environment, complemented by other illocutionary speech indices, namely acts of exercising authority .
, cAest devenu un vyritable zoo ! A Instead of a park, but instead a zoo full of animal waste A .
next, the speaker performs acts of requesting a speech act a request to change the perspective on improving the quality of life: not a major environmental problem, but an urgent economic problem to be corrected A : A, a sert y quoi, hein! A the government only wastes money on things that are not useful A, so in addition to illocutionary speech acts, on the other hand, it can also be intended as perlocutionary speech Y5 : Oh ly ly ly !.
An exclamatory expression that is very simple literally but contains a very deep pragmatic meaning: expressive illocutionary acts of wanting to express feelings of pity and sympathy for the hearer .
cts of reflecting speaker attitude .
Vous nAavez pas de chance, madame Pinchon! Overall, the pragmatic meaning is A Oh, poor thing.
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Z5 :
is released and gets a response non 'no', it means 'oui' 'yes' , so the pragmatic meaning of the following expression.
Ah ben non, alors ! A Okay, thank you A.
Sans parler des augmentations de loyer!: Z wants to convince Y with illocutionary acts act of asserting .
, vraiment! A unreasonable! A Oh! Mais faites attention ! as an act of requesting .
, a perlocutionary speech act: A an order to the speech partner to work more carefully ! A, and ends with expressions of complaint and at the same time rejection A.
CAest pas possible! as a perlocutionary act of exercising authority .
: A Stop acting like that! A Page 21 : Point culture rencontre amoureuse A A1:
B1 :
A2 :
B2 :
A3 :
B3 :
B4 :
B5 :
B6 :
B7 :
A8 :
ALes lieux de Ton mari, tu lAoas rencontry oy.
Laurence? Oh, ya ne date pas dAhier.
Au lycye, on ytait dans la myme classe en terminale, a fait presque dix ans! Et toi, ton copain? Quand je faisais mon stage chez Thomson.
Eh ben, moi.
Thomas, je lAoai rencontry lAoannye derniyre, y lAooccasion du ryveillon du nouvel an, chez des amis Ah, vous ytes pas originales, les filles ! JAoai lu rycemment une enquyte sur les lieux de rencontres amoureuses, et ya correspond exactement y vos ryponses! Et en plus, vous donnez myme le classement dans lAoordre! Et toi, alors, ton copain, tu lAoas.
-A4 :
Je suis moderne, moi, je vis avec mon Je sais pas moi, en boyte?-A5 : Non, encore plus rare.
sur In-ter-net! Sur Internet! -A6 : Et ya marche? Oui, ya fait deux ans que ya dyre, et.
on va se marier!-A7 : Non! Et comme dAhabitude.
Violaine ne dit Oh, vous savez, cAest pas trys intyressant.
Sylvain, cAoytait mon prof au club de gym.
B8 :
ya alors ! CAest toi la plus originale! Communication context: two women talking about their potential and life partners: A is not married.
B already has a life partner.
The impression of honesty and frankness can be seen through the What's interesting about this dialogue is that at first A was friendly .
, but after knowing B was married.
A changed his speech style somewhat to keep a distance and show respect .
What needs to be understood concerns socio-cultural issues, namely the lifestyle and culture of young French people who adhere to the value of freedom, and who are no longer bound by the value of formal marriage.
Cognitions and value systems influence or are reflected in verbal and pragmatic expressions.
the following analysis no longer explores denotative or literal meanings, but directly on connotative meanings based on the pragmatic context based on French socio-cultural background:
B1 : Oh, ya ne date pas dAhier.
The pragmatic meaning of this expression is "Time and location are not important and even illocutionary speech act or act of asserting .
, that is not the point of the conversation.
A3 : Ah, vous ytes pas originales, les filles ! Synonyms: cAoest pas comme dAohabitude! CAoest unique/CAoest extra!CAoest y la mode! Usually.
French girls find their potential lover in the cinema, in a cafe, in a club, at school, or at an ordinary time and place, but it turns out that B's experience is somewhat unique and is rewarded by A in the form of a pragmatic "compliment".
A4 : Je suis moderne, moi, je vis avec mon temps! An expression of arrogance because it follows the style of "today's slang youth" an expressive speech act or act of suggesting .
to "imitate" .
B4 : Je sais pas moi, en boyte? Expressions that mean shame and low self-esteem or acts of reflecting speaker attitude .
as illocutionary speech acts.
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A5 :
Non, encore plus rare.
sur In-ter-net! Still an expression of arrogance by pressing syllables, an expressive speech act or act of suggesting .
, with the aim of influencing B to "do what he makes" .
B5 : Sur Internet! The same word as the previous one, but with a different meaning, namely "astonished and at the same time confused": "Is that true?Ay, cAoest vrai? TAoes syr? .
AuAh, cook?Ay.
AuReally!Ay.
again the act of reflecting speaker attitude .
as an illocutionary speech act.
A6 : Et ya marche? Illocutionary speech act as an act of asserting .
AuIl nAoy a pas de problyme?Ay A7 : Non! AuDon't do that againAy: A knows exactly that B already has a life partner and previously made an oversight, a perlocutionary act so that B is loyal to his partner, and does not repeat the same actions in the past.
B7 : Et comme dAhabitude.
Violaine ne dit rien! A past fact that his partner, whose name was Violaine, wasn't mad.
A need not worry.
B provides a guarantee or act of exercising authority .
A8 : Oh, vous savez, cAest pas trys intyressant.
AuEh, ahAAy.
Embarrassed and at the same time uncomfortable and worried about her future partner who turns out to be her gymnastics club instructor.
B8 : ya alors ! CAest toi la plus originale! AuOh I see? You are the most unique!Ay:
act of evaluating .
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T1:
P1:
T2:
P2:
T3:
Vous ytes vraiment trys nombreux y nous appeler pour ya chanson dydicace, et jAoai en ligne maintenant.
Patricia, je pense.
Oui, bonjour Thierry.
Bonjour.
Patricia.
Vous avez sylectionny la chanson de Carla Bruni.
Raphael.
Belle chanson, trys sympathique, mais ditesnous pourquoi vous lAavez choisie.
Eh, bien voily !.
C Aoest pour mon Et votre amoureux, il s Aoappelle.
Raphael? Oui, exactement! On sAoest rencontrys au moment oy les chansons de cet album passaient tout le temps y la radio.
C Aoytait y lAoanniversaire dAoun ami, il y a trois JAoytais assise y cyty dAoun beau jeune homme.
mais on ne se connaissait pas, on avait seulement un ami commun.
T4: Et yvidemment ya a yty le coup de foudre! P4: Ben non, justement ! On a simplement ychangy quelques mots, mais il ne sAoest rien passy.
On ne sAoest pas revus pendant six mois, puis de nouveau on sAoest retrouvys chez cet ami commun et cAoest seulement ce jour-ly que jAoai appris son prynom ! Et.
on ne sAest plus quittys! T5: Et vous ytes follement amoureux lAoun de lAoautre? P5: Oui, effectivement, et nous allons nous marier dans trois semaines.
T6: Dans trois semaines ! Mais cAest merveilleux ! cette chanson, elle yvoque vos sentiments pour Raphael! P6: Oui, elle me rappelle nos premiers rendezvous, jAavais toujours la chanson dans la tyte! T7: Alors, on ycoute la chanson de Carla Bruni, pour Raphael et Patricia.
Patricia, et tous nos vex de P7: Au revoir Thierry, merci! P3:
Context: communication via telephone between a radio announcer (T) and one of his listeners (P) in a selected song program:
two people who do not know each other 'on se vouvoie' but are bound by the main topic of young romance.
Even though the language style is somewhat formal, there are pragmatic expressions here and there:
T1:
P1:
T2:
Patricia, je pense.
Illocutionary speech acts, clearly the act of stipulating .
and can develop into perlocutionary speech acts to invite partners to speak Oui, bonjour.
Speech act of saluting and greeting or act of reflecting speaker attitude .
ompliment/salut.
Bonjour,.
Speech act of saluting and greeting or act of reflecting speaker attitude .
ompliment/salut.
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vous lAavez choisie: illocutionary speech act, meaning act of asserting .
P2: Eh, bien voily !.
A Frankly ! A or A What is certainA A an illocutionary speech act, in particular act of reflecting speaker attitude .
bject t.
T4: Et yvidemment ya a yty le coup de foudre! The form of the sentence is declarative but actually pragmatically is a question .
uestion : act of reflectin.
A Is that fast like puppy love? A P understands this meaning and immediately answers with the following expression.
P4: Ben non, justement ! A Of course.
A is not at all an illocutionary speech act expressing belief .
ssure : act of committin.
Et.
on ne sAest plus quittys! A The proofA.
we have true love so it's impossible to break up! A as an expression of promise .
ommit : act of committin.
T6: Mais cAest merveilleux ! Expressions of illocutionary acts of congratulating or applauding or acts of relecting speaker Great, congratulations!A P6: Oui,.
, jAavais toujours la chanson dans la tyte! ! Expression of ability and proof of the speaker .
pprove : act of exercising authorit.
A I know the lyrics and the song perfectly! A T7: Au revoir.
Speech acts of saluting and greeting or act of reflecting speaker attitude .
ompliment/salut.
et tous nos vex de bonheur! Expression of hope and prayer of blessing .
ish : act of reflecting speaker attitud.
P7: Au revoir.
Speech acts of saluting and greeting or act of reflecting speaker .
ompliment/salut.
Speech acts of saluting and greeting or act of reflecting speaker attitude .
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Alors.
Formation.
Je donne des cours.
ben, mon retour dAoAngleterre, depuis fyvrier 2004! JAoai animy des ateliers pendant un mois,.
Et jAoai yty jeune fille au pair de.
2002 au janvier 2003.
Et voily! The discourse above is a monologue which includes only two pragmatic expressions: first at the beginning Alors.
A FirstA A an illocutionary speech act to start a conversation .
egin: act of stipulatin.
, second at the end Et voily! A Finally A which is an illocutionary speech act to close the conversation .
lose: act of exercising authorit.
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Bien, je vais vous poser une syrie de questions et je vous demande de rypondre briyvement.
Ouais, jAosuis pryt.
Pourquoi souhaitez-vous quitter votre emploi actuel? Parce que je supporte pas mon chef.
Il est tout le temps sur mon dos.
Quelle est votre motivation y occuper le poste que nous proposons? JAoaime bien la vente.
Vous ytes une grande sociyty, y a la sycurity de lAoemploi.
Et.
cAoest tout prys de chez moi, cAoest pratique.
Comment voyez-vous votre avenir? Chef.
Je voudrais ytre chef de rayon.
CAoest plus sympa de donner des ordres que dAoen Vous ytes dAoaccord avec moi? Et.
quAoest-ce que vous allez faire pour avoir une promotion? Ben.
je vais bien vendre.
JAsuis dynamique, convaincant, et jAoaime bien ce mytier.
Quels sont vos points forts? - JAosuis un bon JApourrais vendre des trigidaires y des Esquimaux ! JAoai quinze ans dAoexpyrience dans lAoelectromenager.
Bien.
et quel est votre principal dytaut? JAoaime pas quAoon me marche sur les pieds.
JAsuis cool, mais bon.
Bien, alors, je crois quAoon va sAoarryter ly pour aujourdAohui.
On vous ycrira la semaine prochaine pour vous donner une ryponse.
OK, au revoir The discourse above is included in the standard variety category even though the form of the conversation is not too formal:
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forms that are familiar or do not want to keep their distance: Ouais, sympa.
Ben.
JAsuis.
JApourrais.
JAsuis cool.
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Bien, merci beaucoup.
Simon et Justine.
Alors, vous avez entendu lAoentretien de Simon pour le poste de vendeur.
Vous avez certainement des choses y lui dire.
Qui veut ryagir Moi, je trouve que tAes assez sur de toi, tAas tAas pas lAoair impressionny.
Moi, justement, je pense que tAes trop cool.
Il faut que tu surveilles ta faon de parler! Ah! oui, je suis dAoaccord et cAoest la myme chose pour ta motivation, il faut pas que tu dises ta vraie motivation comme ya ! Mais il faut que tu dises des choses plus syrieuses, plus intyressantes pour un employeur! Par exemple : pour yvoluer dans ma carriyre ou autre chose.
Oui, cAoest comme pour tes dyfauts: il faut jamais dire ses vrais dytauts.
II faudrait que tu sois plus positif.
Bon, en bref, faut que je mente, cAoest ya? Simon.
, ce quAoon vous explique, cAoest quAoil faut que soyez moins direct dans vos propos, que vous yvitiez de dire vos dyfauts que vous fassiez attention y votre vocabulaire, cAoest important Et puis peut-ytre aussi que tu aies une tenue plus adaptye.
Hein, habilly comme ya, on te donnera jamais un emploi! Ben yvidemment, y lAoentretien, je mettrai dAoautres tringues, un costume et une Classique, quoi! Study of the socio-cultural background of the above study discourse as an effort to understand the context or situation of the ongoing communication.
the variety of language used shows the status and style of language of the participants or speakers, namely familiar and non-formal, except at the beginning of the dialogue there is an illocutionary speech act of thanking.
Bien, merci beaucoup, and how to start the conversation .
egin : act of stipulatin.
Alors A On commence ! A Popular vocabulary like and how to start the conversation: tAas pas.
u nAoas pa.
, tAes trop cool .
u es trop calm.
, il faut jamais .
l ne faut jamai.
, faut que .
l faut qu.
Hein .
Aoest-ce pa.
Ben (Bie.
Classique, quoi! (Ce nAoest pas y la mode !).
The standard variety usually follows and adheres to grammatical rules, while the familiar variety refers to pragmatic rules according to the communication context of the Page 36:
Alors, et vous.
Jacques, cAoest tellement important pour vous de continuer Oui, trys important, vital myme.
Toute ma vie, jAoai yty instituteur et quand jAoai eu 55 ans, personne mAoa demandy mon avis, jAoai dy arryter de travailler, plus tot que tout le monde ! Mais vous savez, moi, jAoai besoin de mAooccuper, de faire quelque chose dAoutile,sinon ma vie nAoa pas de sens.
Bien syr.
Et donc, vous avez eu la possibility de faire partie dAoune association gui sAooccupe de soutien scolaire, nAoest-ce Oui, je voulais absolument faire du bynyvolat quelque part, avec des entants, de pryfyrence.
Sal eu de la chance, jai rencontry quelquAoun qui mAoa propose dAoaider les enfants en difticulty scolaire.
JAoassure une permanence tous es jours de 16 heures Aoa 20 heures dans cette association, et cAoest trys enrichissant pour Alors vous.
Rymy, vous cumulez deux activitys y temps complet!Mais, dites-moi, ce nAoest pas trop difficile? Non, ya va! II taut dire que je suis pas un adepte des 35 heures: moi, quand je ne fais rien, je suis malheureux ! CAoest pour ya que jAoai deux emplois.
Oui ! Alors, vous ytes cuisinier le jour et gyrant dAoun night-club la nuit.
Et vous arrivez y tout faire, sans problyme?- Oui.
Mais je dois pryciser quelque chose :
pour ytre en forme, je nAoai besoin que de trois ou quatre heures de sommeil par nuit! Quelle chance! Beaucoup de gens aimeraient ytre comme vous, je crois! A dialogue discourse but lacks pragmatic expressions because the discourse JELLT (Journal of English Language and Literature Teachin.
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uses a standard variety, so it will not cause difficulties for teachers and students in the learning process.
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Europe 1.
Europe 1.
- II est 8 h 20.
JeanAoPierre Elkabach, vous recevez ce matin les auteurs de < Pas si tous, ces Franyais, aux yditions du Seuil.
Ben, en fait je recois uncouple : Julie Barlow et Jean-Benoit Nadeau.
Bonjour!Bonjour, bonjour.
De vous deux, qui est canadien?- Je suis canadienne, canadienne Et qui est quybycois? Quybycois de naissance, oui.
Oui, ya veut dire que vous ytes tous les deux canadiens, je peux le dire? Oui, oui.
Oui, et du Quybec?- Et du Quybec.
: nous sommes comme ya? Oul, cAoest un pays de contradictions.
- De De paradoxes: moderne, archaique, autoritaire et cryatif.
Ouais, aux yeux du monde, nous passons souvent pour des fous, cAoest dAoailleurs pour ya quAoon nous aime.
Mais quelle est notre principale folie? The discourse above is a dialogue but lacks pragmatic expressions because it is included in the standard variety category.
only found a few pragmatic expressions that are not difficult to understand: Ben A bien A.
Bonjour! The illocutionary act of saluting and greeting or the act of reflecting speaker attitude .
ompliment/salut.
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Oui est-ce qui connait une histoire dryle? Nous, nous ! On rentre de Belgique et.
sais pas si vous le saviez, eux aussi ils racontent des blagues, mais sur les Franais! Ah bon ? CAoest vrai? Raconte! Oui, oui ! Par exemple celle-ci : pourquoi les Franais racontent-ils des histoires belges? Parce que ce sont les seules quAoils YAa aussi celle de lAoautoroute: pourquoi les autoroutes franaises ne sont-elles pas yclairyes? Parce que les Franais se prennent tous pour des lumiyres! Et celle-ci, cAoest le myme genre : comment devenir riche en France? Acheter un Franais au prix quAoil vaut et le revendre au quAoil Et encore celle-ly pour finir: comment tuer un franais dAoun seul coup? En tirant une balle vingt centimytres au-dessus de sa tyte, en plein dans son complexe de supyriority.
Bon ! Si je comprends bien, ils prennent leur revanche, les Belges! The discourse above only has two expressions which are included in the popular variety: je sais pas .
e ne sais pa.
YAa aussi (Il y a auss.
Most of the expressions belong to the standard variety which have no pragmatic meaning.
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Oh ly ly! Le pauvre, il nAoest pas trop chargy? Mais non ! II a lAohabitude, il peut porter jusquAoy 200 kilos! hein.
Pompon? Bon, ben, tout le monde est ly, je crois quAoon Bien, alors, messieurs dames, ce matin, on monte dans la montagne, direction le petit village de Pradelles.
Je pense quAoon y Et on pique-nique ly-bas Exactement, on sAoarryte ly-bas, on va y rester trois quarts dAoheure, une heure environ, et on en repartira vers deux Et les ynes, ils pique-niquent aussi? Non, non, les ynes, ils vont boire y la fontaine du village, mais ils mangeront seulement en rentrant.
Allez, cAest parti! Context of communication: a coachman drawn by a donkey conversing with the passengers before leaving.
Expression Le pauvre, means A Poor, poor animal A an illocutionary act that expresses concern .
egret: act of reflecting speaker attitud.
in relation to the burden of the cart.
Allez, cAest parti! A Let's go! A Page 51:
Voyage Insolite, bonjour! Bonjour! Je vous appelle pour avoir des renseignements concernant le syjour y Barcelone.
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Oui, ycoute.
La visite de lAoatelier du chef a lieu quel jour?Le samedi.
Est-ce quAoon dyne ensuite dans son Ah non, monsieur! Il sAoagit seulement de la visite de son atelier, pendant que le chef y travaille avec son yquipe.
Le prix inclut la nuit dAohytel, le petit dyjeuner et une visite guidye dans la ville le vendredi aprys-midi, mais il faut la ryserver.
La visite de lAoatelier du chef coute 90C, y ryserver aussi.
Vous ytes intyressy? Oui, oui.
Je voudrais organiser un week-end pour lAoanniversaire de mon fryre.
Encore une question: est-ce que vous faites des ryductions pour les groupes? Oui, y partir de dix personnes.
Et les enfants paient demi-tarif jusquAoy 10 ans.
Vous serez combien? Peut-ytre sept adultes et cinq enfants.
Est-ce quAoil vous reste de la place pour le dernier week-end dAooctobre? Oui, il en reste.
Si ya vous intyresse, il vaut mieux ryserver rapidement avez choisi dAohabiter ly? Deuxiymement, ce qui vous plait, ce que vous appryciez dans ce lieu, et finalement, ce qui vous dyplait, quels inconvynients vous trouvez.
En fait, je nAoai pas vraiment choisi, je suis arrivy en Bourgogne y lAoyge de un an, et jAoy habite toujours! Ce que jAoaime en province, cAoest un ytat dAoesprit quAoon ne retrouve pas y Paris : je suis copain aussi bien avec le maire quAoavec le boulanger du coin.
Ce qui me plait en Bourgogne, ce sont les paysages et tous les produits de la rygion.
Pour votre derniyre question, je vois pas! Aucun inconvenient y vivre ici! - Vous savez, mon ceur et mes origines sont en Bretagne, mais je suis obligy de vivre y Paris.
Mes activitys professionnelles me font prendre lAoavion au moms une fois par semaine, ce que je ne peux pas faire hors de Paris.
CAoest ygalement beaucoup plus pratique pour mes rendez-vous de travail! Ce que jAoapprycie particuliyrement ici, cAoest la vie culturelle, les musyes, les thyytres,.
Mais bien syr, la vie est plus chyre quAoen Bretagne.
Et ce qui est insupportable, cAoest la circulation.
Ce qui me manque le plus ? CAoest la mer! Communication context: telephone conversation between a travel agency employee and someone who is interested in tour packages to Barcelona, and both use the standard variety.
Expression Bonjour! It is an illocutionary speech act of saluting and greeting or an act of reflecting speaker attitude .
ompliment/salut.
Pragmatic expressions are found at the end of the talk, il vaut mieux ryserver rapidement, as a direct speech act, the meaning is clear, but behind this expression is a perlocutionary act of suggesting .
ct of suggestin.
to influence the speech partner to immediately make a reservation, as if places and opportunities are getting limited.
marketing strategy, despite the fact that there are still few enthusiasts who place Language is a powerful weapon to influence and convince people.
Page 54 :
Context of communication: a form of question and answer, open interview regarding personal opinion about the differences between living in Paris and living in the area: reasons for living, advantages and disadvantages.
This discourse belongs to the standard variety so that there are almost no pragmatic expressions, except: Merci expressions or speech acts of gratitude.
Je vous rappelle illocutionary act of requesting .
, je vois pas! A Je ne comprends pas! A because the type of interview is open, the questions are less specific act of reflecting .
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Merci dAoavoir accepty de tymoigner pour notre dossier sur Paris et la province.
vous rappelle les trois questions qui nous intyressent.
Premiyrement, pourquoi vous Europe FM, il est midi, le journalA Europe midi.
Luc Verdier.
Bonjour y tous.
Au sommaire dAoEurope midi: le froid polaire arrive! Le temps change radicalement, les temperatures baissent considyrablement sur tout le pays.
Reportage et previsions mytyo completes dys le dybut de ce journal.
Le dollar baisse encore.
Washington sAoinquiyte.
A lAoytranger JELLT (Journal of English Language and Literature Teachin.
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toujours : les Chiliens ont ylu hier une femme ala prysidence.
Reportage de notre envoyy special dans quelques instants Liberty, ygality !.
Les femmes manifestent aujourdAohuL.
LAoannye prochaine, les enfants vont apprendre leurs premieres notions dAoinformatique y lAoycole primaire.
Trop, cAoest trop, les artistes sont en cohere :
on tylycharge de plus en plus illygalement.
Le ministre de la Culture les recevra aujourdAohui.
Le dernier Spielberg est arrivy : son nouveau film sort aujourdAohui dans les salles Situation context: news or information conveyed by radio.
no pragmatic expressions other than Bonjour y tous.
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Europe FM.
Passons maintenant y la suite de Planyte Tylyvision, avec notre rendezvous quotidien: voici les messages des auditeurs laissys sur notre rypondeur hier Edmond, de Vichy.
Bonsoir, je vous appelle parce que je viens de regarder sur TF1 lAoymission qui veut gagner des millions? >, je lAoavais jamais vue avant.
sais que ce sont les emissions comme ya qui marchent, ya distrait les spectateurs et puis les millions ya fait ryver tout le monde.
mais alors!! Les questions posyes sont vraiment nulles ! Et, en fait, cAoest lAoignorance des candidats qui me choque le Moi je dis non, non et non, arrytez ! Arrytez ce genre dAoymission stupide ! Au revoir! Sofia.
Paris vingtiyme.
Bonjour y tous les auditeurs ! Alors, moi, je voulais dire simplement bravo la nouvelle tylyryality, programmye sur M6 hier soir.
CAoest lAooriginality de lAoymission qui mAoa plu, cAoest ya que jAoaime avant tout.
Je me suis bien amusye! Bonsoir, cAoest Corinne, de Lyon.
Ecoutez, alors, je suis en train de regarder < 24 heures chrono > sur Canal.
Alors, jAoai rien dire sur la quality du scynario, cAoest bien fait, yAa du suspense, mais moi, cAoest la violence de certaines scynes que jAaccepte pas.
A cette heure de grande audience, je suis pas dAaccord, cAest pas un spectacle pour les enfants.
Voily, bon, cAoest tout ce que jAoavais y dire.
Communication context: radio telephone conversations between announcer.
Edmond.
Sofia, and Corine.
Generally there are only pragmatic expressions as ordinary illocutionary acts:
Bonsoir.
Bonjour.
Au revoir, .
reetings and expressions of respec.
Alors .
engawali pembicaraa.
, yAa .
l y .
, jAaccepte pas .
e nAoaccepte pa.
, je suis pas dAaccord .
e ne suis pas dAoaccor.
, cAest pas .
e nAoest pa.
all kinds of familiar, except the expression Ecoutez does not have a literal meaning but is an illocutionary speech act which means "protest, complaint, and rejection".
Page 66:
Mon portable! us ont pris mon tylyphone! Au voleur! Arrytez-les ! Mon Bien.
Donc, vous voulez dyposer une plainte? Alors.
nous sommes le.
18 mars.
Vous allez mAoexpliquer exactement comment ya sAoest passy, et je vais enregistrer votre dyclaration.
Alors, vous mAoavez dit.
ii sagit dAoun vol de tylyphone mobile, nAoest-ce pas? Oui.
- Dites-moi prycisyment oy et quand sAoest passy? Devant la gare, il y a une demi-heure En fait cAoytait y 18 h 10 exactement, je venais de descendre du train.
devant la gare.
Pouvez-vous me raconter les faits exacts ? Avez-vous vu le voleur?Tout sAoest passy trys vite.
JAoai entendu la moto, elle arrivait y toute vitesse derriyre moi, ils mAoont arrachy mon portable, et.
voily ! Je les ai vus, mais jAai pas pu les rattraper! Vous dites que vous les avez vus, donc, ils ytaient deux, nest-ce pas? Deux hommes? - Bah, cAoest difficile y dire, ils portaient un casque, et ya a yty trys vite.
mais la femme que jAoai apercue, y lAoarriyre.
Pourquoi dites-vous que cAoytait une femme? Eh bien, elle avait des cheveux longs, blonds, qui dypassaient du casque, et puis lAoair Les casques, les vytements, vous les avez mymorisys? Ah oui! Elle avait un casque avec des dessins rouges, un blouson noir.
mais le conducteur, je sais pas.
Bon.
II y a dyjy eu plusieurs vols y lAoarrachy dans le quartier, votre description correspond aux tymoignages des autres victimes.
On va lancer un signalement.
Voily, vous pouvez JELLT (Journal of English Language and Literature Teachin.
Vol.
No.
1 June 2023 ISSN : 2548-7728 E.
ISSN : 2599-0373
signer dyclaration.
Merci.
Ah, jAoallais oublier! La moto! Je lAoai reconnue, parce que jAoai la myme :cAoytait une Honda, une 125CG- Ah, trys bien ! CAoest une information prycieuse! Communication context: a mobile phone theft victim rushes into a police station The police, while recording information, interviewed the victim for complaint letter data.
The police and the victim use the standard variance, but there are two expressions of the victim that are not included in the standard variance: jAai pas pu .
e nAoai pas p.
, and Bah Auconfused and angryAy .
lame: act of reflecting speaker attitud.
as an illocutionary speech act.
There are pragmatic expressions as ordinary illocutionary acts: Merci .
hank yo.
, and Alors .
tart the conversatio.
CONCLUSION In the Alter Ego 2 French language textbook, there are discourses that are classified as standard varieties which generally follow and adhere to grammatical rules, while discourses that include familiar varieties refer to pragmatic rules according to the communication context of the Dialogue discourse which includes a formal variety does not contain pargmatic expressions, if any, does not require in-depth study or analysis, and will not make it difficult for teachers and students in the process of learning French as a foreign language.
The majority of locutionary speech acts in the French language textbook Alter Ego 2 contain pragmatic meanings of the type of illocutionary speech.
It is also found that some locutionary utterances are very simple but are perlocutionary speech acts that contain deep pragmatic meanings or that can contain many interpretations.
The discourse in the form of a monologue in the Alter Ego 2 French language textbook usually does not or lacks pragmatic expressions, on the other hand, the dialogue of familiar varieties contains many pragmatic expressions.
Furthermore, the conversation that takes place naturally, and the relationship between speakers who do not have privileges do not contain pragmatic In the French textbook Alter Ego 2, a simple expression may have several pragmatic meanings based on the context of And in certain contexts, an illocutionary speech act can also be a perlocutionary speech act, meaning that two intentions are found: the first is minimal, and the second is maximal in utterance according to the level of understanding of the speech partner or listener.
Language is a powerful weapon to influence and convince people through pragmatic perlocutionary A teacher of French as a foreign language must exploit all locutionary utterances which are very simple but are perlocutionary utterances which contain deep pragmatic meanings or which can understanding of pragmatic expressions, in the French actional learning process, can be done by means of re-expression by the teacher in the explication stage, as well as by students to practice comprehension The study of pragmatic expressions in the Alter Ego 2 French textbook has not been fully completed, and it is suggested that further studies be carried out by teachers who use the book by following the analytical model in this study.
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