JURNAL IKHTIBAR NUSANTARA
E-ISSN: 2964-5255
Editorial Address: Jl. T. Nyak Arief No. 333 Jeulingke Kota Banda Aceh Provinsi Aceh
Received: 06-03-2025| Accepted: 03-05-2025| Published: 26-06-2025

THE DANGERS OF TRANSNATIONAL IDEOLOGY IN INDONESIA:
THREATS TO SOCIAL STABILITY AND DIVERSITY
Yuliana Sulistyaningtyas 1) , Fauzia Nur Aeni 2) , Choiril Anwar 3) ,
Qomariyah 4)
Email: yuliana.sulistyaningtyas@mhs.uingusdur.ac.id 1 ) ,
fauzia.nur.aeni@mhs.uingusdur.ac.id 2 ) , choiril.anwar@mhs.uingusdur.ac.id 3 ) ,
qomariyah@uingusdur.ac.id 4 )
Universitas Islam Negeri K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the impact and threats of transnational ideology on social stability and
diversity in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, which
relies on secondary data from various literature and written publications. Transnational ideology
that crosses national borders is understood as a global understanding that can influence a nation's
political policies and local values . In Indonesia, the spread of this transnational ideology often
conflicts with Pancasila and cultural values, thus triggering radicalization, tension between groups,
decreased tolerance, and the potential for social disintegration. The results of this study indicate
that transnational ideology has a significant impact on social stability, such as social division and
radicalization, tension between groups with different ideological values, and decreased tolerance
and cultural diversity. This potential for social disintegration is a grave concern. Where this is
spread through social media which is used to spread propaganda and intolerant narratives to the
Indonesian people, to overcome the impact of this threat the Indonesian government has
implemented various strategies, such as the establishment of the Pancasila Ideology Development
Agency (BPIP), education of Pancasila values, law enforcement against radical groups,
strengthening cyber, and international cooperation.
Keywords: Transnational Ideology, Social Stability, Diversity

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia boasts an extraordinary cultural diversity, with over 300 unique
ethnic groups and more than 700 regional languages spoken across its various
regions. This diversity is not just a source of pride for the Indonesian people, but
also a key strength in fostering social harmony and national unity. It is the nation's
identity and a testament to its ability to build a strong national unity amidst
differences.(Savira et al. 2024)
In Indonesia, transnational ideologies such as radicalism, religious
extremism, and other ideologies that contradict Pancasila pose a serious threat to
social stability and diversity. Their spread often occurs through various media,
including social media, educational institutions, and certain groups connected to
global movements. This phenomenon risks disrupting the social order that has long
been built on the principles of tolerance and togetherness. In this context, there is a
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close relationship between radicalism and terrorism. Radicalism can be considered
the root of terrorism because it reflects an attitude that wants drastic and
revolutionary change through extreme means, including violence.(Fatoni 2018)
Three factors influence the emergence of radicalism and acts of terrorism:
(1) Narrow and textual understanding of religion: Literal interpretation of holy texts
without considering the context can lead to exclusive views. Individuals with a
narrow understanding tend to think other groups with different views are heretical
or infidels. (2) Politicization of religion: The use of religion for political interests
can trigger radicalism and terrorism. When religion is politicized, the assumption
arises that a particular country or regime is hostile to a specific religious group, so
it is considered necessary to fight it. (3) The influence of transnational ideology:
The flow of globalization and the development of information technology facilitate
the entry of extreme foreign ideologies. This ideology can be adopted and replicated
by certain groups in Indonesia, which then has the potential to trigger radical and
terrorist actions.(Nini Adelina Tanamal and Sapta Baralaska Utama Siagian 2022)
Although the values of Pancasila have been taught through education, the
situation in Indonesia recently has shown the opposite. One of the problems that
has emerged is the increase in violence that disrupts social and political stability, to
the point of triggering conflict in society. This condition reflects the decline in
ethical and moral values in community life, which should uphold tolerance and
cooperation. Transnational ideology has a significant impact on social stability and
diversity in Indonesia. This phenomenon is recognized as the impact of the
influence of global or transnational ideology. Therefore, strengthening Pancasila's
values is crucial in dealing with the adverse effects of transnational ideology in
Indonesia.
Globalization allows information to spread easily across cities and even
country boundaries. This paves the way for the entry of transnational ideologies
into Indonesia, including previously unknown ideologies, which can spread freely
without filtering. Amid the era of globalization and rapid advances in information
technology, the spread of foreign ideologies that conflict with the basic principles
of the state is becoming easier. If not handled seriously, this can cause social
divisions and weaken national unity. Therefore, an in-depth study is needed
regarding the emergence of this threat, its impact on society, and practical strategies
to overcome it.(Eviningrum and Wibisono 2024)
METHODS
The method applied in this study is qualitative, which aims to understand an
issue contextually and descriptively based on real conditions in the field. This study
aims to further explore and analyze the Threats to Social Stability and Diversity.
The researcher then chose to use qualitative research based on the objectives of
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qualitative research to understand and research an object. This method allows
researchers to understand the development flow of an object, observe events, and
get helpful explanations. Therefore, this method was chosen to research
observationally regarding threats to social stability and diversity. The data used to
support this research comes from documented secondary data, including a summary
of primary data from various literature and written publications
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Transnational Ideology
Ideology comes from the Greek words "idea," which means idea, concept,
ideal, or basic understanding, and " logos," which means science. Etymologically,
ideology can be understood as a nation's ideal or outlook on life that becomes a
social and state life guideline.(Eviningrum and Wibisono 2024) The term
transnational consists of two words: "trans", which means across, through, or
through, and "national," which refers to things related to nationality or originating
from a nation. Initially, transnational referred to diaspora activities, which were
characterized by the movement of people to other countries. Over time, the
understanding of transnationalism evolved to refer to interactions between
individuals or institutions that crossed the boundaries of modern states.
Transnational ideology can be understood as a global ideology that crosses
national and state boundaries. This ideology is a propaganda campaign or belief and
can influence a country's political policies. The ideals of transnational Islamic
groups that want to implement Islamic law and replace Pancasila are considered
contrary to Indonesian Islamic culture, which emphasizes politeness, tolerance, and
not easily accusing others of being infidels.
According to Jamhari and Jahroni, the emergence of transnational
movements was caused by the global conditions of the world, including the Islamic
world, which was entering the modern era at that time. Many Muslims felt confused
and unprepared to face the changes of the times. To overcome this, Muslims tried
to find their identity again by interpreting religion uniquely, emphasizing the
importance of implementing religious values in everyday life. Radical transnational
ideology has five principal characteristics. First, it contradicts the state ideology
and its constitution. Second, it has extreme ideological goals and an opposing
attitude towards national ideology. Third, this ideology tends to justify any means,
including distributing illegal content. Fourth, it uses religious narratives as a tool to
recruit members. Finally, this ideology often creates an intolerant narrative.
B. The phenomenon of the spread of transnational ideology in Indonesia
Indonesia is a vast country that consists of various tribes and cultures.
Koentjaraningrat said the term culture will become more focused and will become
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local wisdom. Local wisdom is a group of people who try to adapt to the
surrounding environment. With local wisdom, people can develop and live a
sustainable life. Local wisdom can be the identity of a group of people in an area
and become a differentiator from other groups of people. Indonesia, a vast country
consisting of many islands, has a variety of local wisdom owned by each existing
ethnic group. Local wisdom is the wealth of the community owned by the
Indonesian state and nation. Local wisdom is a differentiator owned by each region
from other regions. Although the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia has
various ethnic groups and different local wisdoms, it does not make our country
weak or divided. Still, it becomes a strength and advantage for the Indonesian state.
The concept of Bhineka Tunggal Ika, which means "different but one," is displayed
on the Garuda Pancasila symbol, symbolizing pride for the Indonesian state.
The entry of Transnational ideology in Indonesia should not change the aspects
of local wisdom, but it should be a tool to strengthen cultural diversity in Indonesia.
This is because there is often an Islamization of indigenous people who do not see
Islam as a blessing for humans; instead, there is an effort to change society to be
similar to the culture of Arab countries. Religion should be able to blend with the
local culture of each region and not dictate the culture that already exists and
develops in local society.
From the explanation above, there is a tendency that something that comes from
outside the local culture can be considered a threat to the existence of local nature
and is considered to be able to affect national stability. In the history of the
Indonesian state, three ideologies play a very dominant role in shaping knowledge,
namely, the ideology of liberalism, the ideology of nationalism, and the ideology
of socialism. These ideologies do not originate from Indonesia but are very
appropriate to the conditions of the Indonesian state.
1. Liberalism
Liberalism was first introduced during the Renaissance as a response to
religious orthodoxy. Locke talked about ' natural right', which means that every
individual is born with the right to life, freedom, and property ownership. The
Liberal ideology has a rebellious nature against injustice and authoritarianism. For
humans, the right to liberty and property is essential. The basic property humans
own is their body, which every human should be free to use according to what they
want, without pressure from other parties. Liberalism tends to lead to humans who
have individuality, freedom, and autonomy. Humans are considered to be able to
regulate themselves without help from others. In the socio-cultural context, this
refers to the freedom of humans that is essential and cannot be violated. This also
impacts the context of Human Rights and respect for each individual's dignity.
2. Nationalism
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In the history of the Indonesian state, nationalism was born at the birth of Budi
Utomo on May 20, 1908, the first modern organization in Indonesia. That date was
designated as the day of national awakening. The development of nationalism in
Indonesia is also considered to have begun at the Centrale Sarekat Islam (CSI)
national congress held in Bandung in 1916. The word national was used by
Tjokraminoto, an inspiring figure for Indonesia and a forerunner of unity in all
groups in the Dutch East Indies at that time, to achieve a national level and establish
their government. Nationalism was born against the backdrop of the long suffering
of the Indonesian people in the fields of economy, social, education, law, and
politics, as well as the increasing spirit of the colonized nation to achieve
independence, such as the Philippines and India, which had the same fate as
Indonesia.
Nationalism is essentially the ideology of a modern state, like democracy and
communism. Nationalism can be interpreted as loving the nation and state deeply.
Nationalism is not only an instrument that functions as an external adhesive, but
can also be a vessel to affirm Indonesia's pluralistic identity in its cultural
dimension. Nationalism is an awareness that every citizen in a nation has.
3. Islamism
Islamism is an ideology based on the teachings of Islam. It aims to implement
Islamic law and values in everyday life, including economic, social, and political
fields. The ideology of Islamism has characteristics that acknowledge the power of
Allah. The power of Allah is the highest, and the law of Allah must be established
in everyday life. Islamism aims to implement Sharia law in everyday life, including
the economic, political, and social fields. Islamism also seeks to develop an Islamic
society based on Islamic values and Sharia law. Jihad in Islamism is obligatory for
Muslims to defend and maintain the religion and the state. The ideology of Islamism
can develop an Islamic society based on Sharia values and laws. The ideology of
Islamism can conflict with the government if the government does not recognize
Sharia law and Islamic values.
C. The Impact and Threats of Transnational Ideology on Social Stability and
Diversity
As a country with diverse ethnicities, religions, and cultures, Indonesia has
problems that affect social stability and diversity. One is the emergence of
transnational ideology, which refers to an understanding or ideology that transcends
national borders and is often influenced by global or international movements with
specific goals. Therefore, transnational ideology can be a threat because it conflicts
with local values, encourages radicalizing individuals or groups, and can divide
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Indonesian society. Here are some of the impacts and threats of transnational
ideology:
1. Social Disunity and Radicalization
Transnational ideology can cause social disintegration by spreading
ideologies that reject diversity. For example, radical groups such as Hizbut Tahrir
Indonesia (HTI) and Jamaah Islamiyah (JI) have the potential to divide Indonesian
society based on differences in belief, which is done through religious narratives.
Radicalization also increases through propaganda on social media, such as
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. Where the spread through social
media, the movement's messages and thoughts quickly and widely spread to
Muslim communities in various countries, such as ISIS, which recruits members by
exploiting social and economic dissatisfaction that occurs in Indonesia.
Case example: The Bali bombing tragedy that occurred on October 12,
2002, was the deadliest terrorist event in Indonesian history. The victims reached
2,996 people, including 88 Australian citizens. The impact of radicalization not
only threatens state security but can also create distrust between groups or factions.
2. Tensions Between Groups with Different Ideological Values
Transnational ideology causes tension between moderate and extreme groups.
For example, there are radicalism and caliphate groups that want to change the basis
of the Indonesian state to the caliphate ideology, which is based on Islamic law.
This can discriminate against religious minorities because in Indonesia, it is not
only Islam. Discrimination against religious minorities is one of the impacts of
ideological tension. This can occur due to the lack of public understanding of
harmony between religious communities.Evingrum and Wibisono.This religious
minority can occur in various forms, such as in the case of the Purwakarta district
government closing a building used as a place of worship without permission,
which sparked controversy, where several members of the Simalungun Protestant
Christian Church used the place of worship. This restriction on religious activities
often makes it difficult for religious minorities to carry out their religious activities
and complicates the construction of places of worship due to strict requirements.
This discrimination not only violates human rights, but can also damage harmony
between religious communities, which is an essential pillar in Indonesian society.
Transnational ideology can also influence political polarization, where
religious narratives are used to divide voters. This political polarization occurred in
black campaigns, namely the use of religious issues to attack political opponents in
the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election and the use of religious sentiment to
mobilize the masses in the 212 political action. Political polarization supported by
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religious narratives can threaten national unity and integrity and damage
democracy.
Studies show that transnational ideology greatly influences intolerance in
Indonesia. As many as 20% of intolerance cases in Indonesia are influenced by
transnational ideology that rejects pluralism. In addition, survey data from PPIM
UIN Jakarta in 2018 show that 63.07% of Muslim teachers have intolerant opinions
towards other religions (Basarah, 2018).
1. Declining Tolerance and Cultural Diversity
Indonesia, known as a tolerant and moderate country, is threatened by the
influence of transnational ideologies, especially from exclusive Islamic groups.
Transnational groups often assume their opinions are correct and belittle local
religious practices. This can lead to an intolerant attitude towards religious
traditions and practices that have existed in society for a long time. For example,
the Salafi movement rejects various local cultures that are considered "heresy,"
including the tradition of selamatan and religious art that have become part of
Indonesian society's lives (Hasan: 3).
The impact of this decline in tolerance can be seen from the increasing
tension between groups; a society that used to live in harmony is now divided into
groups that are suspicious of each other. Cases of violence against religious
minorities, such as attacks on churches and the Ahmadiyah community, show that
this intolerance can create greater conflict. However, there are efforts by the
government to increase religious tolerance, such as through religious moderation
programs and interfaith dialogue. According to the Minister of Religion Yaqut
Cholil Qoumas, although the religious tolerance index in Indonesia will increase
to 76% in 2023, there is still a lot of homework to be done to overcome these
problems of intolerance (Hawari, 2024: DetikHikmah).

D. Government Efforts to Overcome the Dangers of Transnational Ideology
The Indonesian government's efforts to overcome this transnational ideology
are essential and related to national security and social integration. The
transnational ideology that often influences the values of Pancasila and nationalism
requires a comprehensive strategy to deal with. The government's strategies in
overcoming transnational ideology include:
1. Formation of the Pancasila Ideology Development Agency (BPIP)
The Indonesian government has formed BPIP as a strategic step to strengthen
the Pancasila ideology amidst the threat of transnational ideology. BPIP is tasked
with developing and disseminating the values of Pancasila in society. The formation
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of this body is a symbol of unity between Islam and nationality and an effort to
maintain national integrity.
2. Education and Socialization of Pancasila Values
Pancasila education is integrated into the education curriculum at all levels.
This is to instill national values in the younger generation so that they can
understand and reject ideologies that conflict with Pancasila. Programs such as the
appreciation and practice of Pancasila and cooperation increase the sense of
nationalism.(Diniyanto 2023)
3. Security and Law Enforcement Strategy
The Indonesian government also applies a security approach through law
enforcement against groups involved in radicalization. This includes dissolving
organizations considered threatening, such as Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) and
the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), and using Densus 88 and the National
Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) as an important part of law enforcement efforts
to prevent the spread of radical ideology.
4. Cyber Security Strategy
With the development of information technology, the government also
implements a cybersecurity strategy to combat the spread of transnational ideology
on social media. This includes blocking radical sites and spreading positive content
that emphasizes peaceful narratives; this is very important because the public needs
public education about the dangers of radicalization, which is an essential focus in
this strategy.(Utami 2023)
5. International Cooperation
The Indonesian government seeks to strengthen international cooperation in
dealing with transnational crimes, including terrorism. Indonesia shares
experiences and strategies in combating radical ideology through international
forums and collaborates with other countries to address current global issues.

CONCLUSION
Transnational ideology can be understood as a global ideology that crosses
national and state boundaries. This ideology is not just a propaganda campaign or
belief but can also influence a country's political policies. In Indonesia,
transnational ideology impacts social division, radicalization, tension between
groups with different ideological values, decreased tolerance and cultural diversity,
and other understandings that can conflict with the values of transnational ideology
and diversity, seriously threatening national stability.

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