ISSN : 1978-8282.
Online ISSN: 2655-4275 Gamification Based On Blockchain Technology To Enhance Student Centered Learning Qurotul Aini*1.
Ninda Lutfiani2.
Muhammad Suzaki Zahran3 Program Magister Departemen Informatika.
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi.
Universitas Raharja Program Studi Sistem Komputer.
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi.
Universitas Raharja 3 Email: *1aini@raharja.
info, 2ninda@raharja.
info, 3m.
suzaki@raharja.
Abstract Gamification, the application of mechanical game techniques in non-game contexts, has become the primary choice that underlies current education.
Educational gamification can provide solutions to problems that arise due to traditional learning methods considered less under current human behavior.
Blockchain has become a hot topic of discussion that is overgrowing in recent years.
Blockchain comes from a world community and company that acts as infrastructure technology that develops in various fields, both industry and education.
The main advantage of blockchain is that it is free from third parties so that the security, transparency, and integrity of the blockchain is quite high.
At present, research on the blockchain that is implemented in the field of educational gamification is still minimal in Our paper will identify and discuss the main problems related to education by implementing educational gamification applied to the Blockchain system.
This paper proposes an initial gamification model as a foundation for the development of future applications and Keywords Ai Blockchain.
Gamification.
Motivation.
Decentralized Application.
Education INTRODUCTION The bitcoin protocol introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto .
, .
in 2008 marked a change in the era of a global software decentralization system.
Blockchain marks a paradigm shift from centralization to decentralized computing and has been overgrowing in academia and industry .
, .
One of the advantages possessed by the blockchain is that it is free from third parties .
, .
This advantage makes blockchain a top choice in various innovative business models and start-ups.
Over the past ten years, the development of the blockchain has varied greatly to various possible industries .
, .
However, these things have not been supported by the existence of research forums on the blockchain yet.
At present, research forums on the blockchain are still minimal in number, although in the academic realm, it is at least able to approach it .
However, the development of a blockchain is still the innovator's authority and the initial owner of the blockchain itself.
Active participation and engagement from users can be a significant problem that can hamper the stability and usefulness and development of the Gamification .
Ae.
has become a popular and new trend among individuals and groups in cyberspace in recent years.
The primary purpose of gamification is to increase the role, motivation, and performance of users in carrying out specific tasks by combining the game's mechanisms and elements, which results in increasingly productive tasks .
, .
, .
The addition of features similar to this game has been known by many parties.
It has applied to several applications, including enterprise information systems .
Ae.
, mobile and web applications .
, .
and IoT applications .
Ae.
The use of gamification has been widespread in various fields .
, .
We have unconsciously felt the implementation of this blockchain, such as in education .
or example.
Zenius who applies learning methods with interesting and Vol.
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, lifestyles .
uch as freedom to shop online with various payment method.
It makes gamification can increase the attractiveness of multiple technologies by involving users in each task they do .
, .
, .
Therefore, many industries have begun to adopt gamification along with the principles of game design to attract interest and reduce the decline in users .
, .
, .
Ae.
Also, the idea underlying gamification is useful for dealing with problems involving humans in the scope of the blockchain by discussing current issues and areas that might be useful in gamification .
, .
, .
This study aims to discover how to modify a blockchain system that can fundamentally change the business value by making and realizing it better.
This research is intended explicitly for researchers as scientific disciplines to explain future research and practice directions in the field of blockchain gamification.
Besides, this paper also presents an initial forum as a first step to discuss issues that centered on humans arising from the existence of this new technology.
The other sections of this paper's composition are as follows: Part II presents works that represent gamification in software and software engineering tasks and gives the background needed by the blockchain components.
Section i explains the problems related to education and the blockchain system and the outline of the proposed gamification model.
Part IV negotiates aspects related to game mechanics and a list of games suggested for the blockchain Section V provides conclusions on the results of the analysis that have been given.
LATEST RESEARCH AND BACKGROUND
This section will discuss market products/projects that combine gamification with blockchain to create a combination of gamification .
art II.
B) and also the adaptation of gamification to various software engineering activities through the R&D method .
art II.
A).
Software Engineering with Gamification Fundamentally, software engineering is a collaborative process in a volatile environment with humans as the center.
This process will later provide gamification benefits as good reciprocity in the form of increasing the role and motivation of software engineers in carrying out their duties .
Thus, gamification can antidote to the manifestation of problems related to software engineering that have not been actively involved.
Currently, the education industry has also widely adopted for research in the field of software engineering.
It intended to overcome problems that centered on humans at various levels.
Therefore, the education industry is the biggest supporter of gamification technology with the intention of learning.
Based on our literature research, gamification has been applied and utilized with various objectives and applications by focusing on improving conventional techniques or processes.
The reliability requirements .
, and priority .
, task tracking software .
, testing software .
, and the like are examples of the application of gamification.
These works and similar studies that have studied can motivate the use of gamification systems and engineering These works and related studies have been proven by the software engineering community who saw an unusual increase in associating gamification with other fields.
The Realm of Gamification as a Form of Application of the Blockchain System Some systems that aim to improve the blockchain to supply solutions to gamification problems are HoToKen .
Sandblock .
, and POINTToken .
These systems run rewards and loyalty programs on the blockchain system by applying rewards and points .
collected in an integrated whole and distributed to users through different parties.
Based on this system, blockchain promises benefits in rewards and loyalty programs such as secure records, transparency, and ease of transactions using crypto tokens.
Besides, there are general criticisms that highlight centralized loyalty by assuming that gamification only made to Vol.
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Meanwhile, the blockchain system also has several weaknesses.
The weakness of the Blockchain system can be divided into two, namely the lack of understanding of blockchain applications, which results in new problems in gamification that hinder the use of blockchain gamification and reward systems .
he core of this pape.
And then blockchain is also not the primary choice for storing frequently updated data .
uch as points and reward.
Most blockchain-based systems require the transfer of data from a centralized database to decentralized public ledgers that exist on the blockchain.
The system resulting from this database transfer is relatively slower in terms of expenditure.
it also requires a reasonably high Each transaction move requires a fee for network verification.
Also, platforms that implement a blockchain system in implementing educational models similar to this game are few.
For example, brainly learning sites .
, this site adopts a social learning model .
developed by Albert Bandura .
, .
in 1925 in its learning method so that it can invite users .
n this case student.
to be directly involved in crowd learning.
Crowd learning .
defined as learning by interacting with one another using the web, social abilities, and a broad range of scope so that it can focus on existing problems using iLearning .
Ae.
, as well as stimulating interactions and ideas -ide users in solving these problems.
Brainly is also able to attract the interests of users/students with different levels .
Also.
Brainly applies a reward system in the form of points as an award for users who can answer questions correctly.
Users will later use these points in making the questions they need.
This method will stimulate the user to collect as many points as possible to make the questions they On the other hand, there are also Quipper .
Ruang Guru .
, and Zenius .
They implement the same thing to trigger the motivation of users/students to be actively involved in the learning process.
Each platform has its characteristics that distinguish how to unleash the motivation of these users.
Quipper uses a point system as a reward for completing each learning video made.
These accumulated points can used to change the theme and also the background on the quipper learning page.
This method is felt to be very useful because it can reduce the boredom of users/students to the static environment .
Different from the Ruang Guru, which puts forward a leveling system that can be accessed using points obtained from the previous level.
Besides, the Ruang Guru also applies the method of repetition like a game in general to trigger student curiosity in reaching a certain level.
Zenius also used the concept of the game to the idea of learning videos so that it made the user/student more curious and interested in the material studied.
The conclusion of what has been discussed is that we begin this paper by conducting discussions that aim as an initial step to get into more in-depth theory and empirical research on the infrastructure of the software engineering community.
Based on our literature study results, current research works are inadequate to support and investigate all aspects of the blockchain decentralization technology and gamification technology.
Background of Blockchain Components Blockchain technology is an integrated technique connected with various infrastructures such as cryptography, distributed consensus algorithms, economic modeling, and peer-to-peer Overall, the blockchain described as follows:
C A strategy for making irreversible ledgers, originating from and for participants on a broadcast network.
C A strategy for expressing consensus as ledger entries, such as transaction validation.
C A strategy to incentivize consensus.
In the blockchain network system, there is a particular group or exclusive among users who can verify each transaction .
, .
ncluding closing and making contacts or changing transaction statement.
These special groups are called miners .
n the proof-of-work Vol.
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and minters .
n the proof-of-work consensus metho.
The miners and minters cause the level of security on the blockchain network system is quite high because each transaction can appropriately be controlled.
Also, the blockchain uses the broadcast network to ensure that all participants on the blockchain process the same transaction list for Most blockchain networks use the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) .
to process transactions on the blockchain.
However, other signature algorithms can be used, such as the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm .
, .
, and Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA).
Each transaction that occurs will trigger a well-defined process to produce a status change in the information system represented by the blockchain.
On the blockchain, the identification system can be done directly or indirectly.
Direct identification can be made in the form of proof-of-stake (PoS), while indirectly in the form of proof-of-work (PoW).
In the PoW method, miners are assigned to solve advanced mathematical problems that aim to solve the ID that will be used by the next block.
Miners who successfully break the ID will get a reward in the form of incentives and will be given the right to add the block and also recognize that the block is his.
Mathematical troubleshooting related to this block ID requires the previous block ID.
This problem causes the block id to be conserved because the block IDs are bound to one another.
Changing one block ID in several blocks can change the ID in the next blocks.
Whereas in the PoS method, minters will be chosen based on deterministic methods, which is a method in which minters will be chosen based on their stake.
The PoS method arises due to criticism of the PoW method, which overly exploits resources and also computational energy.
Therefore, validation using PoS is called forging or minting.
In contrast to PoS, validation by the PoW method is called mining.
However, several scientific works and a group of people, many use mining as a symbol of validation with both In the PoS method, minters will not be given rewards in recognition of the results of the creation of new blocks, but minters will still be paid an amount following their stake as a certification of the truth of each transaction made.
Deliberate or unintended errors will affect the stake payment they will receive.
EDUCATION GAMIFICATION WITH THE BLOCKCHAIN SYSTEM
This section will identify and discuss the main problems of motivation and user curiosity in a decentralized blockchain-based system .
ections i.
A and i.
B).
The initial model we propose here is intended to facilitate the problems discussed and the risks of related problems .
ection i.
C).
This proposed model has no licensing because it is designed using a public blockchain that does not require licensing, such as access restrictions, and also intended for a decentralized system.
It involves as many users as possible in the consensus process.
Participation of Passive Users The block validation process is at the root of this problem, which indirectly causes problems for the system's considerable use.
This problem is because the blockchain system is very dependent on active participants.
Based on experience, this passive user can be a threat to the success of the owner of the blockchain system, both in the form of cryptocurrency and non-crypto currency.
Most users use technical skills that are high enough to use PoS and PoW mining This thing also causes passive users who are less motivated because of the level of complexity that these users have not mastered.
Because of this passive user, there is a difference in sustainability and justice in the long run.
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Online ISSN: 2655-4275 Decreased Curiosity Until the Loss of User Motivation Related to the previous problem, the second problem that we will discuss here is the problem of decreasing user curiosity that has the potential to lose user motivation.
User curiosity .
serves as the user's fuel .
n this case, student.
following the education process using gamification.
Therefore, if the user's curiosity continues to increase and their educational history, this can maintain and trigger their motivation to participate in this gamification application actively.
A decrease in user curiosity can be triggered by several things, some of which are boredom.
Boredom .
, .
arises due to several factors, such as environmental or static environment, where the situation does not change and tends to be rigid, but also because the level of difficulty experienced by users does not increase gradually .
The level of difficulty that is not gradual has a great opportunity in causing boredom users to carry out the education process.
This matters because if users are always faced with difficulties that are equivalent or too far or high compared to their abilities, these users tend to get bored because of the inability to translate their information to the problems they face.
This boredom can reduce user curiosity to eliminate the user's motivation to become a passive user eventually.
addition to these two factors, the user's dissatisfaction with the achievement or reward obtained also can reduce the level of user curiosity in active participation.
Thus, it is necessary to ensure that the user gets the satisfaction that he receives to continue to explore new things in the gamification education process.
After discussing this problem, in the next sub-section, we will discuss how these problems can be efficient by incorporating gamification into the blockchain system on relevant Solution: RPG Gamification Based on the problems described above, we suggest creating an absorbing gamification layer at the necessary level of application and an easy to understand and simple interface.
This matters can increase the motivation and curiosity of users .
n this case, student.
to continue to participate in the application of the gamification application actively.
Also, this gamification layer must, implicitly or not, provide education to the user.
However, it should be remembered that the presentation of education must be delivered interestingly so that full focus is obtained from the user so that the information to be conveyed is well distributed.
Delivery of this education can be implemented by adding some additional features.
These additional features include learning to use flashcards, using images that can spark user interest, or using games .
f course, we will not explain this furthe.
such as puzzles, word search, and sorting.
As well as feature levels, points, and rewards that can support increasing user motivation in the learning process.
Giving points and rewards to users when able to complete a challenge can provide satisfaction to the user.
Besides, providing a second chance to the user can also increase the user's curiosity in completing their mission.
In these ways, the user/student can learn without them knowing.
In other words, we can force users to learn in a fun way without making them bored or even frustrated, like learning with traditional methods .
, .
Related to awards, giving awards to users who have achieved extraordinary achievements in the learning process needs to be implemented in a structured and fair manner.
This action because the achievement of exceptional users requires more effort and ability than the effort and ability of users in general so that the provision of appropriate awards needs to be This award can be in the form of a dynamic ranking from users and bonuses that specific users can receive after reaching certain stages.
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Conceptual View Of The Proposed Model Figure 1 above is a model of a simple concept that we recommend.
Of course, this model needs further development to apply the gamification layer used efficiently.
In the above model, all transactions or activities occur in the P2P network so that users play an active role in every activity that they will carry out.
The user will be faced directly with the gamification layer to carry out learning activities indirectly so that the user unconsciously undertakes a fun learning process.
After the learning process is implicit, output in the form of the user's data will produce.
This user data contains every user information in the form of learning outcomes, levels, incentives.
After the output is generated, it will be put into storage using a blockchain system so that data security and transparency can be guaranteed well.
However, this data storage can only be accessed directly by the education platform that oversees it.
Therefore, users who want to access their data directly can contact the education platform.
These things aim to maintain the security of user data.
Choosing the right gamification layer might be the most difficult challenge faced in educational gamification.
This is because each user must have a different learning method in Not to mention the support of learning material that is usually able to reduce users' motivation to learn it.
Technically, the creation of gamification education similar to this game can be applied using tools that come from various platforms, such as Unity .
Fusion .
Android Studio .
, and so on .
ill not be explained in detai.
, in order supports exciting The use of these tools also requires specific programming languages, such as Java.
C #, and python, to build the gamification layer as expected.
DISCUSSION
This section will discuss points related to the proposed model and its practical What Games Mechanics May Be Used in the Field of Blockchain-Based Education Gamification? Based on the popular game with the general public in Indonesia, the possibility of the game is in the form of a role-playing game (RPG).
This game involves users where users will play the characters they like .
uch as archers, players, fighter.
and play together to complete specific missions in the predetermined storyline.
This RPG game is expected to improve the user's ability to learn material that they indirectly receive so that they can learn about anything Vol.
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With this game, the application of the concept of joint learning .
ocial learnin.
improves the ability to work together from users in a group or team.
Based on this case, we review the literature on game design and identify the motivational elements that are technically incorporated in gamification design in some recent Regarding this, the table below shows what elements are recommended for adoption in gamification.
Table 1.
Recommended Recommendations Element List Elements Influence / Benefits Increase social activities in the gamification so that Social users can communicate and work together with other Events users, such as holding battles between teams at PUBG, and interactions between characters at the sims.
Search for and process tokens .
of users and Token Spent record user transaction activities.
Extrinsic rewards and improved statistics from time to Point Grants support and motivation to users, as well as Feedback connecting users with each other.
The gamification layer provides a vital incentive mechanism for users to get consensus from all users Consensus .
ne of the principles of transparent, decentralized This type of mechanic game contains a consensus state of all active users involved.
To encourage and support user motivation and curiosity, the five-game mechanisms may apply at various levels/levels of users that have been represented in the table above.
Implementation of each model requires applying this game mechanism .
s well as other additional features which will explain in the next sectio.
, which uses a kind of vector model, where each dimension of the elements corresponds to other mechanisms present in the educational gamification application.
How to Provoke User Motivation in the Application of Educational Gamification to Prevent Decreased User Interest? A way that might be efficient and effective in provoking user motivation is to provide rewards/points and also points that can have an impact on user satisfaction.
Besides, holding a joint race to complete a particular mission and also providing a tag .
unique sign of the user's achievemen.
can have a high potential in provoking user motivation.
These things because humans are attracted to things that are challenging.
Giving motivation and praise to users can increase the user's enthusiasm for completing the missions they are currently living.
Therefore, by developing these things, it is believed that it can provoke the user's motivation so that the previously conveyed boredom can be avoided.
The reduction of active users can be overcome.
How Can Adjust the Gamification Layer With Different User Learning Methods? In order to adjust the gamification layer to the user's learning method, the use of menus to select the type of mission that users wish to face can help overcome this problem.
With this different type of menus, users can adjust their learning method with the learning method provided in the menus.
With that, users unconsciously forced to follow the learning methods available in the game.
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CONCLUSION
In recent years, gamification has become the sector that is most viewed nowadays.
This is because gamification can be applied in various ways, from the industrial sector to the education sector.
Gamification can attract users' interest in carrying out the available tasks.
Coupled with the existence of a reward system and badges that can increase user motivation in completing tasks.
Therefore, gamification has begun to be adopted by many academia in the hope that users .
n this case student.
can be more motivated in the lessons received.
Also, the application of gamification can be combined with a blockchain system which can help develop the education system to a further level.
Another advantage of implementing gamification in the world of education using the blockchain system is that it can reduce user boredom in the existing process.
This is based on the behavior of users who usually become passive when boredom arises.
This passive behavior can be reduced in many ways, such as creating dynamic environments.
Also, make the difficulty level according to the user's learning level because the level of difficulty can affect the enthusiasm and motivation of users in completing existing tasks.
This research suggests using the RPG game model for education because it is considered the most suitable for inviting and increasing user motivation and curiosity in the available learning process.
Of course, this research is only based on existing kinds of literature and has not yet explored the user application level.
It is hoped that with this research, the model can be applied to the real world and can help develop future research.
REFERENCES