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ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUND IN NOVEL
BETRAYAL BY DANIELLE STEEL
Ni Made Endri Santika Dewi1.
I Komang Sulatra2.
Putu Devi Maharani3 English Study Program Faculty of Foreign Languages Mahasaraswati Denpasar University Jl.
Kamboja No.
11A Denpasar.
Bali - Indonesia endrisantika14@gmail.
com, soelatra01@yahoo.
com, devmaharani86@gmail.
ABSTRACT
The aims of conducting the study are to analyze the types and the structure of endocentric compound found in the novel Betrayal by Danielle Steel.
Endocentric compound is type of compound words based on semantics relation between head and modifier.
According to Delahunty & Garvey .
endocentric is a compound which represents a subtype of whatever the head represents.
The source of the data was novel entitled Betrayal written by Danielle Steel and published on July 2012.
This study used theory by Carstairs-McCarthy .
to analyze the types of endocentric compound based on lexical categories and theory by Lieber .
to identify the structure of compound.
The study belongs to library research since the data used is a novel.
In analyzing the data, the researcher used quantitative qualitative method.
This study applied observation method in collecting the Based the analysis there are found 71 data of endocentric compounds.
They were divided into 60 data of compound noun, 1 data of compound verb and 10 data of compound The structure of compound presented by using tree diagram and dominantly form by two elements.
Key words: endocentric compound, type, and structure INTRODUCTION Linguistics is a study of human language which deals with system, structure and meaning of the language.
It aims to studying the nature of language, establishing the theory from the expert and examines language form in general.
Aitchison .
states that linguistics is the scientifically studied about rules, system and principles of human language.
Linguistics covers wide range of topics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and etc.
Furthermore, this study concerns on morphological aspect especially in compound words.
Based on Katamba .
morphology is a study about how the words formed in language.
The study of morphology covers the word structure and part of word such as stem, root, base, affixes, lexeme, and In morphology there is also process of combining two or more roots with single word named compound.
Compound has a role to create https://traverse.
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new word by combining two or more roots with new meaning.
Regarding to Simatupang & Supri .
they state that a compound or compound word is regarded as a phrase that is constituted by the combining of two Compound might be having similarities with phrase.
However, compound and phrase are different.
Phrase may mix by several words to generated different context and act as description.
It usually appeared without subject and the meaning of phrase is predictable from the elements.
In speaking, the main stress of phrase is always on the last word.
Besides, the meaning of compound is not usually predictable from the elements, it depends on the types of the compound.
In speaking, the main stress of compound is on the first word or the beginning and most of the compound spelled as single word.
For instance, according to Delahunty & Garvey .
compound: sawmill, phrase: mill for sawing.
sYurtba .
state that the stress distribution provides a firm basis for distinguishing between different underlying relations, not so much between compound and phrase as between different semantic relations Compound words could be divided into three types regarding to semantic relation between head and modifier.
Based on to Delahunty & Garvey .
they are endocentric compound, exocentric compound and copulative compound.
First, endocentric compound is a compound which has head and modifier in the compound.
For example: handbag, refers to kind of bag.
Second, exocentric compound is compound which doesnAot have head to the compound, the element not represent by either the head or the Such as: Hollywood, refers to famous place of film industry in USA.
Last.
Copulative compound is compound which all the elements are head and have equal status.
For instance, mother-daughter.
The use of compound in literary work like novel is very productive.
This study tries to explore more the use of compound in novel entitled Betrayal by Danielle Steel.
The researcher tried to explore more about the types of endocentric compound based on lexical categories and the structure of compound found in the novel.
According to Katamba .
endocentric compound is a compound with the head normally on the right and syntactically the head is the dominant constituent of the entire compound word.
In other word it could say that endocentric compound always formed by head and modifier.
The other explanation according to Christianto .
he said that Endocentric Compound is a type of compound whose meaning is a hyponym.
Moreover, the meaning of the head is the hyponym od the entire compound.
Endocentric compound can be divided into three types based on the lexical categories.
According to Carstairs-McCarthy .
endocentric compound based on lexical categories divided into compound noun, compound verb and compound Compound noun is a kind of endocentric compound which the head of compound classified as noun.
The same definition applied also for the other types.
Compound verb is compound with head as verb, compound adjective is compound with head as adjective.
In order to https://traverse.
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Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics Vol 02 No 01, 2021: 32-45 https://dx.
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identified the types of compound it can be seen from lexical categories of the rightmost elements which usually defined the type.
Several studies have related topics with this research, some becomes references in conducting this research.
Study by Diyanati .
analyses about Persian endocentric compound.
The study entitled AuPersian Endocentric Compounds: Simple or Complex Conceptual Structures?Ay focused on the semantics aspect of Persian compound.
The result showed that for some cases, the existence of head element does not entail the semantic compositionality and simplicity of conceptual structure in endocentric compounds and compound words which are categorized as endocentric compounds differ in terms of the complexity of conceptual Moreover, this study similar with the currents study due both of the study discussed about endocentric compound.
However, the study of Persian endocentric compound more specific into the structure used in Persian compound especially the types of endocentric.
The theory used in this study was theory by Fauconnier & ER .
about conceptual blending theory in order to described the meaning construction in compound.
The other review from Budiarta .
entitled AuCompound Words in Dawan LanguageAy.
The study focused on the types of compound words based on lexical categories.
Moreover, discussed about the structure of the The theory used in this study is a compound theory by Carstairs-McCarthy .
The result showed compound words in Dawan language are structured by combining two different words whether the words in the same category or different category.
The structure of compound words is built by combining noun (N) noun (N), noun (N) verb (V), verb (V) noun (N), verb (V) verb (V), and noun (N) adjective (Ad.
Several similarities found in this study, it discussed about the types and also the structure, however, it used different theory to examines the The current study used theory by Lieber .
to identify the This study is conducted to analyse the types of endocentric compound and the structure of the compound.
Theory by Carstairs-McCarthy .
used to classified the types of endocentric compound accompanied with theory by Lieber .
used to identified the structure of the compound The types of endocentric compound defined into three types, they are compound noun, compound verb and compound adjectives.
Moreover, the structure presented same as derived word do by using tree diagram.
The used of compound word is important to understood in order to add new vocabulary and arrange the sentence in speaking or writing.
Therefore, in this study the researcher tried to elaborated more about the types of endocentric compound and the structure found in novel Betrayal by Danielle Steel.
The Novel was chosen because compound word found in the novel seem interest and commonly appeared in dialogue between the characters in the ovel.
It used to make the conversation more efficient juts by saying one word that conclude one meaning in one sentence.
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METHODS
In analyzing the data, it used quantitative qualitative method.
The quantitative method used to show the percentage of endocentric compound found in the novel.
Furthermore, the result followed with descriptive information which belongs to qualitative method.
The data used in this study is a novel entitled Betrayal written by Danielle Steel.
The novel published on July 2012 and consists of 415 pages or 20 chapter.
The story was about a famous film director in Hollywood named Tallie Jones.
She betrayed by her spouse and also by her personal assistants who have work with her for years.
In collecting the data used observation method and there are some steps as follows: first, the researcher reading repeatedly and understanding the novel, finding and note taking the compound are found, listing all the data and classifying based on the types used theory by Carstairs-McCarthy .
Based on theory there are three types of endocentric compound according to lexical categories, they are compound noun, compound verb and compound adjective.
After analyzing the data, the researcher identified the structure of the endocentric compound used theory by Lieber .
The result of the study is presented by using table and accompanied by descriptive explanation.
RESULT AND DICUSSION
Based on the analysis the endocentric compound and the structure of the compound, there are found 71 data of endocentric compounds found in novel Betrayal by Danielle Steel.
There are three types of endocentric found in the novel, they are compound noun, compound verb and compound Furthermore, the structure of compound presented by using tree diagram and dominantly the compound formed by two elements.
The total amount of endocentric compound found presented in the table below:
RESULT
No.
Type of Endocentric Compound Total Percentage Compound Noun Compound Verb Compound Adjective TOTAL https://traverse.
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According to the table above, the data showed there are 71 data of endocentric compounds found in the novel.
They are divided into three types which are 60 data of compound noun or 84% from the data, 1 data of compound verb or 1% of the data, and last 10 data of compound adjective or 15% from the total data found.
DISCUSSION
This chapter discussed about the types of endocentric compound found in the novel and the structure of the compound.
The types of endocentric compound based on lexical categories was classified by using theory of Carstairs-McCarthy .
and in order to identified the structure it used theory by Lieber .
The researcher found there are three types of endocentric compound based on lexical categories purposed by CarstairsMcCarthy .
, they are compound noun, compound adjective and compound verb.
Moreover, the structure of the compound presented by using tree diagram same as derived words do according to theory by Lieber .
Compound Noun According to McCarthy .
compound noun is a compound which the head of the compound was classified as noun word classes.
The process of this compound happened when any kind of lexical categories added in front of noun lexical category.
Data 1.
Tallie had been discovered by a Hollywood agent, in a supermarket.
(P.
In the data 1 there is endocentric compound appeared.
The compound supermarket belongs to endocentric compound since the element of the compound formed by the head of market and modified by root super.
The compound supermarket classified as compound noun because the head of the compound classified as noun lexical category.
The compound supermarket based on Cambridge University .
refers to kind of market which sells most types of food and other goods needed.
The structure of compound noun supermarket:
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The tree diagram above showed that the compound supermarket was form by two roots.
They are super which classified as adjective lexical category and market which classified as noun lexical category.
Both of elements combined together created new word supermarket and created new The compound classified as compound noun as the head of the compound is noun.
Data 2.
He was in command of his cases in the courtroom.
(P.
The sentence above used compound word courtroom refers to a place which mean a room where the law court meets (Cambridge University, 2.
The head of compound above is room and modified with This compound belongs to compound noun since the head of compound is room classified as noun lexical categories.
Compound noun usually appear with noun as the rightmost or the head to the endocentric Therefore, courtroom classified as compound noun.
The structure of compound noun courtroom:
The structure above showed that the compound courtroom formed by two They are court and root.
The root court classified as noun lexical categories and modifier in this compound.
It refers to institution which deal with law and judge.
Moreover, the root room or refers to a place which is the head of the compound and classified as noun as well.
Data 3.
Perfect for script and notebooks she carried everywhere.
(P.
The sentence above consists of endocentric compound which classified as compound noun.
The compound notebook created from two they are note which can be classified as noun or verb but in this context note refers to noun, note itself has a role as modifier to the The other element is books, it is element also can be classified as noun or verb, however in terms of the sentence above the element books classified as noun and has a role as the rightmost or the head to the https://traverse.
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The structure of compound noun notebooks:
Based on the word tree diagram above, the structure of compound word notebooks formed by two root and one affix.
The first root is note combined with the second root book created new word notebook which refers to a book of plain paper or paper with lines, for writing on (Cambridge University, 2.
In the data, the compound notebook was added by affix -s or the plural form of the compound notebook.
Therefore, the compound presented as the word tree diagram above.
Data 4.
She threw her clothes into suitcase she had spread out on the bed and floor.
In the data above there is endocentric compound which classified as compound noun since the rightmost elements or the head of the compound belongs to noun lexical categories.
The elements itself divided into two, suit as the modifier can be classified as noun or verb depend on the context of the sentence however in this term belongs to noun word classes.
Moreover, the element case classified as head of the compound since from this root can be seen the main meaning of the compound.
The root case classified as noun lexical categories.
The structure of compound noun suitcase:
The word tree above showed the compound suitcase formed by two roots which both of the root belongs to noun word classes.
The compound a large, rectangular container with a handle, for carrying clothes and while travelling.
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University, 2.
Data 5.
He told her honestly from her bathroom doorway.
(P.
The sentence above consists of endocentric compound bathroom which classified as compound noun.
The compound formed by root bath and room.
Root bath classified as noun and room also classified as noun.
The head of the compound is room since this root present the rightmost elements or the main meaning of the compound.
Bathroom refers to a room with a bath and/or shower and often a toilet.
(Cambridge University, 2.
The structure of compound noun suitcase:
The word tree above presented the structure of compound bathroom.
Thus, the compound formed by two elements which both of them was free morpheme which can stand alone and cannot be segmented into smaller part anymore.
Between the root bath and room combined together created new word with new meaning bathroom.
Data 6.
A faded sweatshirt which only virtue was that it was clean.
(P.
In the data above there is endocentric compound which classified as compound noun since the rightmost elements or the head of the compound belongs to noun lexical categories.
The elements itself divided into two sweat as the modifier can be classified as noun or verb depend on the context of the sentence however in this term belongs to noun word classes.
Moreover, the element shirt classified as head of the compound since from this root can be seen the main meaning of the compound.
The root shirt classified as noun lexical categories.
The structure of compound noun sweatshirt:
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The word tree above showed the compound sweatshirt formed by two roots which both of the root belongs to noun word classes.
This term compound sweatshirt refers a piece of informal clothing with long sleeves, usually made of thick cotton, worn on the upper part of the body.
(Cambridge University, 2.
Compound Verb Regarding to McCarthy .
states that compound verb is all compounds have a verb as the rightmost element and also that, with most of them, the activity denoted by the compound as whole is a variety of the activity denoted by that rightmost element.
The compound called compound verb when the head of the compound classified as verb lexical category or word classes.
Data 6.
After that, he ran down a list of bills that he wanted to verify with her, to double-check that they sounded accurate.
(P.
In the data 6 there is endocentric compound double-check which classified as compound verb.
The compound was form by two elements, first is double as modifier of the compound and second is check as head of the compound.
Because of the rightmost element and the activity denoted by the head, this compound belongs to compound verb since the rightmost element or the head of the compound classified as verb lexical category.
The structure of compound verb double-check:
The tree diagram above presented the structure of compound verb doublecheck.
The compound formed by two roots, they are double classified as adjective lexical category and root check classified as verb lexical category.
Both of the elements are free morpheme since it can stand independently and cannot be segmented into smaller part anymore.
The elements combined together as double-check and created new word with new meaning which refers to make certain that something is correct or safe, usually by examining it again (Cambridge University, 2.
Moreover, it https://traverse.
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has its own meaning if present separately.
Compound Adjective According to McCarthy .
compound adjective is a compound when the head or the rightmost elements is adjective lexical category.
The process of the compound is adding any lexical category such as noun, verb, adjective or preposition in front of adjective lexical category.
Data 7.
And he was wearing brand-new tux he had bought for the occasion.
(P.
In the data 7 above the word brand-new was classified as endocentric compound which called compound adjective.
The compound was form by two elements, they are brand as the modifier and new as the head of the Compound brand-new classified as compound adjective because the head or the rightmost element is adjective which automatically called compound adjective.
The structure of compound adjective brand-new:
Adj Adj The structure above showed that the compound brand-new was form by two free morpheme which can stand alone and cannot be separated into smaller part anymore.
It is also form by two roots brand as noun word classes and new as adjective word classes.
Both of the elements have their own meaning if they are separated, however combined into a compound brand-new completely new especially not yet used (Cambridge University, 2.
Data 8.
The survivor of the pair looked wide-eyed and terrified.
(P.
Data 8 above consists of endocentric compound which belongs to compound adjective.
Wide-eyed formed by two elements, they are wide as modifier and eyed as the head of the compound.
The compound wide-eyed classified as compound adjective since the head of the compound belongs to adjective lexical categories.
Compound adjective can be seen when the rightmost elements is adjective.
Wide-eyed based on Cambridge University https://traverse.
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refers to having your eyes open mush wider than usual.
The structure of compound adjective wide-eyed:
Adj Adj The word tree diagram above showed the structure of the compound wideeyed.
The compound was form by two roots and one affix.
The first root is wide which classified as adjective and combined with root eye which originally classified as noun however, the root eye added by affix -ed which change the word classes of the root into adjective eyed.
Therefore, wideeyed classified as compound adjective because the head eyed belongs to adjective word classes.
Data 9.
Who was a little more old-fashioned about thing like that? (P.
In the data 9 there is compound word old-fashioned appeared.
This compound belongs to the types endocentric adjective compound since the rightmost elements or the head showed the types of the compound.
Oldfashioned created from two elements.
they are old and fashioned.
The elements old classified as adjective based on the context in the sentence and has a role as modifier to the compound, moreover the elements fashioned also defined as adjective lexical categories and as a head of the compound.
The compound old-fashioned refers to style of fashion which not modern.
belonging to or typical of a time in the past (Cambridge University, 2.
The structure of compound adjective old-fashioned:
Adj Adj https://traverse.
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The word tree above showed that the compound old-fashioned created from two root and one affix.
The first root is old which defined as adjective, second is fashion classified as noun, however the second root fashion added by affix -ed which change the word classes becomes adjective All of the elements combined together and created new word old-fashioned and classified as compound adjective.
Data 10.
She has been there overnight.
(P.
The data 10 showed that there is endocentric compound which belongs to compound adjective in the sentence.
The compound overnight classified as compound adjective since the rightmost elements or the head of the compound is adjective.
The compound formed by root over which classified as adverb has a role as modifier in the compound and night classified as adjective as head to the compound.
The structure of compound adjective overnight:
Adj Adj The structure above showed that the compound overnight formed by two free morpheme which cannot be segmented into smaller part anymore.
Formed by two roots and combined together to created new word with new
CONCLUSION
This chapter present the conclusion of the study.
After analyze the data, a novel entitled Betrayal written by Danielle Steel which consists of 415 pages or 20 chapter.
The researcher found there are three types of endocentric compound accompanied with the structure.
The total endocentric compound found in the data were 71 words which are divided into three types.
The types of endocentric compound found are compound noun, compound verb, and compound adjective.
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The most dominant type of endocentric compound found was compound noun which 60 or 84% compound noun found from the novel.
Second dominant was compound adjective, there were found 10 or 15% compound adjective found.
Last was compound verb which only found 1 or 1% compound verb in the novel.
Regarding to the structure endocentric compound mostly formed by two elements or two roots.
The structure of the compound present same as derived words do by using tree diagram.
The writer hopes this study becomes reference to other researcher, give contribution to enrichment of morphology in order to conducting a research related to the compound words.
Given impact to the readers to increase their understanding about compound word especially in the type of endocentric.
REFERENCES