English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
No.
March 2019
Printed ISSN 2654-5284
Foreigner Talk in Conversation from YouTube Channel
AuAbroad in JapanAy IDA ZURAIDA1
English Department Universitas Widyatama
NURUL FITRI
English Department Universitas Widyatama CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
IDA ZURAIDA, ida.
zuraida@widyatama.
ABSTRACT
This paper entitled AuForeigner Talk in conversation from YouTube Channel AuAbroad in JapanAy explains language adjustment used by the native speaker to address the non-native speaker known as Foreigner Talk.
The purpose of this research is to identify types of modified input and types of modified interaction of Foreigner Talk.
The main theories are from Ellis .
and Long .
Source of data taken from speeches in 2 videos from YouTube channel AuAbroad in JapanAy.
The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method, which describes the collected data and drawing a conclusion in general.
Steps taken are watching videos, choosing videos, finding the Foreigner Talk, transcribing, categorizing the data, identifying Foreigner Talk that consists of 3 types of modified input and 9 types of modified interaction, and then drawing a The results of this research show that there are two types of modified input that are often used by the native speaker in video 1, namely Grammatical and ungrammatical Foreigner Talk .
%) and No Input Foreigner talk .
%).
Type of modified input which is often used in video 2 is Grammatical Foreigner Talk .
%).
Type of modified interaction, which is often used in both videos, is confirmation check, in video 1 there are 11 data .
%) and in video 2 there are 9 data .
%).
Keywords: Foreigner Talk.
Modified Input.
Modified Interaction.
YouTube Channel.
INTRODUCTION
felt to have limited command of a language or no knowledge of it.
Spontaneously, the native speaker (NS) uses a different kind of speech when it comes to addressing the non-native speaker (NNS) who is not fluent in the second language .
ative speaker languag.
Researcher had long before investigated this phenomenon and later Stanford University professor.
Charles A Ferguson .
named it AuForeigner TalkAy.
Ferguson .
defined Foreigner Talk as a simplified form of speech used by native speakers while talking to foreigners who are Foreigner Talk is part of the Second Language Acquisition study, which covers how the second language is learned.
Second Language Acquisition is an interdisciplinary study between sociolinguistics, psychology, education, and others.
This study looks at the modified input and interaction of foreigner talk outside of the classroom.
In general, foreigner talk has an unusual pattern of conversation used in conversations English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 among native speakers (NS) (Gass & Selinker, 2001: .
Ungrammatical Foreigner Talk: No forget buying ice-cream, eh? NS speech Foreigner talk DAoya wanna go Do you want to go? No.
I canAot No.
I cannot.
Grammatical Foreigner Talk: The ice-creamyou will not forget to buy it on your way homeget it when you are coming home, all right? (Ellis: 1.
Table 1.
Foreigner Talk Foreigner Talk has formal and functional These formal characteristics also known as modified input and functional characteristics also known as modified Given the different modifications of inputs and interactions, also the types of grammatical and not grammatical inputs (Ellis: 1986.
Long: 1.
Foreigner Talk divided into three types:
Ferguson .
describes Foreigner Talk at phonological level, characterized by slow delivery, clear articulation, pause, emphasis, loud volume, and excessive pronunciation, at the level of grammar, characterized by omission, expansion, and According to Ellis .
the Grammatical and ungrammatical Foreigner Talk, ungrammatical Foreigner Talk is marked socially, often implies a lack of respect from native speakers and less favored by learners.
The ungrammatical Foreigner Talk is marked by the deletion of certain grammatical features such as copula be, modal verbs .
or example, can and mus.
and articles, the use of the verb in a base form on the past tense, and the use of special constructs such as Aono verbAo.
There is no convincing proof that learnersAo errors come from the language that they are exposed to.
Foreigner talk consisting only modified interaction and has no modified input whether grammatical or non-grammatical.
Foreigner talk consists of modified interaction and modified input grammatical .
o modified input non-grammatica.
Foreigner talk which consists of modified interaction and both modified input grammatical and non-grammatical What type of Foreigner Talk happens is the result of various factors related to the topic of the conversation, the age of the participant .
hether they are children, adolescents, or adult.
and in particular, the learnerAos skills and the relationship with the native speaker.
Various types of modifications as well as baseline talk of fellow speakers (Native Speake.
can be identified.
Grammatical Foreigner Talk is the norm.
First, the grammatical Foreigner Talk is delivered at a slower pace.
Second, the input is simplified.
Third, the grammatical language talk is sometimes organized, for example, is the use of full and not abbreviated forms (Auwill not forgetAy instead of AuwonAot forgetA.
Foreigner Talk sometimes consists of the use of the language elaboration.
It involves the extension of phrases and sentences to make the meaning clearer.
Based on the types of Foreigner talk (Ellis: 1986.
Long: 1.
, modified input of Foreigner Talk consists of three namely:
Grammatical Foreigner Talk (Involves modifications in grammatical language rule.
Grammatical and ungrammatical Foreigner Talk (Involves grammatical and non-grammatical modification.
Example 1 No input of Foreigner Talk (Does not involve modification of grammatical and nongrammatical input.
Baseline Talk: You wonAot forget to buy the ice cream on your way home, will you? English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 Example 2 toAy, but NNS still does not understand it then responds to Aupardon meAy for NS to repeat his words.
NS finally repeated it AuWe do not eat as much beef as we used to.
We eat more chicken and uh, uh pork and fish .
Au, then NS add more explanation AuWe do not eat beef very often.
We do not have a steak like we used toAy to make the meaning clearer.
NNS: How have increasing food costs changed your eating habits? NS: Well, we donAot eat as much beef as we used to.
We eat more chicken, and uh, pork and uh, fish, things like that.
NNS: Pardon me? NS: We donAot eat as much beef as we used We eat more chicken and uh, uh pork and fish.
We donAot eat beef very often.
We donAot have a steak like we used to.
Krashen .
2: .
argues that to succeed in the language acquisition process Aucomprehensible inputAy is necessary, i.
input slightly beyond the level of the learner.
This input must be real and appealing to the learner.
It deals with conditions that the learner should be able to understand what is going on from the context of the interaction.
In agreement with this, the modified input is important to make input comprehensible but modified interaction is more important because modified interaction occurs more consistently in Foreigner Talk.
Following Long .
0: 81-.
claims modified interaction refers to modifications to the interactional structures of NS-NNS discourse, and they are usually in the form of here and now topics, clarification requests, confirmation checks, repetition, and among others.
NNS: Oh, okay.
The types of modified input and interaction of foreigner talk in the above conversation can be detected quite easily.
The modified input of foreigner talk applied by NS is grammatical of foreigner talk with the grammatical feature used is the elaborated language use.
Elaborated language use is applied on the utterance.
AuWell, we donAot eat as much beef as we used to, we eat more chicken, and uh, pork and uh, fish, things like that Au.
The utterance AuWe eat more chicken, and uh, pork and uh, fish, things like thatAy is the elaboration of the previous utterance AuWell, we donAot eat as much beef as we used No.
Type Description More Auhere and nowAy Native-speaker refers to objects/events which are More topic-initiating The native speaker starts a conversational topic by asking a question or making a comment.
Example NS: WhatAos that you are wearing? More confirmation checks Utterances designed to elicit confirmation that a learner utterance has been correctly heard or NNS: I went to cinema.
NS: The cinema? More comprehension NS: It was raining cats and dogs.
Do you Attempts by the native speaker to establish that the learner is following what he is saying.
English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 More clarification Utterances designed to get the learner to clarify an utterance which has not been heard or NNS: She very high.
NS: Sorry? More self-repetitions The native speaker repeats part or the whole of his preceding NNS: He got stuck in the window trying to get He got stuck.
More other- repetitions The native speaker NNS: I went to the cinema.
repeats part or the whole NS: Yeah.
You went to the cinema.
of the learnerAos previous utterance without seeking More Expansions The native speaker expands the learnerAos previous utterance by supplying missing formatives or by adding new semantic Shorter responses The native speaker restricts the length of his response to a learner question or comment.
NNS: I wear a sweater.
NS: Yes, you are wearing a red sweater Table 2.
Modified interaction of Foreigner Talk Example 3 the error of NNS AuWhat classes at 10 oAoclock?Ay and finally from the negotiation of meaning.
NNS understands the NS question and fixes its error by saying Au10 oAoclock, classes, uh .
ScienceAy.
NS: What classes are you taking at 10 oAoclock? NNS: Sorry? 10 clock? NS: What classes at 10 oAoclock? NNS: 10 oAoclock, classes, uh.
Science.
METHOD
From the above example, the conversation contains negotiation of meaning which is a modified interaction of the foreigner talk, there are two types of modified interaction found in the above example, they are clarification request and confirmation check performed by NNS.
Clarification request and confirmation check are in the same utterance Ausorry? 10 clocks?Ay.
NNS asks clarification Ausorry? 10 clock?Ay, because the previous utterance of NS hasnAot been heard or understood clearly.
NNS makes a mistake in the words Au10 clock Au, then NS answer by clarifying the question as well as correcting This study uses descriptive analysis method, the Descriptive analysis method is a method that serves to describe or give an overview of the object of research from data or samples collected as is and make conclusions in general.
The authors categorize data based on video 1 and video 2, then describe modified input and modified interaction of Foreigner Talk used by the native speakers when speaking with non-native speakers from conversation found in video 1 and video 2 in the YouTube channel AuAbroad in JapanAy.
The purpose of this study is to identify English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 data that addresses the following two general research questions:
on chocolates, especially chocolates from outside Japan.
Natsuki will compare four of the worldAos branded chocolate products.
Cadbury Dairy Milk from the UK.
Lindt from Switzerland.
HerseyAos from America and The Chocolate from Japan.
Natsuki will use a blindfold and give a score of 1 .
to 10 .
What types of modified input of foreigner talk used by the native speaker in conversation in video 1 and video 2 on YouTube channel AuAbroad in JapanAy? What types of modified interaction of foreigner talk found in conversation in video 1 and video 2 on YouTube channel AuAbroad in JapanAy? Data 1 Situation: Chris (NS) asks Natsuki (NNS) to try the first chocolate.
The data were collected from two videos taken from the YouTube channel AuAbroad in JapanAy The steps taken in analyzing data on this thesis are as follows:
NS: ready? NNS: yeah NS: chocolate time! so these are the four different chocolates that you will try, today you will decide which one is the best, which one is the number one chocolate NNS: ung (Japanese meaning yea.
NS: and we want you to try them without looking to put on this visual disabling units, there you go! the first one .
iving the plate to Natsuk.
okay, go! NNS: Katta (Japanese meaning har.
NS: ItAos hard? NNS: Hard.
Milky NS: Milky taste? NNS: ung .
long sweet, sweet, long time Sweet oh itAos good.
NS: itAos good? NNS: ung .
NS: One to ten? NSS: Nine NS: Nine! Nine out of ten! okay Wow! Watching videos on the YouTube channel AuAbroad in JapanAy Choosing videos which have a conversation between native speakers and non-native speakers.
There are 2 videos selected.
Video 1 titled AuJapanese Thought on Foreign ChocolateAy and video 2 titled AuJapanese Guy Vs EnglishAy Find Foreigner Talk in a conversation in video 1 and video 2 Write Foreigner Talk transcripts that have been found in video 1 and video 2.
Categorize data based on video 1 and Identify the Foreigner Talk based on modified input and modified interaction of Foreigner Talk Draw a conclusion in accordance with existing data.
The type of modified input in data 1 is only a grammatical foreign talk, there are two features of the grammatical foreign talk applied by Chris (NS).
No contraction and Elaborated Language Use, both in the same speech Auchocolate time! so these are the four different chocolates that you will try, today you will decide which one is the best, which one is the number one chocolateAy.
No contraction is the use of basic sentences with no contractions such as.
AuyouAoll tryAy RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Description of video 1: In the video entitled AuJapanese Thought on Foreign ChocolateAy.
Chris (NS) meets Natsuki (NNS) to answer many questions from viewers of Youtube Channel AuAbroad in JapanAy who are curious about Japanese opinion English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 rather than Auyou will tryAy then AuyouAoll decideAy instead of Auyou will decideAy.
Elaborated language use occurs in speech Autoday you will decide which one is the best, which one is the number one chocolate.
Ay the phrase Auwhich one is the number one chocolateAy is the elaboration of the previous phrase Autoday you will decide which one is the bestAy without removal of the auxiliary verb AudoAy and correct wh-question structure.
There is one type of modified interaction of foreigner talk found in data 2, namely selfrepetition.
Self-repetition applied in two utterances, the first is Auokay.
okayAy where NS repeated the word AuokayAy, then the second AuI wonAot tell you.
I wonAot tell you until the endAy where NS repeated the whole first sentenceAy I wonAot tell you Au.
The type of modified interaction used by NS in data 1 is one, namely confirmation Confirmation checks are found in 3 utterances in order to negotiate the The first Confirmation check is AuitAos hard?Ay where NS wanted to make sure if NNS word was AuhardAy as NNS had earlier said Katta .
eaning hard in Japanes.
, then NNS agreed by responding AuhardAy added with AumilkyAy.
AuHard.
MilkyAy so NS did the second confirmation check Aumilky tasteAy? and NNS answered yes followed by a new statement Auung .
es in Japanes.
, long sweet, long time Sweet oh itAos goodAy and NS did confirmation for the third time AuitAos good?Ay and NNS answered yes AuungAy .
es in Japanes.
Data 3 Situation: Natsuki (NNS) tries the second NS: okay next chocolate here we go .
hile giving the chocolat.
NNS: uh? .
onfuse fac.
NS: haha why you confuse? NNS: Uh? strange taste NS: yeah, why is it strange? NNS: mixed taste NS: mixed flavor? NNS: m yeah NS: milky? NNS: milky and berry NS: milky and berry.
No berry NNS: fruit fruit? NS: nope just milk chocolate NNS: just milk? NS: yeah NNS: m seven NS: seven? NNS: m Data 2 Situation: Chris (NS) asks Natsuki (NNS) which chocolate brand is the first chocolate.
NS: which chocolate do you think it is? NNS: UK style.
Cadbury.
Cadbury NS: okay.
NNS: Cadbury NS: I wonAot tell you.
I wonAot tell you until the end.
Conversation in data 3 does not have any modified input of foreigner talk, either grammatical foreigner talk or ungrammatical foreigner talk.
The above conversation only has modified interaction.
The type of modified input of foreigner talk used by Chris (NS) in the above conversation is only grammatical foreigner The grammatical foreigner talk feature that is applied is a basic sentence.
The basic sentence in data 2 occurs in the first sentence Auwhich chocolate do you think it is?Ay which is the complete basic question sentence The type of modified interaction of foreigner talk used by NS in data 3 is two, confirmation check and other repetition.
Confirmation check applied in two utterances, the first Confirmation check is Aumixed flavor?Ay NNS said earlier Aumixed English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 tasteAy, this conversation contains negotiation of meaning NS asked whether the NNS mean by saying the mixed taste is mixed flavor then NNS replied.
Aum yeahAy.
The second confirmation check is NS confirm the meaning of the previous NNSAo sentence which is not understood or not heard clearly by Modification Data Types No Input Foreigner Talk Modified Input NS before NNS said Aum sevenAy then NS confirm Auseven?Ay.
Other repetition can apply in utterance Aumilky and berry.
No berryAy in which NS repeated the entire previous NNSAo words Aumilky and berryAy without asking for Oo Grammatical Foreigner Talk Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Grammatical and Ungrammatical Foreigner Talk Oo Oo Oo Oo AuHereAy and AuNowAy Topic Topic Initiating Move Confirmation Check Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Other Repetition Oo Oo Oo Clarification Request Self-Repetition Oo Comprehension Check Modified Interaction Total Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Expansion Shorter Response Oo Table 3.
Results of 14 data taken from Video 1 Description of video 2: Chris (NS) records NatsukiAos (NNS) activity while learning English online with a tutor named Charlie (NS).
Natsuki is learning English to prepare for going London in the next 2 months with Chris.
Chris rarely met with Natsuki so he cannot teach him intensively.
Data 16 Situation: NatsukiAos English skills (NNS) still need to be improved because he wants to go to London, therefore Natsuki (NNS) learns English online with a tutor named Charlie (NS).
NS: Can I call you Natsuki? English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 are the person who needs the taxi NNS: Natsuki .
ointing himsel.
, my name is Natsuki NS: Natsuki, nice to meet you.
Natsuki NS: I hear, that you are going to England soon, yeah? NNS: yeah Situation: Charlie (NS) knows that Natsuki (NNS) is going to London, he asks him to do a role-play if Natsuki will use a taxi in London.
From the above conversation, the type of modified input of foreigner talk used by NS is grammatical foreigner talk, while its features are by using question tag and fewer/ no contraction.
The question tag is in the speech.
Auyou need to probably get a taxi, do not you? This speech has 2 sentences.
The first sentence is a statement in the form of a positive sentence and the second sentence is a question in negative form.
The next feature is the fewer / no contractions found in the speech Auso I think it would be good if we role playAy and AuMe .
being a person who needs the taxi.
A and youA are the person who needs the taxiAy.
The first sentence is a complete basic sentence with no contraction, using Auit wouldAy rather than AuitAodAy and in the second sentence also use no contraction.
Auyou areAy is used instead of AuyouAoreAy.
The type of modified input of foreigner talk used by Charlie (NS) in the above conversation is only grammatical foreigner The grammatical foreigner talk features applied are a basic sentence, no contraction and topic moving to the beginning.
The basic sentence found in the first sentence Aucan I call you Natsuki?Ay which is a completely basic question sentence without the removal of the auxiliary verb AucanAy and following the correct structure of the question sentence.
The next feature is No contraction applied to the sentence AuI hear that you are going to England soon, yeah?Ay which NS use AuyouAoreAy instead of Auyou areAy.
The last grammatical foreigner talk feature in the 16th data is the topic moving to the beginning, found in the expression AuNatsuki, nice to meet you.
NatsukiAy in which NS mentions NatsukiAos name first, to show that he is talking about Natsuki whom he likes to meet.
There is one type of modified interaction of foreigner talk found in the above conversation namely expansion.
This expansion has seen clearly in the expression AuMe .
being a taxi and you .
are the person who needs the taxiAy which the NS does not directly say Auyou need the taxiAy but expand the sentence by adding Auyou are the personAy.
The types of modified interaction used by Charlie (NS) in the above conversations are two namely topics initiating move and selfrepetition.
Topic initiating found in asking Aucan I call you Natsuki?Ay when NS starts a conversation by asking Natsuki (NNS).
Selfrepetition found in the utterance AuNatsuki, nice to meet you.
NatsukiAy, in which NS repeats part of his word, that is to repeat the name of Natsuki 2 times.
There is one type of modified interaction of foreigner talk found in the above conversation namely expansion.
This expansion has seen clearly in the expression AuMe .
being a taxi and you .
are the person who needs the taxiAy which the NS does not directly say Auyou need the taxiAy but expand the sentence by adding Auyou are the personAy.
Data 17 NS: you need to probably get a taxi, donAot NNS: aahh get a taxi yeah NS: so.
I think it would be good if we role NNS: hmm ok NS: MeA being a taxi driverA and youA Data 18 Situation: Charlie (NS) and Natsuki (NNS) do a role-play.
Charlie serves as taxi man and Natsuki as passengers.
NS: IAom a taxi man, so IAom sitting in my car.
English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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March 2019 Printed ISSN 2654-5284 NNS: yeahA hello NS: Hi mate, you all right? NNS: yeah I can ride.
I wa.
NS: you WHAT? .
xaggerating intonatio.
NNS: I want to ride.
I need to ride Lo.
London NS: You need a ride to London? NNS: I need a ride to London NS: all right sitting in my car, waitingAy, the utterance Auso IAom sitting in my car, waitingAy, is the elaboration of the previous sentence AuIAom a taxi man Au.
The un-inverted question found in data 18 is AuYou need a ride to London?Ay.
This question is called un-inverted question because it is preceded by the subject AuyouAy and does not follow the Audo SubjectAy question pattern.
The modification of ungrammatical input in data 18 has one feature: exaggerating Exaggerating intonation is in speech Auyou WHAT?Ay which is the excessive use of intonation of the word what.
The type of modified input of foreigner talk in the above conversation is grammatical foreigner talk and ungrammatical foreigner The modification of grammatical foreigner talk on data 18 has two features, namely elaborated language use, and uninverted question.
Elaborated language use is found in utterance AuIAom a taxi man, so IAom Modification There are two types of modified interaction of foreigner talk found from the above conversations.
topic initiating moves and confirmation checks.
Topic initiating Data
Types 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
No Input
Foreigner Talk
Modified Input
Grammatical Foreigner Talk
Grammatical Ungrammatical Foreigner Talk
AuHereAy and AuNowAy Topic
Topic Initiating Move
Confirmation Check
Comprehension Check
Modified Interaction Clarification Request
Self-Repetition Other Repetition Expansion
Total
26 27 28 29 30
Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo Shorter Response Table 4.
Results of 16 data taken from Video 2 English Journal Literacy UTama Vol.
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CONCLUSIONS
comprehension checks 0 data, clarification request 1 Data .
%), self-repetition 3 data .
%), other-repetition 6 data .
%), expansions 1 data .
%), and shorter responses 0 data, the most frequently used is confirmation checks of 9 data .
%).
The conclusions from 30 data collected are presented around the two research questions:
What types of modified input of foreigner talk used by the native speaker in conversation in video 1 and video 2 on YouTube channel
AuAbroad in JapanAy? REFERENCES